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VANH6AC:6TRllY|iN Nghi thut: len (36ng PHUfUNG THUTD TRAO QUYEN LUC CUA NGUlOn PHU NOf THEO DAO M A U VC THI TC ANH N hidu ngudi Vifit, Bii VIA niy phin Ucli cicli mil su sinh hoat nghi thflc niy, tfn bao gdm cic tfn v9n a^no cda etc gii OAng dd dao Miu thd hifin nidm dd dao Miu, nghi thiirc lAn dtfng phin inh doi tin vio th^ gidi tim Iinh cho ring trfin ddi tdn tai hai stfng vin hia cia nguil phv ni^ theo thdng qua vific thuc hifin thd gidi, mdt thd gidi hihi B90 Miu thing qua mOt phuong phip nghTa vu ngdi ddng hay hinh ngirdi lim ehu quyin l^c miCm Phuong phip phfln cdn gpi li hiu thinh Hp va mdt thd gidi tim linh vd tich chuytfn dl l i cia Van tin li dupc ban sflc hinh - noi ma cac thinh Gennep (11 nhifn manh vio val tri manh vi nidm tin thdng thin cu trfl Hp tin ring cic bitfn dtfl (2) cia qui trlnh lim l i l i qua nghi thflc dd hp co vi thinh niy cd anh hudng cdng c^ chinh gidp th^rc hl$n phfln Ihd vupt qua nhung khd tdi cupc sd'ng cua tfch niy Quan Oltfrn cia Rappaport khin thudng nhit va vui ngudi Nhflng vi vtf inh huing cia nghi thdc niy dtfn sdng thudng thuc hifin vific giao sv phit tritfn vin hia v i nhihig gii trj Mdt budi id Ifin ddng tiep vdi ngudi trin tuc tin nguing, tin plio cQng I i m^t hoan chinh gdm ba muoi thdng qua viee nhap ddng cing eg phin tich quan trgng: "Trong siu gii ddng, dd cd nghi thue Ifin ddng nghi l i , logic tri nin v i hl$u v i dugc gii ddng cua Thanh Miu, eua dao Miu Than linh cd thtf hl$n qua nhihig cich rtft riing" dflt Trin Hung Dao, cac the nhip vao nhutig dng Giii thich cia ing vtf nghi l i nhu Quan, cic Chiu, cac 6ng dong ba ddng bing cac "Cin cd cho nhihig khii nl(m tin hoing, cic Cd, cac Ciu va hinh thuc khie phu nguing tin plio (thfln thinh thiing cic vi thin la nam dng ii6 thudc vio nhu ciu eua Ning, huytfn hi, sifiu phim) xutft (Ngfl h6) va hai dng lO't ngudi di lfi, dd cd Ifin hl$n" l i mOt cdng cy phfln Uch quan (6ng Idt ran) (5) Nghi thflc cho mdi gii ddng ddng, tim md, nhip hdn va trpng vi hiiu ich cia dpc Miu (3) gpi hdn (4) Trong sd khic tfly theo vi tri, nhflng hlnh thflc trfin thl Ifin ddng li nghi thflc thfl bic vi quydn ning eua mdi vi chinh eua dao Miu Cic vi Thanh Miu dupe Diu tifin li cac Thinh Miu dupc coi la mdi vd va ban phuc ban ldc cho nhang dfi nhflng vi thinh cao quy nhi't cd trach nhifim cai tu qua cie gii ddng quan eic vung khae vu tru Qui Nghi thflc Ifin ddng sinh boat tin trlnh cic Thinh Miu nhip vi thing trfin ddng ngudng dao Miu la mpt hlnh thflc sinh hoat vin thudng didn ri't nhanh, trim lang va uy hoa tim linh cfla mpt sd Ichdng nhd phu nfl Vifit nghifim, thd hifin vi trf vi dac tinh cua cie Miu Nam duong dai Nghi thflc Ifin ddng ehinh la su R^t hidm gia hiu Thanh Miu, dong vfin khan huydn thoai hda, bf in hda va tim linh hda thd triim dd Ifin dd gap gd hay trd chuyfin vdi eon gidl xa hdi thuc tai Trong khoang thdi gian nhang, dfi tfl Vl the, cac gia Thanh Miu thudng Sd340| Thang 10-20121 VAN H(^A NfiHl^ TMI I A T fRdMB m u t l dupc gpi li hdu trflm khin Thay vl nh^p dtfng thi Thinh Miu thudng chi ytfu giing dtfng tiJc li thinh vd vi di rtfl nhanh qua ddng Vide Thinh Miu giing hay nhip dtfng cho thiy Thinh Mfiu di chflng giim vi phfl trp cho ddng dupc hiu Ihinh vi cho nhang dd tfl tham gia irong gii dtfng trudc nhflng thinh khic nhip vio Cic Quan vi cic Chiu li nhOng vj thinh d vj irf cao phuc vu cho cic vj Thinh Mfiu vi dflc Thinh Trin Chfnh vl ihd, gii cic Quan vi Chiu thudng nghifim trang vi long trpng Vd mil, dpng tic vi cu chi cua ddng thd hi^n khf chit cua nhflng vi dfltig diu cic cdng vi$c hinh chfnh qudc gia, cic vj tudng didu binh, cic bic trf Sl li thiy cua hoing lu, cdng chfla Nhflng Vl thinh niy rit hidm cudi hay td thin thifin vdi nhang dfi tfl Vf du nhu vj Quan dd nhi't ddn tfl thifin phu dam bao cdng ly vj Quan de ngfl chifin diu vdi quin giic bio vfi dit nudc, v| Chiu dfi nhi cai quan 81 cfla ngin vi Chiu dfi thip giflp vua Lfi Lpi dinh dutfi quin giac nha Minh d phucmg Bic Tit ca cic vi thinh niy nhip ddu khidn ddng mang mpt tu thd trang nghifim, uy dung Tuy nhifin, sang ddn gii 6ng hoing, gii Cd, gii ciu Ciu, khdng khf gii ddng lai mang Ifnh thin thifin, vui tuoi, hda ddng nhu nhflng sinh hoat edng ddng Cic vi thinh niy thudng khdng phai mang trpng trich vdi di't nudc vi fl phai dam duong trach nhifim vdi din vi cdng ddng nhu Thinh Mfiu, cic Quan vi cic Chiu Hp xui't hifin rit than thifin vi tu nhip ddng vi giao tidp vdi eic nhang, dfi tu gia ddng cua minh Cic vi thinh niy nhip ddng thudng hay thu gian, rong chd, vui dfla, ca hit ri't hdn nhifin hoic phdng tflng Difiu mfla, ddng lie, cfl chi, thii dd cua cie vj thinh thudng ri't sdi ntfi, vui tuoi va tran diy sflc sdng khidn ngudi tham gia cam thi'y ri't vui, hda ddng va ihu gian Vf du ihinh Cd vi Ciu li nhflng vj nam, thinh nfl lutf i cdn tre vi khdng lim nhifim vu gi mi thudng hay rong choi thudng ngoan Difiu mfla cua hp ri't sinh ddng, sdi ntfi va boat bit Trong cic gii ddng thudng didn cic hlnh thflc giao luu gifla thinh - ddng - nhang, dfi tfl Nhidu eon 340 136 Thdng 10-2012 nhang d$ ti^ tham gia cung vd tay, ca hit v^ nhiy mfla vdi thinh dang nhip ddng Sir bidn ehuydn vd khdng khf ca hlnh ihiJc thd hidn vi n^i dung dupc bidu dat mang tfnh quy tdc mic dfl b^t thinh vin nhung lai dupc cic ddng vi nhang dfi tu tham du gii ddng tuin theo rit nghifim ngii vi thinh kfnh Su vin ddng chudi cic gii dtfng lidn trinh ciJa mpt nghi thflx; Ifin dtfng thay dtfi tfl die Ifnh nghifim trang long trpng, ri't xa cich va nghi thflc ddn die tfnh gin gfli, gian di, binh din: tfl hdt sflc thim trim, nghifim nghj, ddi rit uu tu hoic u siu ddn htfn nhifin din gii, vui luoi nhpn nhjp Didu niy chinh U ban chit phudng phip quydn luc mdm da trao sflc manh cho nhflng ngudi phu nfl theo dao Mfiu dd hp dupc Irii nghidm vi di/pc sdng nhu nhflng didu hp mong mudn Ban chit cua su trao quyin luc mim niy xuit phit tfl su dtfng difiu vi tuong tic gifla nhu ciu, khit vpng sdng cua cic nfl tin dd vi mpt ca chtf sinh hoat tim linh cho phfip gin ktft gifla thd gidi thuc tai vi thd gidi tim linh, gifla ngudn luc cua nidm tin, su trao truydn vi cic canh hudng sdng cu thfi Cu thd li, cic gii ddng vdi ndi dung bidu dat vi cich thflc thd hidn nhu di phin tfch d i tao nfin ciuh hudng eho ngudi phu nfl theo dao Miu dupc thd hifin vi thuc hifin ca nhfltig btfn phin trieh nhifim khdng thd trinh khoi ciia hp ddi sdog thudng nhii ddy uu tu ring bupc vi ca nhihig khao khit cua ho vd mpt thd gidi khic mi hp yfiuthfch-ddlimpi thd gidi tudng tuong mad dd hp hoin toin tu do, hdn nhifin vui sdng vdi ban Ifnh nhu tre tho Ddi vdi nhflng phu nfl theo dao Miu thi vific thuc hifin nghi thflc Ifin dtfng trudc hdt cho [ ^ hp budc vio thd gidi eua cic vj thinh - m6t khdng gian iim linh khic vdi thd gidi mi hp dang sdng NhOng ngudi tin dao thdng qua vai trd trung gian cua ddng hoic tu minh trai nghifim thd gidi tim linh nhd cd sflc manh ciia nhihig vi thinh U'ong dao Mfiu Ddng chfnh li nhung ngudi diu tifin dupc dua tdi thtf gidi niy vi rdi trd lai giao tidp vdi cic tin dtf vai mdt vi thinh cua dao Mfiu Khi ddng dupc Thinh nhap hoic giang, nhihig ngudi tham d« nghi thuc Ifin ddng cung se dupc dua d ^ VAN H A C6 TRlJY(iN thd gidi khac theo dtfng Sflc manh sfin sinh Ihinh nhap se cudn hp vio mdt thd gidi khic, thd gidi bfin cua thuc tai, vi hp s6 dupc u-fii nghifim mdt trang ihii thuc td khic, rtfi sau dd hp dupc trd vd vdi thd gidi mi hp dang sdng Ti't ca chi xay chdc lit Thdi gian, khdng gian cua edi uin tuc se khdng cdn li coi U'in tuc ddi vdi nhflng ngudi dupc thinh nhip Ngudi la gpi khoang thdi gian dd li khoanh khic mfi mj khdng md ta dupc mi chi cd ihd cim nhin hay cdn dupc gpi li liminal period (6) - trang thai mfi mi mi chflng tdi gpi li trang thii ddng Trang thii ddng niy, theo chflng tdi, vfla ed die tfnh nhu cich md la cfla Ding Van Lung (7) dd la dac Ifnh ddng iu nhu dfla ue dupc d bfin me, dupc chd che, cham sdc cua me; ddng thdt dd cung chi'nh li mdi trang ihii tii sinh, dupc thoit thai, khdng thudc vd thd gidi bfin niy, cung khdng thupc vd thd gidi bfin kia, mdt u-ang thii lich bach ca thd vdi qua khfl, hifin tai vi tuong lai, vdi gia dlnh vi cpng ddng, vdi moi ring budc, bdn phin va trach nhifim D6 li mOl irang thai thifing lifing tdt dich fni eon ngudi ed thd trd nfin tuyfit ddi tu do, tu chfl tu tii sinh Tuy nhifin dd cung la mdt trang thai tuyfit ddi mong manh ma ngudi phai dd'i difin cht cd mlnh va vdi minh, khdng thudc vao mdt ydu td hay luc lupng nao khic mi hoan loan don ddc Trang thai difin chi nhung tfch tac mi chi cd dSng vi ngudi tham du nghi thflc Ifin dtfng mdi dupc trfii nghifim nhOng gid ddng tai difin ddn uy linh Ciu hdi dupc dit d diy li: lidu cudc ddi eua nhflng ngirdi phu nfl theo dao Mdu niy cd thit su thay dtfi vi mpi khtf dau cd bidn mil vi lifiu su thay dtfi cd phii chi ddn thii dd cfla nhflng ngudi phu nfl hay khdng? Tit nhifin vdi ddng vi nhfltig ngudi tham gia vio nghi thflc Ifin dtfng, hp ludn cd nidm tin rit chic chin ring cd didu gl dd xiy vi sS cd su thay dtfi cudc sd'ng cfla ho Nhflng thay dtfi niy duoe vit chi't hda hidn hifin rit rd nhflng ldi ca nhflng difiu mfla - mpt phin cua butfi Id mi nhflng ngudi phu nfl theo dao Mfiu ludn tham gia vi tan hudng mpt nghi ihflc Ifin dtfng vdi sflc hip dfin vi thu hfli k^ la nhu viy Nang lupng niy se tidp tuc itfn tai vi tidp sflc ddi sdng ciia ho vi giflp cho ho cd ducfc sflc manh, su tu tin cflng nhihig ki ning dd giai quydl nhflng v&a dd khd khin cupc sd'ng thudng ngiy Cic k5' ning niy theo md ta cua cie ddng vi nhang dfi tfl mi chflng tdi phong vin nghifin cflxi niy bao gdm ki ning xa hdi, kha nang phit tridn ci nhan vi tu tin vio ban thin, kha nang giflp dd ngudi khac, ed sde manh tim linh, kl nang ttf chflc va lanh dao, hay bfin canh dd cdn dupe su dam bao vd tai chfnh, cd nhidu lua chpn vd nghd nghifip; ngoii cdn bidi cich tdn trpng ban thin va nhin thflc vd gidi Nhu viy, cd thd thi'y nghi thflc Ifin ddng giflp dd ngudi phu nfl nhidu tinh vuc cfla cudc sdng thay vi coi hp nhu nhflng ngudi d ting Idp thfl hai, thfl ydu xa hdi Lfin ddng quan nifim cua nhinig ngudi theo dao MIu da giflp hp y thflc vd ban than minh, khidn hp thiy tu tin hon vi cd thd giai Gid dng Hoang Mudi Anh 1U£in Mlnh Stf 3401 Thang 10-20121 VAM HhA KlfiHif T H U A T IBQIIg W K l quytft hidu qui hdn cdc vfin dd irong cuOe sdng vi cd kha nftng thay dtfi mlnh vi thay dtfi ngudi khic Mdt nhflng bidu hidn rd ndt nhi't vd ning Ivc trao truydn sflc manh cua phuang phip quyin luc mim nghi thflc Ifin dtfng cho edc tfn dtf dao Mfiu dtf ti khfch Id nhin thflc cua hp vd vd dpp bfin ngoii cua mlnh cQng nhu tin vio bin ihin vi cupc sdng hon TVii nghidm thi'y mlnh trd thinh ihinh li mpt trfii nghidm die bidi cho cic dtfng vi ngudi tham du Ifin ddng bdi mpt nidm hin hoan phi'n khfch diy uy lire lfl SI; giao luu thin thinh mpt khdng gian Ihdi gian thifing trin diy su ban phil vi nhftng ldi ca lyng Theo dd thdy ddng dao Mfiu cd thd dflng nghi thflc niy dd thay dtfi cii nhin vd thf gidi vi u-ang thii linh thdn cua nhflng ngudi khic bfing cich cho hp co hpi giin tidp u-ai nghifim tham gia vio budi Id Lim nhu viy, ddng lao co hpi cho nhflng ngudi khic cd thd trai nghidm cam giic mi hp di u-ai qua, giflp thay dtfi suy ngh! cua nhfltig ngudi niy vd ban thin Khi lao ca hpi cho hp nhu vay ddng da trao cho hp nidm tin vi ca sflc manh vio ban thin, tfl dd tidp can tdi ddi sdng ihudng ngiy eua hp Day chi'nh li gii tri vi sflc manh cua dao Mfiu ddi vdi nhutig ngudi phu nfl thd gidi trin luc, dd li kha ning lao cho hp mpt hinh anh mdi, mdt li'nh cich mdi, nhu irong vf du cua nhutig thdy ddng hp cQng phii dupc ngudi khde cdng nhin Noi cdch khic, mpt s\t that dupc chip nhfin, dd Ifi khdng gian sinh hoat nghi Id cho phfip hp mo mpng vi coi trpng vc dep hinh thflc dfl ring tap tyc xi hpi ddi hdi hp cin phai ed nhflng cu chi nhfln nhin, khifim nhudng, uinh fhd truong hoic ddi hdi dupc khen ngpi Chinh vi vay, nghi thflc lfin dtfng cho phdp nhfhig ngudi phu nflcd CO hpi thoii khdi cupc sdng thudng nhit; mang hlnh anh thin thinh vua dep diviaiba nghifim vi thinh thidn Dfl ring cam giic ddcd thd chi li khoang khic cua ihdi gian didn nghi thflc lfin dtfng Xet vd mat tim 1^, vific nhflng ngudi phu nfl theo dao Mfiu thi'y ban thin mlnh trd thinh nhung vi thinh ddng vai trd quan trpng giflp hp bay to nhihig khit khao vi mdi quan tim cflng nhu nhflng iu lo cua mlnh Khi thi'y co thd minh trd thinh noi dd thinh nhip nhflng ngudi phu nfl theo Dao Mfiu nhin co thd cQng cd thd nhin djnh vi ddng vai u-d quan trpng ddi vdi vific trai nghifim eude sdng eOng nhu giup hp cd dupc nidm tin vio ve dep ci nhin ciia chfnh minh vi nidm tin vio phdm chit, ning luc dupc u-ao ehuydn tfl thin thinh Hp nhin ring CO thd cua hp li nhutig thuc thd bfin ngoii diu lifin vi cutfi cflng nhu mdt epi ngudn cua sflc manh vi ban sic Bdi le dd, butfi lfi, nhimg ngudi phu nu ludn khing dinh hp phai that xinh dep, Idi cudn va ddng thdi ve dep cua Trong butfi Id, nhihig ngirdi iham dy thudng khen ling \'e dep vi sflc ldi cudn cua ddng bing nhihig ldi le tdt dep nhi't Trong irudng hpp niy, ddng sdn Idng ban ting cic nhang dfi tucua mlnh lien ihdnh hay ldc thdnh vi vi viy hp c6ii nhin dupc nhidu Idi khen ting hon nfla Trfin phuong difin bifi'u didn, nghi thflc Ifin dtfng c6 ve ngoii gidng vdi mdt dfim hdi nhac rock 6cic nudc phuong Tiy ca hai ddu cd giao Iini cutfng nhifit gifta ngudi trinh difin vi ngirfri xem Didm khac bifil li d chd, khdng cdn U tuong tic giua thf gidi tim linh vdi thd gidi thiiC vi khdng chi li vific thinh nhip vao ddng nghi Ihflc hiu dtfng chfnh li lupng trung cho nidm til hao ciia nft tfn dd dao Miu dupc li ngueri phy nft nhu hp mong mudn vi la mdt butfi ca lung \'e dep va nidm dam mfi cua hp Cd le vi S6 340 IThang 10-2012 O chfnh gifla ban thd Cdng dtfng, noi didn nghi thflc hdu dtfng, phfa trudc mat ddng cd dil mpt chide guong, dd chfnh li tupng (rung cho vi^c coi trpng ve d?p hinh thflc bfin ngoai niy Chide gucmg thinh trudc ban ihd Cdng dtfng chi dupc dung nghi thflc Ifin dtfng Khi dupc hdu ddng giflp mic dtf hay trudc cic difiu mfla ding thinh, ddng thudng hay ngim nhin mlnh guong dd dam bao hp da u6 nfin xinh dep nhu hp mong doi Khic vdi uong ddi thudng, qui trinh thay khin chiu io ngy va didm trang d diy khdng mang u'nh rifing tu, ma dupc didn trudc ban thd Ctog ddng, midc mpi ngudi vi tai giOa chidu dtfng Khi da thi'y hii Idng \ di ve ngoii cua mlnh, ddng se thucmg cho hdu ddng ri't nhidu lien thdnh (la tidn thil cua dtfng) VAN H A n d TRUYEN thd mi dd xem mflc dp thinh edng cfla mdi nghi thflc lin ddng, chflng ta phii xfit xem butfi Id cd difin tdi dep khdng, nhftng ngudi phy nft theo dao Mfiu cd thoa man vdi butfi Id khdng cung nhu hp ed thinh cdng xin dupc phfl trp cua hay khdng Nhidu nhang, dfi id lin ring thinh nhip vio ddng li Iflc vd dep tidm ^n bfin (khie vdi ve dep bfin ngoii) se duoc bpc Id va xui't hifin d ddng Ri't nhidu ngudi tham gia butfi lfi bi mfi hoic bdi difiu mfla, khflc hit dupc ddng tic ddng tdi vi hp cam thi'y nhu thd chfnh minh cung bidn thinh nhftng ngudi phu nfl xinh dep va quydn uy Hp nhin thflc dupc ve dep bfin ngoii cflng nhu kha ning kidm soit co Ihd, va cic ning lyc ban phit nhu Mfiu me cua chfnh minh Mdt butfi Id irpn ven dupc eon nhang dfi lfl ung hd nhifit tinh, cflng vdi lifing nhac, mui nhang, vj say ntfng cua rupu, thud'c li vi mifng triu cay tit ca gdp phin dem lai cho ddng cam giac die bifit va nidm say mfi cdng hudng Cd ddi Iflc dong cdn roi vao trang thai xui't thin, vi keo mpi ngudi vao trang thii dd cung minh Cd dtfng Na d Ha N6i cho bift lifn hinh lin ddng, cd cam thi'y nhu thd cd la nhung dng hoang ba chfla: Tdi mic nhihig bp u-ang phyc rat dep d mdi butfi lfi Thudng thi ngudi la chang dam mac nhimg bd dd dac bifit nhu viy cung nhu nhay mfla nghe nhflng bai hit ctf xua thifing lifing (chdu van) vd cudc sdng cua cac vj Mpi ngudi se nghi diu minh cd v& dd Nhung d butfi lfin ddng, mpi ngudi se ddu khen ngpi minh: "Lay quan, quan thai Ii phong nha"; "Lay Mfiu, Mfiu dep qua" Cam giac Idc dd rit die biet, ri't sung sudng va thoai mai Vi thf ma mdi nam tOi ludn thifit kdva lam mdi lai trang phuc Tdi khdng ehi lam theo mfiu cac trang phuc irong dao Mfiu ma cdn hpc theo phim anh, sach bio vi ca trang phyc cua nhflng cd dtfng khac dd thift kf trang phyc cua rifing minh Trang phuc rit dep, nhu mpi ngudi da thiy d butfi lfi diy Nhu viy, cd thd thiy nhftng ngudi phy nft theo dao Mfiu da nhd vio khdng gian tim linh, su cdng hudng sflc manh tfl ihf gidi ihinh thin da tao mdt bflc tranh hoan chinh vd mdi cudc stfng tdt d^p TVong dd, tfl cupc stfng nghifim tflc ngoii ddi thil thinh mdt cudc sdng Id hdi, gin gfli, trin ddy nidm vui, su giao liru chia se; tfl mpt cupc sdng cua nhung ngudi trudng thinh dam duong nhihig btfn phin vi trich nhifim thinh cudc sdng sing htfn nhifin nhu tre tho ddy nidm vui sudng vi thoit khdi mpi ring budc Hidu duoc ^ nghia cua vific thuc hifin nghi thflc Ifin dtfng ddi sd'ng cfla ngudi phu nfl theo dao Mfiu cung chfnh Ii nhin dupc tfnh lupng uung cfla nghi Id niy Bfin canh nhflng gii trj trao truydn sflc manh theo phuang phip quydn luc mdm, vfin cdn dd nhfltig ciu hdi khoa hpc mdi cho nhung tfn dtf dao Mfiu, cie nhi nghifin cflti vi nhihig ngudi quan tim ddn dao Miu Cu thd nhu: nhutig didm tupng trung niy cd lifin quan thd nao ldi nhftng gia tri van hda, xa hdi vi nd lim thay ddi nhutig gii iri nhu thd nao uudc thii dd vi hinh vi cua ngudi? Tinh tuong trimg cd vat dyng, boat ddng, ldi ndi, mdi quan hfi, cic su kifin, cac cfl ehi hay cac khoang khdng gian? Cac vin dd thfl vj dd, nhifin, xin dupc trinh bay d mdt bai \'ie'i khac • V.TTA Van Gennep Arnold, Tlie Riles of Passage Trans Manika B, Vizedom and Gabnelle L CatTee Chicago: University of Oiicago Press I960 Turner Victor, Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Riles De Passage In Symposium on New Approaches to the Siudy of Religion: Proceedings of [he 1964 Annual Spring Meeling of ihe American Ethnological Society J Helm, ed 4-20 Sealllc: American Elhnological Society 1964 Rappaporl Roy Ritual and Religion in Ihe Making of Humanity Cambridge University Press, 1999, lr.3 Nguyfn Thj Hi^n The Religion of the Four Palaces: Mediumship and Therapy in Viet Culture Ph.D Dis.sertalion Indiana University, 2002, tr.66 Ngfl Dd'c Thmh, Tin ngudng vd vdn hoa tin ngudng a Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hoc Xalidi Ha N6i, 2001 Tuy nhien nhihig lucfng irung loai vai nhu Ngu h6 hay 6ng \6l rdn rail il nhdp h6n DSng Van Lung, Vdn hda thdnh Mdu Nxb Van lida Thong tm Hk N6i 2004 Sd340| Thang 10-20121 ... ddng tuin theo rit nghifim ngii vi thinh kfnh Su vin ddng chudi cic gii dtfng lidn trinh ciJa mpt nghi thflx; Ifin dtfng thay dtfi tfl die Ifnh nghifim trang long trpng, ri't xa cich va nghi thflc... 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