Hạng của nửa nhóm te(x)

Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo Trờng đại học vinh Nguyễn văn trờng Hạng của nửa nhóm t e (X) Luận văn thạc sĩ toán học Vinh - 2010  Bộ giáo dục và đào tạo Trờng đại học vinh Nguyễn văn trờng Hạng của nửa nhóm t e (X) Luận văn thạc sĩ toán học Chuyên ngành: Đại số và Lý thuyết số Mã số: 60.46.05 Ngời hớng dẫn khoa học: PGS. TS. Lê Quốc Hán Vinh - 2010   Trang     !"## $D −% &' (   !"#"$%& ' ()* )*+,+- )*+' . /(0 $)*+1/(0 +&, &-.&/01  "23456&+7+8'456 349:;! <'=>4? @4A BB CD6E''F3GH+I*+ 456 :4>J'K<'=>4L "23(56MNO(≥$' ( 56 8+,P*Q(N68(RNOM6P* (>JRRRLFSPT+G ( *+7++R8NH NU+ T>/0Rξ>/RR03" ( VSNO@W∈' (R 5X5YM+ (9W/(0YM+Z563S: (' ( *+7+$R3 [3G ( \+NO3YMZ\;NO3S : 7+ '8+]++^R%A +2 ^+T NA 3N6*+: _+*R )8`#P8' ( NO35a_+R"8#3N6 )8`#563+b*+5a_+N6 *+5a54c  R+YM P* ?(>JRRRL d+55PE5a _+8+P*5e:-++--( fggRc#) 3#+hP58* 3 ^SNOM(N6Yi+Yi+.(R+23 ' . /(0>JW∈' ( K∀/R0∈.R/W/0RW/00∈.L 'F' . /(0568' ( )ijR' . /(0568 P*5eQ(N68(R8+(56:-++-- %2.−5OYi+Yi+56i3[d3SE%' . /(0 a+hYMPO8+f#8 k dP*WQ:-++--(N68EYM+Z56+ SNO@8+l(RW/l0a++8+('FM %2P*+:-++(*86' ( ?N6 YM:;! 56Γ/(0'8+5 NfR:-++--(5 -5 -YM+2 hYMPH[Yi+Yi+.#8 !d^ bXYMm56K5! PHYM*+' . /(0N6Γ/(0 :-+n'8+Y]+M+ R^ b6YYM+2 Z Nop Nf6qFB N6Y]+MeBR_+*:( j *N6@.−5Oa+\+5X5YM+ :R+27+(BR(>R.?5ON6 @5O?BR8+ ≥R≥$YhR*+'/(0:-+ e mGN68*+SPT+" ( 'Yi+XB PH*+' . /(0RYO3GP*+8.+,%2 38+' . /(0'8+deR&+-FB *+ 6N6T+: 2:"≤'8+deR&+-F B *+' . /(0rX: 2deR7+q 3SNO' . /(0TkN6C8:5 7+:/' . /(00≤k s7+Yi+6R8+de 2R&+-FB *+ Γ/(0N6T+: 2:/Γ/(00≤t p NfYMX!N6866*Y]+V*ZuR +2PYM6b5U+ic"4'4pv S)?+Y]hm N%AN6XYO+Cw+2866p Nf  S\+R+2P^Z+2is!:8'8R :8 4  *  ZR c"4 '4  +-  4x  '\+y  c"4  '4  p  v S )y  '4+ D'H),+p8\+ ;-+88+:8N6V*3Sh *8ZA :!+&z+28+ FZN6866p  Nf6 { dmC\h%S+|+R38+p Nf:-+B:bj+  3R&+-%8+YM3X++ ; QR- +8N6*,++! uRf}} &34   ~ 567+&89:; '8+Yi+6R&+-F63S:!i2 p; 3Ce+8+p Nf </=>?>:+@AB&CDE&&,>F> "23(56M •;:@+€;! ' ( 56M%2 P*Q(N68E'F' ( \+NO^P*56 RNF^P*82h5 :M)ij' ( 56NH SNOiNH56P*,+%(63G:;! 56 (  G"' ( YM+Z56  "234N64•56€P* ϕK4‚4•YM+Z56  82hA :!ϕ/0>ϕ/0ϕ/0NOZR 4 G""23456N6(56M:@+  •; 0d,+% ϕK4‚' P YM+Z56 4 0sB CDϕK4‚' P YM+Z56 ! ϕ56 i "23456:-+iNH€4BYM &+N68NH4  >4∪JL8+56:;! :-+ 4N6 P>PNOZP 4   € 23 ^Yi+XVH5;5#8+p;  2HI"#$%& ! '("23(>4  uO@∈4PHP*λ  K4  ‚4  Rλ  /0 >PNO@P∈4  €λ  ∈' P N6NOZR 4RZP 4   λ  /P0>/0/P0>/P0>λ  /λ  /P00>λ  8λ  /P0r8λ  >λ  λ  R g P*ϕK4‚' P Rϕ/0>λ  56,+% )ijRϕ/0>ϕ/0:8#8 λ  >  λ  RC8λ  /0>λ  /0>>r8ϕ56iϕ 56B CD +6 'QVH5;$3 7+Kp; + B  NAp;  ƒP*λ  K4‚4PH8+T+VH5;$YM+Z56 )*HPH[ c BCH8+2ρ  K4‚4YMPHYi+XK ρ  /P0>PNO@P 4 JG""23456€P*ρK4‚4YM +Z56)+ 82hA :!ρ/P0>Pρ/0NO ZPR∈4ƒP*λK4‚4YM+Z56) 82 hA :!λ/P0>λ/P0NOZPR∈4 KLMN,-+)+./ $0!*' (  '(€;! c56M%2 BCH2N6v 56%2 BCH4€ λ  Rλ  ∈v FNOZPR∈4K /λ  8λ  0/P0>λ  „λ  /P0…>λ  „λ  /P0… >λ  „λ  /P0…>„/λ  8λ  0/P0… /λ  8λ  0∈vr8v568' ( 'Yi+Xc56 8' (  OG""23456€P*ϕK4‚' 3 Rϕ/0>λ  YM+Z56 124yUP*ϕ•K4‚' 3 Rϕ•/0>ρ/0 YM+Z56+ 124 }