Đạo mẫu nhìn từ bản sắc văn hóa việt nam đặng văn bài nguyễn thị thu trang

VAN_tL6A CO TRUYDN Eton thd mdu d Phu Day, Nam Djnh NHIN TUT BAN SAC VAN HOA VIET NAM BANG VAN BAI - N G U Y £ N THI THU TRANG Doi dieu suy nghT ve ban sdc vfin hda dan tgc Di hilu ro mdi quan hfi giua dao Mfiu, vfin hda thd nu thdn va ban sfie van hda dfin tdc trudc hdt edn thdng nhd't quan nifim vl ban sfic van hda Nhin tdng qudt, ban sac vfin hda Id nhQng dac dilm vl tfnh each, phdm chdt ciia mdt edng ddng qud'c gia, dfin tdc, dugc hun due, kdt tinh lai sudt chilu ddi ljch sQ hinh Ihdnh va phdt triln, qua dd, duoe khai quat hda bilu tugng vfin hda dl khoi dfiy nilm ta hdo dfin tdc va dugc quy chilu dl so sdnh, phfin bill nd vdi eac qudc gia, dfin tdc khde Cdc nha khoa hgc thudng tidp cfin ban sac vfin hda iQ gde dd tdng thd cdc gia tri dfic trung, ban ehfi't eiia vfin hda dfin tdc Dd la nhQng ylu td tao nin tang tinh thdn mang tfnh trudng tdn ben vflng ciia tiing qudc gia, dfin tdc TQ gde nhin dd, ngudi ta xem xet ban ban sfic vfin hda Irong nhQng dilu kien mdi irudng tu nhifin vd lieh sQ - xa hdi eu thi Trudng hgp Viet Nam, cd nhihig dac trung co ban cdn duge luu y: Dfin tdc da hinh va phdt triln mdi trudng thien nhifin khfic nghifit: ndng dm, gid mua, mua bao, lu lut thudng xuyfin, vdi nen kinh td truyln thdng Id ndng nghiep trdng lua nudc, ddng thdi lai la noi gap gd ciia nhilu nen van minh Idn trfin thd gidi Sd342| Thdng 12-20121 I i^ VAN H A NIfiHI; T H I I A T TBOIIg UVtlt Hinh thdnh iQ rdt sdm (nQa ddu thifin nifin k^ thQ nhd't trudc CN), nhung Vifit Nam ludn phai duang ddu vdi cdc thfi luc xdm luge ngoai bang manh vdo bfic nhd't thd gidi, dl bao vfi nin ddc Idp tu chil vd lodn ven lunh thd qude gia CQng cdi ngudn vfin hda bd'i canh Ddng Nam A, nhung phai trai qua hdng ngdn nfim thdng tri ciia nhd Hdn vd cdch thQc dp dfit vfin hda Han mang tfnh ehfi't ddng hda, nfin van hda Vifit Nam cdn mang dfim nfit vfin hda Ddng A Dd Id difi'm khac bifit ciia van hda Viet Nam so vdi Thdi Lan, Ldo Indonesia NhQng dilu kifin tu nhifin vd lich su - xa hdi dac IhQ da tao nin nit dfic trung van hda ndi bfit ciia Viet Nam: tinh thdn ylu nudc Id tu tudng xuyen sudt bao trum len moi llnh vuc ddi sd'ng xa hdi Cdc ydu td cdng ddng iQ thdi tiln so sQ da dugc gfin kfit lai Ifim nin tang phai trifi'n chii nghia yfiu nudc va y thQc tu cudng dfin Idc Vl CO ban, vfin hda Vifit Nam mang tfnh da dang su thdng nhfi't vdi su dan xen nhilu Idp vfin hda: vfin hda ban dia (ciia cdng ddng 54 dfin tdc), vfin hda Han - An vd vfin hda phuong Tdy Cd Ihl tifi'p cfin ban sfie vfin hda dan tdc tQ thdi dd ihig xu vfin hda cua cdng ddng dun tde md theo cd gido su Trdn Qude Vugng thi dd Id: thai dd Qng xu vdi thiln nhifin, thai dfi Qng xu vdi xa bgi va cdng ddng, thdi dd ung xQ vdi ehfnh minh, thdi dd Qng xQ vdi vdi thdn linh Trao ddi vl tfn ngudng thd nQ thdn (dao Mdu) chung tdi xin chi xem xit mdt khfa eanh bifiu hien cu thi ciia ban sfic vfin hda Vifit Nam, dd la thai dd eiia eon ngudi vdi thdn linh, bilu tugng vfin hda thiing lifing Ta thfi'y, tfn ngudng B$ cda vdng d tidn dudng PhiJ Ddy, Nam Djnh | g S 342 Thing 12-2012 tdn gido cd vai trd rdt quan trgng ddi sdng tinh thdn, tfim linh cua ngudi Vifit Vdi quan nifim van vfit hQu linh, su khfing dinh ed mdi quan hfi khfing khfi gifla thfi gidi nhQng ngudi dang sdng vdi td tifin thd gidi nhung ngudi da khufi't ngudi Vifit Nam cd xu hudng thifing lifing hda cdc su vflt hiln tugng tu nhiln va cdc ed nhfin md theo hg Id cd kha nfing silu vifit mang lai lgi fch vd bao hd cho hg cdc ITnh vuc ddi sdng hdng ngdy Hg da ljch su hda, nhfin cdch hda cdc luc luong tu nhiln, huyin thoai hda cac nhfin vfit hch su vd tdt ca diu dugc COI la thdn Imh Vi thd d Viet Nam tir Ifiu da htnh thdnh mdi mang ludi ddy dfic cdc thilt chl tdn gido, tfn ngudng tren khfip mgi neo Idng que CLia dd'i nudc (mdt lang ft nhdt cung cd dinh, din, chiia, midu ) vdi mdt he thdng thdn dien thieng lieng cao ca ma diln hinh nhdt la hien tugng TQ bfit tu: Tan Vifin Scm thdnh Thanh Gidng/Phii Ddng Thien Vuong, Thdnh Chu Ddng TQ - Tien Dung Mdu Lilu Hanh Bilu lugng dfic trung eiia vfin hda thd nu thdn Cd thi thfi'y vfin hda thd nQ thdn Mfiu Lifiu Hanh Id bilu tuong dfic tnmg vl Ba me xu sd va tinh yfiu thuong gdp phdn lam nen dien mao TQ bfit tu - bdn vj thdnh thieng lieng va quyin nfing vuot trdi nhdt hfi thd'ng thdn didn Vifit Nam Trong vfin hda Vifit Nam nhfin td nQ, nii thdn, nhfin thdn cung chie'm ly Ifi khdng nho nhu hinh tuong Hai Ba Trung Ba Trifiu, Lfi Chfin vd vd van anh hung, lifit nQ duoc nhilu thi he ngudi Viet Nam siing kfnh va tdn thd Dac biet, thdi dai chiing ta cdc ba me Viet Nam anh cung trd bilu lugng eho dQc hy sinh, trung hfiu, dam dang ma thd he ue dang tri fin vd ngudng vgng Do dd, cd ihl eoi vfin hda thd nQ thdn cung Id nhdn td thi hifin ban sfic vfin hda Viet Tdm lai, ban sfic van hda la nhimg dfic tnmg \'l phdm ehfi't, nhfin cdch vd ban ITnh cua mdt qudc gia ddn tde md nhd dd chung ta dugc Id chfnh minh va dugc phan biet vdi cae qudc gia dfin tdc khac khu vuc cQng nhu loan thi gidi Ban sfic vfin hda la hfi thd'ng nhimg gia in vfin hda bin vQng, cd qua trinh tfch hgp Ifiu dai, lam nin tang tinh thfin cho su tdn tai va phdt triln eua ddn tdc V A N HrtA n f ^ TRMYigM Nhflmg ddng gdp co ban cua tin ngudng thd nft than ban sdc van hda Viet Trudc hit, ban sfie vfin hda dfin tde duge thi hien d tinh chfit ban dja vd su bin vQng Irudng tdn ciia mdt Ihanh td vfin hda Chung ta cd quyen tu hao ndi rdng, tfn ngudng van hda Ihd nQ thdn la ydu td van hda ed ngudn gd'c Vifit, dugc hinh thdnh IQ budi binh minh ciia ddn tdc TQ xa xua, ngudi Viet da cd tfn ngudng thd cac nQ thdn: mfiy, mua, sfi'm chdp dai difin cho cdc hifin tugng tu nhifin ed vai trd quan trgng xa hdi ndng nghifip trdng lua nude ma ngfiy ehung ta ggi Id iQ phdp Bfing chQng thuydt phuc nhfi't phai kl ddn hi thd'ng chua iQ phdp hien cd d vung chfiu thd Bfic Bd Kha nfing dung hdi vfin hda vd vting Idn lao, mlm deo ciia Phat giao la d chd xfim nhap vdo dfi't Vifit dao Phfit da dugc ban dia hda, tao su gdn kit chfit che giQa Hifil gido vdi cdc tfn ngudng dan gian cd ngudn gde nguyfin thiiy d dia phuong tfn ngudng vfin hda thd cdc nQ thdn Dd chfnh la CO sd giup eho Phfit gido ed chd dQng vung chfic ddi sd'ng vfin hda dfin tdc dl tao lap hfi thdng chua tQ phap ma d dd tugng cua cdc nu thdn thudng dugc tao tac vdi kfch thudc Idn hon rdt nhilu so vdi cdc tugng phfit khac Cdc nu thdn duge tdn thd dudi hinh tugng cdc vi phfit: Phdp Vfin (nQ thdn mfiy), Phdp VQ (nQ thdn mua), Phdp Ldi (nQ thdn sdm), Phdp Difin (nQ thdn chdp) bifit tfim thQc Viet, vi theo quan nifim dan giun, nhQng ed gdi tre mdt sdm edn trfing, dfic bifit la nhung da tdn hidn cudc ddi minh cho su nghifip dfi'u tranh dung nudc vd giQ nudc diu dugc cdng ddng tdn vmh nhu nhQng vi thdn linh cdn duge tdn thd Va tfn ngudng dd se trd nfin linh thieng nl'u nhilu ngudi tim thdy d dd su trai nghifim cd nhfln vd su linh Qng Hien tugng dfic bifit nhu vfit rd'l cdn duge cdc nha khoa hgc quan Ifim nghifin cQu, Iy giai nhu mdt nfit dfic ihti vfin hda Van hda thd nQ thdn thi hifin ban sfic vfin hda dfin tfic d chd, nd la hifin tugng vfin hda cd vai trd hdt sQc quan trong ddi sdng tam Iinh Viet, tQc lfi cd su hien difin d mgi vung miln ciia dfi't nudc (tQ Bfic - Trung - Nam, ca miln ddng bfing Ifin miln nui) dugc mgi tfing Idp cu ddn Irong xa hdi khdng kl sang hen, dia vi xa hdi, tin Iheo vd tdn kfnh miln Bfic, ta cd thi tim thdy difin thd mdu d hdu het kien true cfi'u thdnh cua cdc ngdi chiia Dd la tinh chdt phd bidn va su Ian tda eiia nd ddi sdng xa hdi Theo tdc gia Ngd DQc Thinh thi "trong 27 vi ihdn tifin ed ngudn gde thudn Vifit, cd tdi 17 vi la tifin nQ, sd hang ngan di tfch dugc gidi thieu da ed 250 di tfch thd cung cdc nQ thdn vd danh nhfin la nQ Rifing xung quanh Phu Giay thd Mfiu Lifiu ngudi ta cung tim thdy han 20 den, midu thd cdc nQ thdn" Trong tfn ngudng thd mfiu, gid tri cdt ldi va su hdp dfin tdt eung Id cac gia hdu ddng, nhfip ddng, mua thifing Trong diln trinh hdu ddng ngudi nhu dugc sieu Ihodi khdi Ihd gidi trdn tuc ddy hfi luy va nhilu dp lue cang thing vl tfim Iy dl duge tifi'p cfin vdi thd gidi sieu nhien, thd gidi ciia edi thifing Va dd, ngudi cam thfi'y hanh phQc ngfip Iran, d dfiy vd lai thdi dilm hifin tai ma khdng phai tucmg lai Ta cdn thdy tfnh ehfi't ban dia phdt triln lifin tuc va Ifiu dai vfin hda thd nQ thdn eua Vifit Nam qua md hinh tdng qudt vl dao Mfiu Viet Nam tde gia Ngfi DQc Thinh phac hga vdi ba Idp kd tidp va cd mdi Hfin hfi hQu co vdi la "nQ thdn, mdu thdn vd mfiu tam phii, tQ phu" Dieu dd eung cd nghia, cae nQ thdn mfiu than va thdnh mfiu vQa cd ngudn gd'c thifin thdn vua ed ngudn gde nhfin thdn duge thfing hoa Ifin tQ nfin tang thd nQ thdn vdn rdt phd bidn Xin ddn ddy mdt sd din mfiu diln hinh dl iQ Ihdi tien, so sQ d Vifit Nam va hien dang thfi'y rd su phfin bd rdng khfip va anh hudng sfiu dugc tidp ndi thdi dai cua chdng ta Su rdng cua vfin hda thd nu thdn d nudc ta: Qud'c siing tfn ddi vdi Chi Sdu/ Cd Sdu d nghia trang Mfiu Au Cd, din Ha Hda Hiln Luang, PhQ Hdng Duong Cdn Dao va 10 ed gdi nga ba Thg; Mfiu Tfiy Thifin, Tam Dao VTnh PhQc; Ddng Ldc, Ha T^h, cd le la hien tugng van hda Mdu Lilu Hanh Phii Gidy, Nam Dinh va Phu dfic sfic chi cd d Vidt Nam Hg da cd vi trf dfic Tfiy Hd Hd Ndi; Mdu Thien Yana, difin Hdn Sd342| Thdng 12-20121 VAN H A N G H £ T H U A T IBOMfl HrtC Chin Hud; bd Ponagar, Thdp Bd, Nha Trang; Bd ChQa XQ, midu Bd ChQa XQ, An Giang; Bfi Den/ Linh Son Thdnh Mdu, difin Bd irfin ndi Bd Den Tfiy Ninh Nhu dd ndi, nil dflc sdc vfin hda Viet Nam Ihl hifin d su da dang thdng nha't Ta cQng thfiy rd dfic trung ndy vfin hda thd nQ thdn md d dd su dung hgp vfin hdu Id rfit dfic biet TQ nQ thdn Ponagar cua ngudi Chflm da dirge Viet hda thdnh nQ thdn Thifin Yana dugc ca ngudi Vifit vd ngudi Chfim cQng thd d thdp Bfi Ponagar Nha Tfang TQ bQc tugng Visnu (nam Ihdn) hay td lugng Phfii ddn dng ciia ngudi Khome (theo nhd vfln Scm Nam) dugc hda thdn thdnh Bd Chua XQduge ca ngudi Viet Idn ngudi Hoa ngudi Khame tdn thd Trfin difin mdu ta iha'y cd bdng ddng cua ea Nho, Lao vd Phat cd su hien dien ciia lugng Ngoc Hofing Thugng D€, tugng Quan Am vd cdc nam thdn khde Tinh dung hgp vfin hda ndi chung, tdn gido, tfn ngudng ndi rieng (kl ca irong vfin hda thd nQ thdn) ehinh Id nit vfin hda dfic IhQ ciia Vifit Nam iQ ngdn ddi Nhd vdo ban tfnh nhfin vfin vfin hda cung nhu kha nfing dung hgp vfin hda (tilp nhfin tinh hoa, chdp nhfin su khde bifit dl cd thai dd khoan dung vfin hda) Vifit Nam da trdnh dugc tham hga (cdi md nhilu qudc gia khde dang phai ddi mat) xung ddt tdn gido, tfn ngudng vd sfic tdc Khdng ky thi dfin Idc vd tdn gido, tfn ngudng Id mfit manh vfin hda vd Idn gido, tfn ngudng Vifit Nam Dfiy cung Id gid tri vfin hda truyln thd'ng quj bdu mfi thd hfi chung ta cdn trdn trgng giQ gin vdi tu cdeh Id ngudn vdn vfin hda, sQc manh mlm ciia ddt nudc Ihdi ky md cQa, hdi nhap qudc id Dilm ndi trdi khde irong ban sfic vfin hda Viet Nam cin dugc nhfin manh la Idng yeu nude ^ thQc tu cudng dfin tdc vd tinh thdn dodn kdt cdng ddng tao sQe manh vfin hda giup chung ta vugt qua nhilu thQ thdch khde liet Irong qud khQ cung nhu qud trinh hdi nhdp qudc td bdm Xll IQ khfa canh van hda dfic bifit ndy ta cQng thd'y, vfin hda thd nQ ihdn Dao Mdu Viet Nam ludn cd nhQng ddng gdp rdt xQng ddng Ta hay xfit hien tugng hdu ddng I Sd342 Thdng 12-2012 mdt nghi II chii dao nhd't irong tuc thd mdu dl thfi'y f nghia cua nd vific gido due nhfln cdch, ed vfl ea nggi tinh thdn yfiu nudc vd tu hdo ddn tde Thfing qua cdc gia ddng nhilu vi Ihdnh dd duge Ijch sQ hda, thifing lieng hda, tdn thd vd ca nggi lfi nhung ngudi cd cdng trang vdi que huong dflt nudc nfiu tdm guong sdng v| tinh thdn yfiu nudc (nhu gid ddng dng Hodng Mudi ggi nhd lai cdnh tugng ngudi di ddnh gifie d khap moi miln Ddng, Tfiy, Nam Bflc) Nghi ll hdu ddng dao Mdu da sdn sinh loai hinh di san vfin hda phi vfit ihl tiiu bilu lfi hdt chdu van mdt hinh thQc diln xudng ddn gian thudn Viet Cung cd ihl coi ddy la hmh ihQc sfin khdu dfic thii mang tfnh Ifim linh Bdi VI d dd cdc I6p diln xudng md ta lai hanh trang ciia Ihdnh, cd cdc Idn dilu dfin ca kit hgp vdi fim nhae vd difiu miia truyln thdng Dfiy cdn la mdi irudng van hda hay khdng gian thifing dl dung dudng kho tdng vfin hda ddn gian: huyIn thoai, truyln thuydt, cdc hlnh IhQc van hgc truyln mieng vl bilu tugng vfin hda cung nhu tfijn guong dao dQc ciia cac vi thdn linh ddt Vifit Bdng cdc phucmg thQc hoat ddng nhu vfiy dao Mdu van hda thd nQ thdn cd tdc dung tich cue viec truyln bd tinh thdn yfiu nudc, Idng tu hdo dfin tdc, y ihQc ddc Idp tu cudng nhdn thQc cua cdc tin dd, dao hQu ca nudc Tdm lai, chung la tu hdo md khfing dinh rfing, cd mdt loai hinh vfin hda thd nQ Ihdn, dao Mdu thudn Viet cd ngudn gde ban dia, Ifiu ddi gdp phdn xung ddng vdo kho tang di san vfin hda Vifit Nam, ddng thdi cQng phan dnh mot khia canh ddc ddo ban sfic vfin hda dan tdc Vd cd thi coi day la nhQng co sd khoa hgc bude ddu dl gidp cdc nha quan ly xdc dinh thai dd Qng xu van hda dd'i vdi dao Mdu ndi chung vd cdc thidt chd gfin vdi tfn ngudng thd mfiu noi rilng nhu Id nhQng di tich lich su vfin hda ddc ddo ciia ddt nudc Dd cGng Id mong mudn gdp phdn thuc hifin chu trucmg Idn ciia Dang va Nha nudc vl tu idn gido tfn ngudng vd xa hdi hoa ede hoat ddng bao tdn phdt huy gia tri di san vfin hda • D.V.B-N.TTT ... vfin hda dfin tdc dl tao lap hfi thdng chua tQ phap ma d dd tugng cua cdc nu thdn thudng dugc tao tac vdi kfch thudc Idn hon rdt nhilu so vdi cdc tugng phfit khac Cdc nu thdn duge tdn thd dudi... mdt hinh thQc diln xudng ddn gian thudn Viet Cung cd ihl coi ddy la hmh ihQc sfin khdu dfic thii mang tfnh Ifim linh Bdi VI d dd cdc I6p diln xudng md ta lai hanh trang ciia Ihdnh, cd cdc Idn dilu... thfi'y vfin hda thd nQ thdn Mfiu Lifiu Hanh Id bilu tuong dfic tnmg vl Ba me xu sd va tinh yfiu thuong gdp phdn lam nen dien mao TQ bfit tu - bdn vj thdnh thieng lieng va quyin nfing vuot trdi