Thánh mẫu liễu hạnh từ vị chúa đến thần chủ đạo mẫu việt nam ngô đức thịnh

30 Nghien CLTU Ton giao SdlO - 2010^ THANH MAU LIEU HANH, Tir VI CHUA DEN THAN CHU DAO MAU VIET NAM NGO DUG THINH'' I NGUON TU" LIEU M I VE THANH MAU k6 thftdng ddn gian va chan chat LIEU HANH -,;•; :j •' yy ;::x: '[i.^ n^rm ' (2) Ngudn tft lieu Han Nom, ma md Cd le Thanh Mau Lilu Hanh la vi Nft dau la tac pham Van Cat Than nii truyen'-^^ cua Nft si Doan Thi Diem (the ki than - Thanh Mau dftdc dan gian truyen XVIII) va Tien Phi dich luc (dau the' ki tung vdi nhieu huyen thoai, truyen thuy6't va ciing la -vi than linh dftdc cac nha van, XX) cua Kieu Oanh Mau'*' va tie'p tuc vdi thd Nho hpc de cdng san dinh than tich, hang loat cac tft lieu khac chiu anh than pha, th6 hien tren cac bi kl, cac tac hu'dng ve phong each va npi dung, pham viet bang chft Han Ndm Theo thd'ng dd dac biet chi de cap de'n hai lan giang ke sd bp, de'n cd gan 100 dau sach va tft sinh cua Thanh Mau d Van Cat (Phii Day) lieu •vLe't ve Ba, dd c6 cac tft lieu Han va Nga Sdn (Thanh Hoa) Nom, chft qud'c ngft va cac thft ngdn ngft nftdc ngoai, nhieu nhat la tieng Phap, Anh, d6 dac biet quan trpng la cac ngudn tft lieu CO Han Ndm''l Trong kho tang tii lieu phong phu nhft vay, tr6n cai nen kha thong nhat ve cdt truyen, n6'u can cft sft khac biet cac tinh ti6't ve cupe ddi ve Thanh Mau thi co th6' phan loai tft lieu khac : (1) Nhiing tu: lieu truyen ke dan gian nhan dan sang tao va truyen tung vdi nhieu di ban, ma di6n hinh la truyen ve Cong chua Li6u Hanh, N g u y i n Ddng Chi siiu tam va san dinh cong bd' Kho tang truyen cd tich Viet Nam, cac huyen thoai ve tran Sdng Sdn dai chie'n, ma sau dftdc Vftdng Duy Trinh, Nguy6n Van Huyen san dinh va cdng bd' cdng trinh cua minh'*^' Cac truyen Truyen thuy6't ve Li6u Hanh cua Nguyen Ddng Chi mo ta Li6u Hanh la co cdng chua thft hai ciia Ngpc Hoang, tinh tinh ftdng nganh, xuo'ng tran gian md quan ban hang, g a y nhieu phien toai cho A*- A' A V A ngftdi tran, ke ca vdi vua quan nha Le chua Trinh Vi cac hanh ddng l o n g hanh * GS TS., Vien Nghien cuu Van hda, Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam Ngo Dire ITiinh Dgo Mau Viet Nam Nxb Tdn giao li 2009 Nguy6n Ddng Ghi Kho tdng iriiyen cd tich \'iet Nam lap (tai ban), H., 1980 - Nguydn Van Huyen "Nu than Lieu Manh" in Tuc thd ciing than lien d\'iel Nam 1944 Nay tap hop bd sach tap Gdp phdn nghien ciru vdn hod Viet Nam tap 2, Nxb KHXIl, H., 1996 Doan Thi Diem Truyen nit than \'dn Cdt in Truyen ki Idn phd 1993 Kieu Oanh Mau Tien phd dich Inc Nguyen Xuan Dien dich \ii chil giai in trong: Ngo Di'rc Thinh Dgo Man Viet Nam Nxb Tdn giao H 2009 Ngo Due Thinh Thdnh Man Licni Hanh nhft vay, trieu d i n h da phai mftdn Bat Bd Kim Ciidng d u n g mftu Ifta va bat Cong chua, khi6'n cho P h a t Ba Quan Am phai nhd tdi phep t h u a t mdi giai thoat dftdc Cong chua cung da dap lai mdt each k h a n g k h a i nhiing ldi k6't toi cua n h a vua, nhd th6' ma thoat tdi Tft Cdng chua quy y, lam viec b a n phuc, t a n Idc cho ngftdi ddi Tft mpt CO gai xinh dep, nhuiig tinh tinh ftdng hiidng, thi vdi Doan Thi Di6m, n a n g la Cong chua Quynh Hoa •vi Id tay danh vd chen ngpc Hpi dao tien, nen bi vua cha qud phat day xudng tran Cach Cdng chiia Quynh Hoa g i a n g t r a n Cling khac Mpt dang, co gai bftdng binh, khien Ngpc Hoang noi gian day xud'ng tran, thi vdi n h a n quan cua mdt nft van si tham n h u a n Nho hpc, Cong chiia Quynh Hoa Id tay danh vd chen ngpc n6n bi Ngpc Hoang phat g i a n g t r a n thong qua dau thai vao gia dinh L6 Thai Cong, mpt gia dinh danh gia, nho nha, ndi ma sau n a n g diidc nuoi dftdng moi triidng giao due de trd cd gai k h o n g chi xinh dep ma cdn du tai cam, ki, thi, hoa va dftc cong, dung, ngdn, hanh Bang tft tiidng Nho giao n h u a n nhuy6n, mpt but p h a p v a n chftdng truyen ki dieu luyen va cd chut liu m a n g day chat nft tinh, nft si Doan Thi Di6m da tao nen mpt h i n h tftdng L i l u H a n h Cdng chua vfta x i n h dep, tai hoa, day ca t i n h va trac an Tinh each h a m chuong thd van, giao du r d n g rai, thich dam dao v a n thd cua Cong chua Lieu Hanh, ma sau nay, du Ba da hi6n l i n h va diidc p h o n g than, k h d n g he cd t r o n g cac truyen thuye't d a n gian, phai c h a n g la ban ciia b a n t h a n nft si Doan Thi Diem D6' sau nay, sft hi6n l i n h cua Nft t h a n Van 31 Cat diidi d a n g cac bai g i a n g but c a n g lam t a n g chat l i n h t h i e n g p h a lan chat thd m d n g cua Ba (3) Dac biet, n h i i n g n a m g a n day, c h u n g ta bi6t th6m mdt sd tii lieu H a n Ndm cdn du'dc Iftu gift d Bao t a n g Nam Dinh, d Phii N a p (Quang Cung linh tft) thudc x a Y6n Dong, h u y e n Y Yen, Nam Dinh, nhii t a m bia Quang Cung linh td bi kf^'> Bac Tft Nguy6n Dinh Viep, tri huyen Dai An soan n a m 1741; Quang Cung linh tit pha A/*" Vu Huy Trac soan n a m 1781; tac p h a m Cat Thien Tam the' thiic lud''^ n h o m tac gia Doan Tri6'n, T6' tiiu Qud'c Td Giam Ti6'n si Khieu N a n g Tinh, Doc hpc Bac N i n h Nguyen X u a n Thieu, Ddc hpc Hai P h o n g Nguy6n Van Tinh, Dd^c hpc tri si Dang Quy va Dd Huy Lieu, soan va de tfta v a n 1993 Dac biet, n h d m tac gia la ngu'di thudc t r a n Sdn Nam va b a n be thupc cac t i n h k6' can c6 mdi q u a n he dac biet vdi Phii Nap, cd nhftng tri an r i e n g vdi T h a n h Mau T r o n g cac tac p h a m nay, cd th6 coi Quang Cung linh td pha ki ciia Vu Huy Trac (1781) cd nien dai g a n vdi Van Cat t h a n nft cua Doan Thi Di6m So vdi t r u y e n ke d a n gian, t r u y e n nom k h u y e t d a n h va tat ca eac tac p h a m ciia cac n h a Nho hpc chiu a n h hftdng cua Doan Thi Di6m, Kieu O a n h Mau dftdc s a n g tac tft gifta the' ki XVIII den dau th6' Biic Tu Nguyen Dinh Viep (Tri huyen Dai An) Quang Cung linh tir hi ki Duong Van Virpng dich \'a chii giai hien kru tai Phu Nap, xa Yen Ddng, huyen Y i'en Nam Dinh Tie'n si Vu Huy Trac Qiidng Cung Linh tir phd ki Ban chep tay lu'u tai Phu Nap; Duong Van Virpng dich va chii giai Cdt Thii'ii Tam the thuc Inc Duong Van Virpng dich va chu giai, ban chiTr Han hien luu tai Phii Nap, Y Yen, Nam Dinli, Nghien cUu Ton giao SdlO - 2010 32 ki XX thi deu ndi ve hai lan giang sinh cua Thanh Mau Lieu Hanh, mdt lan d Van Cat va l a n s a u d N g a Sdn, T h a n h Hoa (cd v a n b a n ndi la d N g h e An) Tuy nhien, cac tac p h a m cua n h d m Sdn Nam, ma cac tac p h a m cua h p cung r a ddi c u n g thdi vdi cac tac p h a m cua nft si Doan Thi Diem, Kieu O a n h Mau (tftc la gifta th6' ki XVIII de'n d a u th6' k i XX), lai de cap tdi ba lan giang tran (Tam sinh t a m hoa) cua Cdng chua Lieu Hanh Do la: - Lan giang tran dad tieir tft n a m 1434 - 1473, thdi Le Thai Td', d xa Tran Xa, huyen Dai An, phii N g h i a Hftng, t r o n g vdng 40 nam, t h a e s i n h vao g i a d i n h d n g Pham Dftc Chinh va ba Doan Thi Phiidng, lay ten la P h a m Ti6n Nga, k h d n g lay chdng, mdt Idng p h u n g dftdng Cha Me va lam viec t h i e n cong dftc, md m a n g n g h e A ^9 Tat n h i e n , h i e n tai t r o n g cac t a i lieu H a n Ndm cd sii k h a c biet ve ni6n dai ba l a n "Tam s i n h t a m hoa" cua Ti6n Chua c u n g nhu" ten gpi, viec l a m ciia Ba t r o n g ba l a n g i a n g s i n h d ba ndi Tuy nhien, cd di6m c h u n g n h a t la d ca ba l a n g i a n g t r a n , Tien Chua deu the' h i e n la ngftdi g a i x i n h dep net na, t r u n g trinh, l a m n h i e u viec t h i e n g i u p d a n lanh, xiing d a n g la m a u mftc cong, dung, n g o n , h a n h cua ngftdi p h u nft Viet Nam'^\ khi6'n cho s a u k h i Tien Chua hoa ve trdi, ngftdi b a n h a t deu n h d thiidng, bi6't dn va l a p den t h d Ba A? n g h i e p cho ngftdi d a n sd tai, n a m 40 tuoi, Tien Chua hoa ve Trdi, n a y d a n sd tai lap den thd Ti6n Chua, dd c h i n h la P h u Quang Cung (Phu Nap) ,- ,,, - Lan giang tran thd hai cua Cdng chua Li6u H a n h vao thdi ki tft 1557 - 1577 tai thdn Van Cat, xa An Thai, h u y e n Thi6n Ban, p h u N g h i a Hftng, t i n h Nam Dinh, la g a i ciia g i a d i n h Le Thai Cdng va L6 Thai Ba Tien Chua sinh r a lay ten la Le Thi Thang, sau k6't duyen cung Tran Dao Lang, sinh dftdc h a i ngftdi Con t r a i la T r a n N h a m va gai la Hda (cd tft lieu chi n h a c d6'n mdt trai) Tien Chua h o a ve trdi n a m 21 ^9 trai, ten la Con Tien Chua hoa ve trdi nam 19 tuoi Hien tai, d den Phd' Cat cdn Iftu gift mdt tam sac phong Dftc dng Nham va dng Con, hai ngftdi trai cua hai ddi chdng cua Tien Chiia V tuoi, de lai p h a n mp, n a y c h i n h la l a n g Thanh Mau - Lan giang tran thd ba: Ti6n Chua (1650-1668) xud'ng dat l a n g Soc, xa Tay Mo, huyen Nga Sdn, tinh Thanh Hoa, ten la Hoang Thi Trinh, lay chdng hp Mai, tiidng truyen la h a u sinh eiia chdng cii, sinh mdt Cac tft lieu H a n Ndm n6u tr6n cdn dftdc bd s u n g b a n g cac cau ddi, dai tft, g h i r o cac l a n g i a n g sinh ciia Thanh Miu VI du, cau dd'i d P h u Ti6n Hiidng (Phu Day) g h i rd: "Tam the' luan hdi, vu v i Nhu6', vu Van Cat, vu N g a Sdn, ngu bach dft n i e n q u a n g thftc luc / Lich tri6u ba cdn, vi d6' nft, vi dai vftdng, vi chung mau, vi t h a n h t h a n tien phat, ftc thien v a n cd dien d a n h b a n g " (dich n g h i a : Ba ddi t h a y doi d Vi Nhue', d Van Cat, d Nga Sdn, d6'n n a y h d n 500 nam, sii tich s a n g ngdi t r o n g thftc luc / Cac trieu dai p h o n g tang la vua, la dai -vftcfng, la me, la t h a n ti6n Phat du cho tdi van nam sau ti6'ng tam vang ddng khap n h a n gian) Hien tai, ddng hp Pham a Y Yen, Xuan Trudng (Nam Dinh) da tdn Thien Ghiia Lidu Hanh - Pham Tien Nga la Ba Td Gd ciJa ddng hp, lap cau lac bp gai dam dau hien theo girong cua Tien Mau Theo: Pham Minh Liem, Su lich Thdnh Mau Lieu Hanh Phgm Tien Nga (I4.N-I473) Phgm (luu hanh npi bp) - Mot Bd id hg 33 Ngo Diic ITiinh Thdnh Man Licht Hanh Hay ddi cau ddi d Phu Nap de Tft Dftc thap bat nien, tam nguyet (Thang nam Tft E>ftc thft 18) cd ghi: "Giang vu Vi Nhu6' tien sii / Dia hiiu Sdng Sdn thupc hau thdi" (dich nghia: Sinh ndi Vi Nhue'la than trftdc; Viec dat Song Sdn ay ki6p sau),v.v_ Sft tich "Tam sinh t a m hoa" cung da dftdc the hien t r o n g van chau len d d n g d mpt sd^ den phu, cung nhft cac di b a n d a n gian khac la dan g i a n hda tft cac tac pham cua cac n h a Nho d v u n g nay,v.v Mpt hu'dng tim tdi tft lieu mdi lien quan d6'n Tam sinh Tam hda ciia T h a n h Mau Lieu Hanh, la k h a i t h a e nhiing tii lieu ve gia pha, ngpc pha, ma dieu n a y da va d a n g dien r a vdi d o n g hp Pham d Phii Nap va dong hp Tran, Le d P h u Day Trong k h i vi6't g i a p h a hp P h a m d Viet Nam, ngftdi ta gia thi6't r a n g , P h a m Thi Nga (Ti6n Chua) sinh r a tft g i a d i n h hp Pham d P h a m Xa, Y6n Dong (cha la Pham Dinh Chinh), co th6 la tft gdc cu to Pham Dao Soan, ngu'di hp P h a m dau ti6n tft Hai Diidng ve k h a i p h a v u n g Nam Dinh vao ddi Tran, n a m 1386 Luc d a u lay ten la Hoang Xa, sau doi t h a n h P h a m Xa Trong hp P h a m d day, cd d n g P h a m Dao Chii, P h a m Dao Bao (ddi thft 5) dd tie'n si de tam g i a p va de n h i giap, t6n tuoi dftdc ghi vao van bia, Q u a n g Ninh; T h a n g Long theo diidng Thien Ly xudi ve phia nam: Nam Dinh, T h a n h Hda, Nghe An.v.v Day cung c h i n h la n h i i n g du'dng h a n h hftdng cua cac n h a n g de tu' hien n a y vao dip mua x u a n va m u a thu C6 th6' ndi, tft thdi ki nay, dao Mau tft mpt tin n g i i d n g m a n g t i n h n d n g n g h i e p dan d a n t h a n h tin ngiidng thftdng nghiep Xa hdi Vict Nam thdi L6 Mat trd di la thdi ki lich sii day bi6'n dpng Dd la cudc tranh gianh gifta Le - Mac, rdi sau la hinh thai Vua L6 - Chiia Trinh d Dang Ngoai va chia cat Trinh - Nguy6n phan t r a n h gifta Dang Ngoai va Dang Trong Day la chfta k6 cac cudc khdi n g h i a nong dan nd li6n mi6n, n h a t la thdi Tay Sdn - Nguy6n Triidc n h i i n g bi6'n d o n g lich sii va xa hdi nhft vay, ddi s d n g n h a n dan cd ciic, t a m t r a n g ngiidi d a n bat dinh, muon tim sft a n t o a n t r o n g ddi song tam linh Hdn th6' nfta, tft the' ki XV vdi viec n h a nu'dc t r u n g lidng t a p quyen lay Nho giao lam n e n t a n g tii tiidng va t r d t h a n h he y thftc ddc tdn t h i P h a t g i a o va Dao g i a o co xu hiidng d a n g i a n hda, tft bo ddi s o n g cung dinh, di vao ddi s o n g dan da d n d n g thon Day la dip cac dinh, den, chua mpc I6n n g a y mdt n h i e u d n o n g thon, n h a t la tft thdi n h a Mac t r d di P h a t g i a o k h i di vao ddi sd'ng d a n gian, l a n g qu6n dan cac k i n h sach vdi cac tri6't li cao xa, d6 dan t r d t h a n h mdt thft dao II iing xU' xa hdi, vai trd cua P h a t Ba Quan Am vdi chftc n a n g ciiu k h d ciiu n a n cho dan chimg trd nen g a n g u i khie'n c h o P h a t g i a o d a n g i a n n i i d c t a 10 Ngo Dire Thinh Dgo Mdii Viet Nam Sdd 35 Ngo Diic Thinh Thdnh Mau LichiHgnh ^ thftdng m a n g m a u sac Phat giao Quan Am Roi cac x u hftdng t h a m n h a p gifta Phat giao vdi t i n ngiidng dan gian, lam cho Phat giao c u n g bi6'n dang, tao n6n nhiing sac thai k h a c Cuoc Sdng Sdn dai chie'n gifta Lieu Hanh vdi d d n g Ndi dao la cd hdi d6' Phat Ba Quan Am r a tay ciiu giup, khi6'n Lieu H a n h quy y, da md r a diidng t h a m n h a p gifta P h a t giao va tin ngiidng thd Mau Hinh thai tham n h a p gifta Phat giao vdi dao Mau dan g i a n tao nen mpt h i n h thai "tien Phat hau Mau" t r o n g cac ngdi chua d Bac Bp chinh la k6't qua cua qua t r i n h t h a m n h a p lau dai Dao giao T r u n g Hoa vdi d d n g tu ti6n va dong phu thiiy ciing t h a m n h a p va phat trien m a n h d Viet Nam Thiic ra, Dao giao T r u n g Hoa t h a m n h a p vao nu'dc ta tft lau, n g a y tft dau thdi Bac thupc D6'n thdi p h o n g ki6'n tii chii, cac tu: tiidng ciia Dao giao da cd nhiing a n h hu'dng n h a t dinh d6'n ca t a n g Idp vua quan, quy tpc d cung dinh, t h a m ehl tii tftdng Tam giao (Phat, Nho, Dao) cung da du'dc diia vao cac de thi d cung dinh Nhieu viidng cong, quy tpc thdi Tran c u n g da tiing la dao si Tuy nhien, phai sau the ki XV, ma Nho giao ddc ton thi Dao giao va Phat giao mdi t h a m n h a p sau vao ddi song dan da d n d n g thon Dao giao vdi cac dong tu Ti6n va d d n g phu t h u y phat A*' A AA A A trien m a n h d n o n g thon, ket hdp vdi cac A V dao Tam phii, Tft phii, m a T h a n h Mau Lieu H a n h la mdt t h a n chii Nhiing a n h hu'dng cua Dao giao dd'i vdi viec h i n h t h a n h dao Mau Tam phii, Tft phii tft the ki XVI - XVII chii yeu t r e n m a y phftdng dien Thit nhat, ve q u a n niem vu t r u luan, p h a n chia th6 gidi t h a n h ba (Thi6n, Dia, Thiiy) h a y bdn (Thien, Dia, Thuy, Thiidng Ngan) va sii cai q u a n ciia cac T h a n h Mau dai dien O day, ngiidi ta da d d n g n h a t vu t r u vdi nft tinh, mdt s a n p h a m ciia tft- theo nguyen li Me (chft ciia T r a n Qud'c Yvtdng) cua ngftdi Viet t r u y e n thd'ng Trong Dao giao T r u n g Hoa, co q u a n niem Tam Quan (Thien quan, Dia q u a n va Thuy quan), nhftng dai dien cac q u a n d day la n a m than, nhien, k h i vao Viet Nam nd t r d t h a n h nft than, vdi tft each la cac vi t h a n cai q u a n cac mien k h a c n h a u ciia vu tru Trong dien t h a n Tam phii, Tft phu cimg CO sft ga lap tft dien than ciia Dao giao Trung Hoa, la Ngpc Hoang vdi tft each la Vua cha cua Li6u Hanh Cdng chua Roi, nhu: da ndi d tr6n, chinh sft quy y ciia Li6u Hanh da md du'dng cho Phat Ba Quan Am tham n h a p vao dien t h a n Mau Tam phii, Tft phu va chie'm vi tri cao nhat Tuy nhi6n, xet cho cung nhiing a n h hiidng nhii vay van la h i n h thftc, cdn thftc chat vi than chii dao Mau Tam phii, Tft phii van la cac vi Thanh Mau, t r o n g dd Thanh Mau Li6u Hanh van d vi tri t r u n g tam A' t m ngiidng d a n g i a n h m h t h a n h cac kieu Dao giao d a n gian, ma sau n a y cac n h a n g h i e n ciiu gpi dd la Ndi dao, nhii thd Dftc T h a n h Tran, thd Mau, thd Tam Thanh ciia T r a n Doan,v.v Chinh t r o n g bd'i c a n h nhu: vay, tuc thd Nft t h a n va M i u t h a n b a n dia da k6't hdp vdi a n h hu'dng cua Dao giao d6 h i n h t h a n h n6n Cung da cd tac g i a de cap tdi n g u o n go'c t h a n bi6n ciia ngftdi Cham da t h a m g i a vao qua t r i n h tao dftng nen h i n h tiidng T h a n h Mau L i l u Hanh