Những giá trị của đạo mẫu việt nam ngô đức thịnh

VAN HOA COJTRUYER H^kt-,!! NHUNG GIA TRi CIJA f)AC HID VIET NAM • N G O D t r c THINH Dao Mau la mpt he thdng tin ngudng Trudc nhai, dao Mau khong phai la mot hinh thiic tin nguong ton giao ddng nhai, ma no la mot he thdng cdc tin ngudng, ft nhai bao gdm ba lop khae nhau, nhung co moi quan he hu'u CO va chi phoi ldn nhau, la Idp tin ngudng thif nit thdn, Idp thd mdu than vd Idp thd mdu tam phu, tif phu (1) L6p tho nu than mang tfnh phd quat rpng rai, phu hgp voi xa hpi nong nghidp va vai tro ciia nguoi phu nu xa hpi Lop tho mdu than phat tridii trdn eai nen tho nu' than, thudng gdn voi tfnh chdi qudc gia, nhu tho cac Vuong Mdu, Quoc Mdu, Thanh Mdu, nhu nguydn phi Y Lan, Me Giong, Mdu Tay Thien, Thien Ya Na, Linh Son Thanh Mdu - Ba Den, Ba Chua Xd Ve CO ban lop tho nu than va mdu thdn mang ti'nh ban dia, npi sinh Lop mdu tam phii, tir phii hinh trdn co so lop tin nguong tho nu than va mdu-than kdi hgp vai tiep thu nhung anh hudng cita Dao giao Trung Hoa Tuy nhidn sau da hinh va dinh hinh thi dao Mdu Tam phii, Tu' phii da \'a dang anh hudng theo hudng "tam phii, tir phit hoa" tin nguong thd m than va mdu thdn Dao Mau la tin ngudng ban dia cd nguon gd'c td ldu ddi, da tiing tdn tai thdi ky lau dai ciia lich sif die phong kien, nhat la TK XV - XIX, \'dn tiem dn va cd chieu hudng phdt trien xa hdi hien nay, d ca ddng bang, thi va midn nui, tao nen mpt net kha ndi bat biic tranh chung vdn hei siic da dang vk phong phu ciia tdn giao tin ngudng Viet Nam Day la mdt thii tin ngudng cd ngudn gd'c ban dia dich thuc, mac du qua trinh phat tridn, nd da thu nhan khdng it nhung anh hudng ciia Dao giao, Phat giao va tham chi ca Nho giao nua Dao Mau lay tdn thd mdu (me) lam dimg sdng tao vd hdo tri cho vii tru, ngifdi la noi ngudi ky thac nhung mong udc, khat vpng ve ddi sdng trdn ///c'ciia minh dat tdi sue khoe va tai ldc Mdt tdn giao tin ngudng hudng ve din sdng trdn the hii'n tai, chir khdng phai la mai sau, ciia linh hdn d the gidi ben kia! Mpt he thdng thdn didn la da than (cd khoang tren dudi 60 vi thanh), nhung dung dau va bao trum len la thdnh mdu, dd Thdnh Mdu Lii'ii Hgnh xuai hien mupn man didn than (tir TK XV-XVI) nhirng lai chie'm vi tri thdn chu dien thdn dao Mau Chinh Thanh Mau Lieu Hanh da tran the hda dao Mau va didu kien ciia xa hdi Nho giao cudi thdi phong kien nd da di vao ddi sdng dan gian, bdt rd sau \'ao xa hdi va ddi sdng tam lmh ciia mdi ngudi Viet Nam Dao Mdu vd'n la tin ngudng ban dia ciia ldc Viet, nhung nd thd hien mdt khu ndng tich hop tdn gido tin ngudng cao, ldm cho he thdng dien thdn cung nhif bo mat vdn hda eiia nd the hien tinh da tdc ngifdi, du vdn hda cita cac tdc ngu'cTi ciing sinh sdng tren dai nudc Viet Nam Hie'm Sd310|r| Thang 4-2010 VAN HOA N(^HF THUAT TROMC MITO'C CO mpt tdn giao tfn ngudng nao lai cd mdt khd ndng tich hop van hda da tdc ngudi nhu Id dao Mdu Trong he thdng cac thdn Iinh cd nhidu vi than ngudi dan tdc thieu sd, vay nd cung tich hgp cac sinh hoat van hda ciia cae dan tdc thidu sd dd vao nghi Id ciia dao (an mac, am nhae, mua hat ) Hiem cd mdt tdn gido tin ngudng ban dia nao Iai tidm tang sifc tubien ddi, tre hda nhu Id dao Mdu Nd khdng chi cd siic sdng dieu kien ehe dp phong kie'n quan chil mang nang he y thirc Nho giao, ma cdn tiem dn vd phdt xd hgi dd tin hda, cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hoa hien (2) Ta hay lay thf du vd kha nang tu bien ddi va thi'ch U'ng ciia dao Mdu qua hidn tugng Bd Chua Kho Vd'n khdi thiiy la tue thd nif thdn- me Ida rat nguydn thiiy, Ba Chiia Kho - me lua da sdm hdi nhap vao ldp tfn ngudng mau vd'n day dac d dat Bdc Ninh, de rdi sau dd hay ddng thdi dugc lich sir hda, cung dinh hda bd chua kho luong thdi nha Ly ddnh qudn Tdng, nha Trdn ddnh qudn Nguyen, tham chf nha Le ddnh qudn Minh, rdi dn tang mdt thdi gian dai, khien ft nhan Ba Chua Kho, de rdi Bd tu ddi mdi thdi ky Viet Nam ddi mdi vd md cifa dd trd bd chu kho tien, vi thdn chii nha bang thdi kinh te thi trudng Vay can cdi nhan thirc nao, can cdi xa hdi nao da la manh dai ddi tdn tai, hdi sinh va phat tridn ciia dao Mdu? Phai chang dd la xa hdi ndng nghidp, ndng thdn va ndng dan ma d dd nen canh tac lua nudc va xa hdi mang dam tan tfch mdu he vdi vai trd to ldn ciia ngudi phu nu? Phai chang dd cdn la mdt xa hpi manh nha va bdt ddu phat tridn nen thuang nghidp chg qud vao TK XV-XVll, nhai la thdi ky nha Mac, ma d dd vdn la vai trd tru cdt ciia ngudi phu nu? Va phai chang khung canh xa hdi cdng nghidp hda ciia ndn kinh te'thi trudng thud giao thdi lai la manh dai mdi cho su phue ciia hinh thirc tin ngudng Dao Mdu khdng chi la mdt tin ngudng tdn gido md cdn Id vdn hda, ma thdng qua nghi Id Idn ddng, qua Id hpi, phong tuc, nd thuc su la mdt bdo tdng sdng cua vdn hda truyen thdng Viet Nam (3) dd ehung ta nhan thay mdt ldi »r|Sd310 Thang 4-2010 sd'ng, quan niem, cung each sinh hoat, nhung udc vpng ciia khdng chi ngudi cita xa hdi cd truyen, ma cdn ca ciia ngudi hidn dai nu'a Dao Mdu, gia tri va phan gia trj Vay dao Mdu, vdi tu each la mdt tin ngudng ban dia, nd chiia dung cdc gid tri lich sir, xa hdi va van hda gi? Gid tri nhgn thifc the gidi (the gidi quan) Cac nha nghidn ciiu dit theo trudng phai hay quan didm chinh tri nao cflng ddu nhan manh den ngudn gdc nhdn thifc cua tdn giao tin ngudng Didu dd cflng cd nghia la mdi tdn giao tin ngudng deu cd each nhin thd'gidi cita ridng minh Da qua eai thdi ma mpt he thd'ng tu tudng nao dd tu cho minh la ddc tdn, la dung ddn, la ddc quyen chan Iy, ma de cd the nhdn thu:c Tupng Tam too mau nhung hidn tugng tu nhidn, xa hdi, eon ngudi chung ta cd the vien ddn de'n nhieu each tiep can, nhidu each nhan thiic khdc Trudc nhai, dao Mdu khdng coi the gidi til nhidn la mdt thuc thd rieng, tach rdi vdi eon ngudi, theo each ma khoa hpc hidn dai phdn ngudi la chii the cdn thd' gidi tu nhidn la khach the, ma ngudi va tir nhidn la mdt thiic the ddng nhat, thd'ng nhai Vdi dao Mdu, ngudi me eita ngudi cflng la ngudi me ttj nhien Nd khdng chi nhan hda ma cdn nu tinh hda tu nhidn, lam cho vide sung bai tu nhidn sung bai ngudi mang nu tinh Ndi each khac, vdi dao Mdu, vide tdn thd mdu khdng chi vdi tu each la hien thdn cua bdn the tu nhien (me mua, me may, me sam, me chdp - me tit V A N HOACOTRUYPr phap hay me kim, me mdc, me thiiy, me hda, me thd - me ngfl hdnh), ma edn la life lugng cai qudn tu nhien (mdu thidn cai qudn vung trdi, mdu dia cai quan vung dai, mdu thoai eai quan vung nudc sdng bien, mdu thugng ngdn cai quan vung mii ru'ng), cung chfnh vl vay ma mdu, hidn than eiia ngudi me tu nhidn ay cd the die did, mang Igi nlufiig dieu tdt ldnh cho ngudi Cach nhan thirc the gidi theo kidu nhat the hda cd mat han che, ma nhu C.Mac ndi, khie'n ngudi khdng thd tach khdi num vii tir nhidn, dung ddc lap de nhan thiic tu nhidn Cue doan hon, ngudi cdn cd tham vpng chinh phuc, thd'ng tri tiJ nhidn Tuy nhidn, sir nhai thd ndy cflng cd mat tich cue cita nd, giup cho ngudi hda ddng vdi tir nhidn, cam nhan til nhidn, Idng nghe tu nhidn, ma eudi ciing bao ve tu nhidn mdt each huu hidu hon Dieu cang trd ndn quan trpng ma hanh tinh ehiing ta dang dirng trudc thuc td'bi tan pha, ddn dd'n su bien ddi khf hau, de dpa chi'nh ban than ngudi va nen van minh eua eon ngudi Ba me tu nhien ciia chung ta da va dang bi nhung du'a cita minh phan trac va ba dang ndi gian! The'mdi hidu each ngudi xua thieng hda tir nhien, sung bai tu nhidn chi'nh la dd bao ve tir nhidn Va dd'n mdt luc nao dd six sung bai d'y da dupc chuyen sang siing bdi nu thdn, ma suy cho cung thi dd cflng la cai each nhdn thdn hda tu nhidn ma thdi Bdi vi, giua tu nhidn va tinh nu deu cd chung nhflng dac tinh, dd la sdn sinh, bdo trif vd die did Gid tri nhdn sinh Niem tin vao cai sidu nhien vd'n la ban chai ciia bai cti mdt hinh thiic tdn giao tin ngudng nao Vdi dao Mdu, eai sieu nhidn vdn cd sdn cai tu nhidn, da duge nhan hda cai sidu nhidn mang tfnh nu', ma hien than chi'nh Id mdu Niem tin cua ngudi chinh la mdt gia tri Mai nidm tin, du dd la niem tin vao tdn giao tin ngudng, thi dd cung la mdt tham hpa! Trong mdt thdi gian dai cua lich sir Viet Nam, anh hudng cita cac tu tudng Nho giao, tham chi ca eae tu tudng vd than, ngudi ta da siie da pha tin ngudng thd mdu, nhung trdi lai nd vdn ludn ludn dugc hang tridu ngudi tin theo Khac vdi nhieu tdn gido tin ngudng, du dd Id Phat giao, Kitd giao , dao Mdu khdng hudng eon ngudi va niem tin ciia eon ngudi vd the gidi sau chdi, ma la the gidi hidn tai, the gidi ma ngudi cdn phai cd sire khde, ed tien tai va quan ldc Dd la mdt nhan sinh quan mang tinh tfch cue, phu hpp vdi quan niem hien sinh cua ngudi thd'gidi hien dai Luc nidm tin vao cai sidu nhidn ma mdu la dai didn trd nen thii ydu, mang tfnh phuong tidn, cdn Oudng vao dSn Bd chua kho Sd 310 | B | Thang 4-2010 VAN HOA NGHF THUAT TROMC MIWC muc dich sd'ng cita eon ngudi mdi la quan trpng Day cung la each tu the hidn tfnh thue td', thue dung ciia ngudi Viet Nam Chung ta cflng khd dem dugc cd bao nhieu ngudi Viet Nam tin vao sire manh vd su ky didu ciia mdu Chi bidi rdng, khdng chi hang ngudi ta dd'n cau xin mdu, ma cdn vao nhung dip hdi he Id tiei theo chu ky ''thdng tdm gid cha, thdng ba gid md' sd lugt ngudi trdy hdi dd'n cdc dd'n phii tang gap bdi de cdu mong mdu ban cho minh sue khde va tai ldc Thdi ky ma nha nudc ngan cam cac nghi Id va Id hdi, tham chi cac den phit bi tich thu cac dung cu hanh Id, thi hp vdn ngam ngdm thuc hien Bdi vi dd la nhu cau ciia ban thdn ngudi, ma thdi ky ddi mdi Dang va Nha nudc da thira nhan tin ngudng tdn giao la nhu cdu cita mdt bd phan ddi sd'ng nhan dan Trong nghidn ciru hidn nay, cac nha khoa hpc da bdt dau ly giai duge vide nhu'ng ngudi cd can ddng, tuc la nhung ngudi cd nhung dac ti'nh tam sinh Iy dac biet, lai phai chiu nhung ddn nen xa hdi va tam ly, nen dd ddn den tinh trang rdi loan ve tam ly vd hanh vi, thi thudng sau trinh ddng deu khdi bdnh, trd ve trang thai tdm sinh ly binh thudng (4) Tham chf, ca vdi nhu'ng ngudi du khdng cd can ddng ma chi de giai tda, giai trf trudc nhu'ng siic ep cua nhip sdng xa hdi dd thi hien dai (dan gian gpi la ddng dua) thi ldn ddng eung giiip hp giai tda dugc nhung tress Ngoai chua benh, nhung tin dd ciia dao Mdu, nhai la nhung ngudi lam nghe kinh doanh budn ban cd mdt niem tin manh liet vdo mdu, ngudi cd the phit hd cho hp budn ban phat dat Vd'n la ngudi kinh doanh, ndn nhu'ng ngudi thudng chdt chiu, so ddm tu'ng ddng hoat ddng kinh doanh, nhung cac cudc hdu ddng (ddi vdi cac dng ba ddng) hp cd the bd mdt sd lugng tien kha Idn (trung binh 2030 trieu ddng, ed len tdi 50-60 tridu) Hp tin rdng hp se dugc mdu phu trg, cd the thu dugc khoan lgi cdn Idn hon nhidu ldn ddy, chung ta khd cd the khdng dinh dugc thuc sir cd hay khdng mpt lire lugng sidu nhidn nao da hd trg cho hp vide kinh doanh budn ban cd Sd310 Thang 4-2010 le lflc nay, niem tin cita ngudi giu' vai trd quyei dinh, nd cd the tao ndn siic manh vat chat thuc su Y thifc hell sU vd y thifc xd hgi Dao Mdu, thdng qua cac ky uc, cac truyen thuydi va huyen thoai, qua cac nghi Id va Id hdi da thd hien rd y thifc lich sif vd y thifc xd hgi ciia minh Trong dien than cua dao Mdu, hdu hdi cac vi da dugc lich sir hda, tuc la deu hda than nhung ngudi ed danh tieng cd cdng trang sir nghidp dung nudc va giu nudc cua dan tdc Tat nhidn, tren thuc te cd khdng it nhung vi thdn vdn thoat thai tu cac nhan vat cd that lich sir, sau dugc ngudi ddi td ve, than tugng ldn cae vi than thanh, tuc la cac vi thdn cd nguydn mdu lich sir Tuy nhidn, cung khdng hiem cac vi thdn linh, vdn la cac thidn than hay nhidn than, nhung lai dugc ngudi ddi nhdn thdn hda hay lich sif hda, gan cho hp cd sir nghidp, cd cdng trang vdi dai nudc hay tu'ng dia phuong Day khdng phai Id vide lam tidn hay ngau nhidn, ma deu xuat phat tir y thiic lich sir va y thuc xa hdi Dd chinh la y thirc hudng vd cdi ngudn, udng nudc nhd ngudn, tdn vinh nhu'ng ngudi cd edng vdi dan vdi nudc Bang each dd, dao Mdu gdn bd vdi cdi ngudn va lich sir dan tde, da trd mdt bie'u tugng cua chu nglua yeu nudc \'iet Nam, mpt thii chit nghia ydu nudc da dugc tin ngudng hda, tam linh hda, ma dd ngudi me - mdu la nhan vat trung tam That tu hao va vinh du cho mdt dan tdc da tu lira chpn hinh tugng me - mdu dd tdn vinh, thd phung va ky thac vao dd niem tin ciia minh! Dd chinh la gia tri nhdn ban, gia tri dao dire va gia tri truyen thdiig Viet Nam Day cung la each ngudi cam nhan va hoc lich sir ciia dan tdc minh, mpt each hoc dgc lich sir cua nhung phan Idn nhu'ng ngudi khdng bidi chu, vay khdng phai thdng qua chu nghia, sach vd, ma thdng qua cac nghi Id qua chidm tudng dugc thuc thi cdc tin ngudng, phong tuc va Id hdi Cung bang nhan thiic nay, dao Mdu tuyen bd dirng ve phia ddn tdc, gan bd vdi dan tdc, trudng tdn cung ddn tdc VAN H O A C O T R U Y l g N Trong ddi sd'ng thudng nhat cua ngudi, dao Mdu, thdng qua cac bai giang but (tuang truydn cd hang tram bai tho giang but), mdu khuydn day ngudi phu nu nhu'ng dieu rat eu thd vd ung xir gia dinh va ngoai xa hdi, nhu vdi cha me, vg chdng, cai, anh em hp hang ndi ngoai, vdi hdng xdm lang gidng cho tao ndn su hda hidu, em ngoai am Gid tri van hda nghe thudt Dao Mdu va cac hinh thiie Shaman giao deu dn chira nhung gid tri ''"" hda nghe thudt rat phong phu Dd la kho tang truyen thuydi, than ti'ch, huyen thoai ve cae thdn linh, dd cdn la cac hinh thuc didn xudng vdi am nhae, ea hat, nhay mua, cdc hinh thiic trang tri, kid'n true, Nhidu ngudi da ndi tdi didn xudng dao Mdu nhu la mdt hinh thtic sdn khdu tdm linh hay mpt van hda dgo Mdu Chi rieng nghi Id hdu bdng - Idn ddng eua dao Mdu da san sinh loai hinh dm nhgc - hdt vdn, ma theo y kid'n cua nhieu nha nghidn cu'u, dd la mdt hai loai hinh dan ca tieu bieu cua ngudi Viet ddng gdp vao kho tang am nhae thd'gidi (5) Chfnh nhung gia tri nhan thu'c, gia tri lich sir, truydn thdiig, xa hpi, van hda ke tren da ludn dat dao Mdu vao vi tri nhu'ng tdn giao tin ngudng ban dia hang ddu eita cae dan toe Viet Nam Nhinig han che'vd phdn gid tri