Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Một trong những phát hiện chính của nghiên cứu là quá trình hình thành hai khu phố làng ở hai thời điểm khác nhau: Đổi mới vào đầu thập niên 1990 và quá trình đô thị hóa từ đầu những năm 2000. Dù cùng mang nhiều điểm tương đồng, song quá trình hình thành của mỗi không gian này ẩn chứa nhiều khác biệt, mà điển hình là tính chất kinh doanh và sự gắn kết của làng vào mạng lưới xã hội rộng lớn hơn.
o u lucu - i^ u^u uinn xs hfi HQC, SO (unj, JUJ I PHO CHO, PHO LANG: HAI DONG CHAY TRONG QUA TRINH PHAT TRIEN NGOAI T H A N H H A NOI NGUYfiN CflNG T H A O ' Tom tat: Bai viit trinh bay kit qua nghien cmi su dvng phuang phdp quan sdt tham du vd phong vdn lich sic dong dcri tgi mQt long ngogi thdnh Hd Noi ndm 2015-2016 nhdm tim hiiu qud trinh biin doi khong gian long tu nhimg ndm 1990 din Mot nhiing phdt hien chinh cua nghien cihi la qud trinh hinh thdnh hai khu phd ldng a hai thai diim khdc nhau: Doi mat vdo ddu thdp nien 1990 vd qud trinh thj hoa tit ddu nhimg ndm 2000 Dii ciing mang nhiiu diem tuong dong, song qud trinh hinh thdnh cua mdi khong gian ndy dn chiia nhieu khdc biet, md dim hinh Id tinh chdt kinh doanh vd su gdn kit ciia ldng vdo mgng luai xd hoi r^ng lan han Tit khoa; thi hoa, bi6n d6i nong thon, khong gian va cdnh quan lang, lang Viet GiiA thieu Tir giGa nhGng nam 1990 din nay, l ^ g Vi^t da va dang co nhieu thay doi nhanh chong, dugc thuc diy bdi cdc tdc nhan khac nhau, co chinh sach Doi moi va qud trinh thj hoa DiSu dan dSn qud trinh chuySn dich ca cau thu nhap theo huong gia tdng dong g6p cua kh6i dich vu, thuong mai, suy giam vai trd cOa san xuat nong nghi?p; su phat triln cua kiSn tnic d5 thi thay th6 kiln trie cu; biSn d^ng dan so bdt nguon t i qud trinh di cu, nhap cu; l6i s6ng moi hay su hoi smh cua m6t so thuc hdnh van h6a truyen th6ng (To Duy Hcjp, 2000; Papin va Tessier, 2002; Kleinen, 2004) Su bien dai cua lang Viet the hi?n ro net qua biln dii canh quan va khong gian xa hoi Cdch tilp can d§ dugc mgt s i nhd khoa hpc quan tam (Nguyen Cong Thdo, 2011; 2013; Papin vd Tessier, 2002) Nguyen Tung (2002) cho rdng c6 thi phdn khfing gian ldng o vung d6ng bdng chdu thi song H6ng khong gian hdnh chinh, khong gian cu trd, khong gian canh tdc Nguyen Thj Phuong Cham (2009) chi su dan xen gifta tniyin thong vd hi$n dji, giOa tinh thi va ldng que qua nghien ciiu qua trinh biln dii xd D6ng Ky Khong gian lang day da co s\f gdn kit voi qua trinh hoa nhjp va phat triln cua dat nude Nguyen Vdn Suu vd Chu Thj Huong (2015) kl thua, phdt triln y tudng cua Nguyen Tiing (2002) da phdn loai khdng gian Idng Vi?t thdnh loai bao gdm; khong gian cu tni, khdng gian kiln tnic, khdng gian sdn xudt, khong gian thieng vd khdng gian hdnh chinh Cdc khdng gian dugc cho Id kit qud ciia sv thich ilng vdi mdi trudng t\l nhien ' Vipl Ddn tpc hpc, Viin Han ldm Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi4l Nam 48 Phd chg, phd ldng: hai ddng chcp' qua trinh Cung tidp can qud trinh bidn ddi ldng dudi gde dO khdng gian nhung bdi viet nhin tir ldng kinh sinh thai hpe lich sd (historical ecology) Tim hidu qud tiinh hinh khu "phd" d mOt ldng ngoai thdnh Ha Ndi, tdc gia nhin nhan "phd lang" nhu mpt dang thdc canh quan (landscape), dupe tgo dyng dudi tde dpng eua nhidu ydu to, cdc ehhih sdch phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua nhd nude vd qua trinh thi hda la hai nhan to quan tipng Lich sd hinh tiidnh cua mdi khdng gian dn chda, phan anh cdc didu kipn, xu tii^ phat tiidn kmh td - van hda - xa hdi khdng chi tiong pham vi ldng ma d binh dipn r$ng hon Tdc gid dd kdt hprp phuang phap phdng vdn lich sd cuOe ddi (life history interview) vdi quan sdt thuc dia dd Idn dyng lai lieh sd hhih ciong nhu y nghia, vai tid cda hai khdng gian ay ddi vdi ngudi ddn Sinh thdi hpc lich sd nhin nhan canh quan nhu "bidu hipn ve mdt vat chat eho moi quan h^ gifia ngudi vd moi trudng" (Crumley, 1994: 6) Cac thyc the tdn tai mSi canh quan khdng ehi mang tinh vdt chat md cdn bao ham ca cae ehieu canh tinh thdn, x3 hpi va van hda Chinh vi thd, cdnh quan cd the dupre su dung nhu mpt "don vi ph§n tich" (Crumley, 2001: 16) Moi canh quan ludn cd ranh gidi vat chat, ranh gidi tinh t h ^ va chling khdng nhat thiet phai triing khdp (Morris, 1995) Trong qua trinh phat trien, canh quan ludn dupe cdi hda nhdm dap dng ky vpng eua ngudi ddn sinh sdng tiong dd va phEim vi cua nd da deing, td cdp dp dia phuong den vimg, lidn vung th$m chi xuy^n qude gia (Bunnell, 2004) Sir hinh hai "ph6" m$t Idng 2.1 Khdi qudt ve ldng Due Npi Dye Ndi (ten Ndm Id lang Dde) la lang Idn nhdt eua xa Vi^t Hung, huypn Ddng Anh, nam each trung tam thdnh phd Ha Npi khoang 25 km vd phia Ddng Bdc, each trung tdm huyen chimg km vd phia Tdy Lang eo khu (xdm) bao gdm: Dodi, Trung vd Ddng Ldng nam d v} tri trung tdm xa Vipt Hiing, gidp vdi ldng Gia LOc va xa Co Loa vg phia Nam, giap lang Lo Giao ve phia Bdc, xa Due Tii va lang Qu|y (xd Lidn Ha) ve phia Ddng, giap xa Uy No ve phia Tdy Theo sd lipu ndm 2016, ldng cd t6ng sd 2.863 hp vdi 10.350 khdu Hoat ddng sinh kl chinh eua ngudi dan d ddy tiirdc ndm 1990 la sdn xudt ndng nghipp vdi vy Ida nude va vy hoa mdu Tu giiia nhfing ndm 1990, d ^ bi^t kd td dau nhihig ndm 2000 tid 1^ day, budn bdn, dich vy, ldm cdng nhan cdc khu cong nghi^ dd trd ngudn tiiu chinh cho hdu het h^ gia dinh lang Ddng gdp cda sdn xuat ndng nghiep ngdy cang khdng edn quan tipng, nhdt la tiong chdng 10 ndm tid I?i ddy, di^n tich ru^ng bo hoang ed xu hudng gia tdng Ndm d vi tiri tiiuan Ipri vd mdt giao tiidng, gidp vdi till ti^ huy^n, ldng Dye Ndi dupe hudng lgi nhi^u tii qud tiinh phdt tiiln, dd thj hda Td cuoi ndm 1999, mdt sd nha may cd nguon vdn nude ngoai cda Nh^t, Dai Loan, Han Qude dup'e xdy dyng phia Tay cua lang Nhihig co sd thu hdt hang tidm lao dpng Id ngudi lang va cung ung nhu cdu thue nha d cho hang nghin lao dpng den td cac tinhxa Nguyen Cdng Thdo 49 2.2 Stf hinh thdnh "pho chg" Khu phd eho DOc dupe hinhtiidnhtiiddu ndm 1990,tienkhu vyc chpF lang cu, dpc ven true dudng chinh ciia ldng, td khu vyc sdn kho chay ddi den nga tu tiam xa xd, diem giap ranh gifia khu Trung va khu Ddng Trudc ndm 1990, khu vyc phia Bdc cua dogn dudng ndy la nha kho, sdn kho cua hpp tae xa, dupe ngdn each vdi dudng lang bdi mdt eon kenh nhd, phia Nam la nha dan Dd ndm d vi tri tiung tdm xd, dpc ven Xmc dudng ehinh nhung mat dp cu ddn noi day kha thua, ehua ed hang qudn Chpr Ide hpp d khu vyc ddi dien tram y te xa, dpc ven dudng va chu ydu hpp vdo budi sdng Theo chinh sach Doi mdi, sy trien khai Khoan 10 va sau la viec ban hanh Ludt Dat dai nam 1993 da khien vai tid eiia hop tac xd khdng cdn thyc su quan trpng Su tdn tai eua nha kho va san kho trd nen Ididng cdn thidt Sau qud trinh dd bd nha kho, ehinh quyen xd tien hanh phdn Id ddt ven sdn kho, khu dpc ven dudng lang, td chdc bdn ddu gid cho ngudi dan thdn vao nam 1991 Cd thd noi, ddy la dpt ban dau gia ddt d dau tien dupe tien hanh d lang ndi ridng, xa Vipt Hung ndi chimg Diem dang ndi Id qud trinh ban ddu gia chi dp dyng vdi ngudi dan d khu Trung Mdc dau gia thdnh cdng thdp nhdt t?i thdi didm dd la 300.000W, vupt xa kha ndng cua phan Idn ngudi dan tiong thdn Chinh vi the, cdc hO thdng ddu gia chu yeu thude nhdm khd gid, nhihig ngudi cd thu nh|p td budn bdn nhd, nghd may, nghd thd cdng hay giao vien, bac si hay mdi di xudt khau lao dpng d nude ngodi ve Nguyen nhdn cac hO tham gia ddu gia khdng phdi vi thieu ddt d ma nhdm myc dich budn ban Trong dd, mot didu kien quantipngdua trudc ddu gia la cac hp phdi xdy dung tdi thidu nha mdi bdng sau dugc ban giao dat T§ti thdi diem dd, tuy^t dai da sd nhd d tiong lang la nhd ngdi, nhin ve hudng Ddng Nam, bao quanh Id vudn Chinh vi thd, su hinh ciia hang logt nha dng, nhin dudng chinh, thilt kl theo kiln true chung Id nha d kit hpp cua hang budn bdn dd tao dipn m ^ mdi cho khu vyc Chg lang dugc ehuyin hdn vl phia sau, khu vyc sdn kho cu, hpp cd khiln khu vyc ndy tid thanhti-ungtdm budn bdn cua lang Trong ddng chay dd, kl td cudi nhihig ndm 1990, hang logt nha dan d phia Nam ben dudng eiing tiln hdnh xay ki 6t ban hdng, mpt sd thlm chi bdn ddt dl xdy nhd tdng, cda hang Qua trinh ndy dan ddn sy hinh thdnh mpt khdng gian mang dang dap dd thi tren dai ddt ddi chimg 200m, dpc ven theo dudng lang Vd ra§t xay dyng, dd Id sy noi len cua hdng loat nha cao tdng, nha dng cung hudng mdt dudng vdi su da dang vl kiln tnic Ve mdt cdng ndng, dd la sy kit hgp gifia khdng gian budn ban, djch vy vdi khdng gian cu tni Vdi dipn tich trung binh moi nha ven dudng la 50m2, ngudi tren mgt hp, ve m^t khdng gian, la sy hinh cua khu vyc cu trd cd mat dan sd cao nhdt toan xd Td nhihig dde diem ndy, tdn ggi "ph6 chg" dd xudt hi^n each ggi cua ngudi ddn, trd nen phd biln td dau ndm 2000 Khu "phd chg" ddn dugc md rdng qua eac euOc ddu gid dat tiep theo, trdi dai, chgy dgc theo trye dudng chinh td khu vyc Uy ban nhdn ddn xd din sdt khu vue Trudng Trung hpc co sd xd Vipt Hung hipn 50 Pho chg, phd long: hai dong chdy qud trinh Hinh thuc cu tni ti^yln thong d nhilu lang Viet Id theo ddng hg, tde Id cdc hd gia dmh cd quan he hg hang gdn gui sinh sdng c ^ Tuy nhidn, d khu "phd chg", ddc dilm ndy khdng cdn nfia Tu dgt bdn ddu gia dat dau tidn cho din dgt gan nhdt dien vao cudi nhung ndm 2000, da ed khodng 50 hO ehuyin din cu tni d khu vyc (chua kg cac hp vdn cu tru dgc dudng trudc do) Ndu dpt dau gia ddu ehi uu tien dp dyng cho ngudi d khu Trung thi eae dgt tilp theo md rpng cho mgi ddi tugng tiong toan xd Trong sd 50 hd nay, khdng hp nao cd quan hp hp hdng gdn gui Ve mdt lop tuoi, nhdm chii hg bdt ddu ehuyin den sdng d khu "phi chp" co dO tudi trung binh dudi 40 Hp thuong la nhiing cap vg chdng tre dugc bo mp mua ddt, xdy nhd, cho d ridng de budn ban hoac nhihig ngudi ed tay nghd (may, sda chiia didn td, didn dan dyng), thao vdt, quen vdi viec budn ban tu trudc Mpt s6 it la edng vien chuc (bac sT, giao vien, duge si) Bdn c ^ hai ddi tugng chinh (ngudi sdng d khu vyc ndy td trudc, ngudi td thdn, ldng khac mua ddt den d), tiong vai nam trd lai day, cu dan "phd chg" eiing ddn nhan them m^t sd nguoi tir thdn, lang, xa, huyen khac den thud nhd dl kinh doanh Diem chimg eiia ddn "phd chg" la hau het hg khdng edn lam rupng Thu nhdp ehinh ciia hp ddn td budn bdn, dich vy vd luong, mdc dd trudc chuyen "phd chg", gia dinh hg cimg da phan deu lam mdng Tuy nhien, ngoai ldm ruOng, gia dinh hg edn cd thu nhdp I n dinh td cac ngudn khac va nhu thda nh$n cua hp, mdi Id ngudn thu quan tigng giiip hp ed du khd ndng mua ddt, ldm nha d khu "phd chg" Cae hoat dOng budn bdn, dich vu chinh hien cd the phan thdnh hai nhdm chinh: hdng tieu dung va thyc phdm Ngodi hogt dpng kinh doanh cda cdc hp tai ehd, nhieu ngudi ldng, xa cung budn bdn hang d khu vyc nay, chu ylu la ban thyc phdm MOt s6 it din td cdc xa khac tiong huypn, chd ydu budn ban ndng san, theo miia 2.3 Khu "pho ldng" Khu "pho ldng" hinh thdnh muOn hon mOt chdt, phai tii ddu ndm 2000 Cd ba mdc quan tipng cd anh hudng tdi qud tiinh Wnh bao gdm: 1) sy xudt hi^n cua edc doanh nghipp nude ngoai tu cudi ndm 1999; 2) su nang cdp cua ca sd tdng, dich vy (duong Hdn xd, h? thdng xc buyt, sieu thi tii gifia nhfing ndm 2000; 3) su hinh tiidnh khu ddn cu mdi dii dien Cdng Thuong bdt ddu vao ndm 2010 Mdc ddu tien ddn din viOc nhilu hg gia dinh sdng ven dudng, gdn edng ty san sudt phy tiing xe may eua Nhat vd nhd mdy gidy cua Dai Loan, ddu tu md cda hang dn u6ng, giai khdt, giai tri, nha eho thue dl phyc vy hang nghin can bO, cdng nhdn din cua hai nhd may ndy Sy bung nd cua nhilu nha hang, quan xa khiln cho hogt dOng kinh doanh d khu vyc ndy trd nen nhOn nhip hon Tham chi, mpt khu chg dan sinh mdi dd hinh thdnh ddu Idng Moc tiiu hai keo tiieo sy gia tdng dOt biln cOa gia ddt ven dudng Nhd vi|e ndng cap tuyen dudng lidn xd tii dudng rai dd ram thdnh dudng nhya rOng 12 met, cd den cao ap kit hgp vdi cac tuyIn xe buyt chay qua vdo ndm 2008, gia ddt d khu vyc tdng 16n hang ehyc idn, dao dOng d mdc 15-20 tiieu dong/m^ Con sot bdt dOng san ndy mot p h ^ ndm tiong bao gia ehung tii thi tiudng bdt dOng sdn d ndi tiidnh Hd NOi, mOt phdn tir quy hoach phdt tiiln cua huyen Ddng Anh tiimg tam huypn du kiln sS ehuyin vl xS Lien Ha (each lang chung 2km vl phia Bdc), khu vyc flii tian dugc dy bao sS dugc nang Nguyen Cong ihao 51 len qudn Khi do, khu "phd ldng" sS la cdu ndi gifia trung tam quan va huyOn mdi Tu 2005 den dau 2010, khu vyc chung kiln sy bimg nl vl xdy dyng hdng ehyc nha cao tdng dugc xdy dyng, vdi quy md Idn hon ca khu "phd chg" Neu td nhfing ndm 1995 trd ve trude, hau hit ddt ven dudng la ddt vudn, ao tid d gjai doan nay, chdng dugc cdi tgo nhd hang, nhd d, cda hang, qudn cafe, qudn gpi ddu, djch vy van tai, du Ijch, may mac, co Hau hit nhd mdi xay cd it nhdt tdng vd dientichnhd nhdt la 60m^ Mdc thu ba la ket qua eiia vi$e ehuyin ddi mdt phdn dipnti'ehdat ndng nghiOp cua khu Dodi ddt d vi day la khu ddt cao, hgn ehl kha ndng tudi tieu Khu ndm ven dudng Idn, ndi lang vdi trung tdm huypn, ndi lang vdi cac xd khde Cdc hd uu tidn duge mua dat vdi gia uu dai la ngudi cd dat ndng nghiep bi thu hdi; la ngudi khu Dodi thuOc didn gia dinh chinh sach, thieu dat d Chinh sach dan din su hinh thdnh cua cym dan eu mdi gdm 19 hg Cac hg ndy cung xay nha eao tdng, md cda hdng bdn bia, dipn thogi di dOng, may tinh, xe dgp, xe may Vdi khdng it ngudi, "phd chg" va "phd lang" la bilu tugng mdi minh chung cho sy phdt trien, h^i nhdp cda ldng, nhu nhdn dinh dudi day cua mdt ngudi ddn; Gid ddt a hai khu ndy chang hi re, cd cao han ddt ngo d ngi thdnh Ch cdn CO cua hdng nho nhd, kiim vdi trdm mdt ngdy chdng hi khd Nhd cua ti$n ciing chdng thua kem gi niu khdng mudn ndi la rgng rdi thodng mdt hon Khdn lanh, th\fc phdm sgch, gid cd sinh hogt lgi re hon Giao thdng di lgi th ti?n, vdi chuc phiit la den Bd Hd Tgi gi md chen chuc a thdnh phd, chi td hit b dn bdn md ddt (PVS, nam, 65 tudi, hpc vdn cao ddng, gido vidn nghi huu) Hai khu "phi", hai "dong chay" 3.1 Tinh chat vd m&c dp lien kit cua ho^t d^ng kinh ti Sy tin tgi cua mOt khdng gian phan anh dde diem hogt dOng kinh td cua cu ddn sinh sdi^ tiong dd Day cung chinh Id chdc ndng kinh tl cua bat ky mpt khdng gian ndo (Hirsch vd O'Hanlon chu bien, 1995) Khu "phd chg" la bieu tugng cho sy troi d^y eua hogt dgng thuong mgi tu nhdn ty vin khdng cd khdng gian thdi V^ hgp tdc xd - thdi kj' titiig duge bilu trung bdi eda hdng bach hoa, hoat dOng thdng qua hp thong phdn phoi hang tieu ddng dua tien tem phieu Sy hhih cua khu "pho chg" phdn dnh sy ehuyin dich vai trd sdn xudt, diiu tiit, qudn ly vd phdn phdi hang hda bdi nhd nude sang khdi doanh nghiep, tu nhdn vd thj trudng bdi dk ddm bao cho each vgn hdnh mdi, dilu kipn cdn thilt la phai cd khong gian tuong dng Chinh vi thi, sy ton tai cua nhd kho, sdn kho, cua hang bdch hda - nhfing bilu tugng cda thdi ky trudc Ddi mdi, khdng cdn cdn thilt ViOc tu nhdn hda cac khdng gian ay la dilu kipn tien quyet de ngudi ddn cd thi thay thi vai tro phdn phdi hdng hda, thu mua ndng sdn vdn timg hgp tac xd dam nhiOm Khu "phd chg" ciing la ddu hipu budc ddu, danh dau su phat trien cua nin kinh tl, noi ma vai trd eua sdn xuat ndng nghiep tdng budc bi thay the bdi hogt dOng thuang mai, dich vu Dilu the hiOn qua mgt dO hO kinh doanh nhilu hon, m^t hdng kinh doanh da 52 Pho chg, ldng: hai dong chdy qua trinh dang hon Chg lang gid khdc ngdy xua Nlu trudc nhfing ndm 1990, chg lang dupe md ven dudng, chi vdn vpn nda budi sang, phuc vy nhu cdu thiet ylu cua ngudi ddn thi hiOn nay, boat dOng budn bdn diln ca ngdy, keo dai den cd tdi Ngoai ndng sdn, thuc pham san xuat tai chd vdn la hang hda ehd dgo trude ddy, cae sdn pham tieu diing cdng nghidp td ben ngoai efing da tid nen phd biln Hau hit ngudi ban hang, eung dng dich vu d khu cd eiia hang rieng, kinh doanh hang thay vi theo mda vy, tranh thu liic ndng nhdn, t | n dyng ban sdn vgt gia dinh lam nhu trudc Ddi mdi Dieu dang chii y la tinh chuyen nghiep kinh doanh ngdy edng the hipn ro, hau het cdc thdnh vien trudng tiong gia dinh cimg tham gia vdo hogt ddng budn bdn tiiay vi chi Id ngudi gid hay phy nfi nhu trude day Nam gidi thudng ddm nhiem giao dich vdi ddu mdi cdp, vgn chuyen hdng tiong phu nfi true tiep ban, quan ly tai chinh Gid day chiing tdi khdng chi "budn thiing, bdn met", ngdi le ven dudng nhu trudc ddy Ba phdn cd qudn, cua hdng cd dinh, khang trang Hdng hda dugc bdn vdi gid chung, cdnh mgc cd, mua bdn ehiu khdng cdn niia Ngudi bdn hdng bay gia chuyen nghi?p ldm, hg ehieu khdch vd tri quan he tdt vdi khdch rudt cua minh (PVS, nfi, 57 tudi, hgc vdn 5/10, budn ban) Ngoai nhihig diem tuong ddng tien, hogt dgng kinh doanh d khu "phd lang" cung cd nhung diem khac bipt Sy hinh cda "phd lang" danh ddu bude phat triln mdi, vugt khdi bien gidi lang thdng qua viec gdn kit chJit che hon vao mang ludi, hogt dgng kinh te cua huyOn ciing nhu eiia vimg Neu hoat dOng kinh doanh d "pho chg" chii ylu phuc vy ngudi ddn lang thi ddi tugng khach hang d day md rOng cd nhdm cdng nhan ngogi tinh, ngudi ngoai xa, khdch vdng lai Vi tii dia ly ddng vai trd quan tipng phuong dien Vi dy tidu bieu cho dieu Id sy hinh thdnh cua mpt sd xudng kinh doanh, che bien go khu vue ddu ldng, mpt so gia dinh qudn ly Td ddu nhfing ndm 2000, mOt sd tu nhan da thue bai ddt tidng ven dudng lidn xa, thuOc phgm vi khu Dodi de md xudng kinh doanh, nhdp gS td Lao vl bdn cho cdc eo sd lam mOc tiong huyOn, viing Hogt dOng kinh doanh cua nhfing cd nhan thdm chi dd mang tinh xuyen qude gia Sieu thi Harpo Mart Vipt Himg dugc md vao ndm 2011 ciing Id mot vi dy khde ddy dd tid thdnh sieu tiii Idn ddu tidn d xd phia Tay eua huyOn Ddng Anh Ke td khoang ndm 2006, mdt khu chp tam hinh each nha may gidy ciia Dai Loan chi chimg 200m Hdu hit ngudi ban la ddn Idng va doi tugng phyc vy chmh la cu dan d thi tran va cdng nhan ngoai tinh Khdch hdng cua chting tdi bao gdm ngudi ngodi ldng, ngodi xd, cd cd ngudi nude ngodi Hdng hda kinh doanh du logi, mua bao nhiiu ciing co Todn hdng cd xudt xir, dam bdo chdt lugng, cd bdo hdnh (PVS, nam, 55 tuli, hgc vdn 6/10, budn ban) Hogt ddng kinh doanh d khu "phi lang" ciing ddnh dau sy hinh mOt mang ludi Hen kit mang tinh ehuyen nghipp hon Trong viec budn bdn d "phd chg" dya ti^n ndn tang gia dinh la chinh, cdc hO dOc Igp vdi tiii d khu "phd lang", nhieu hp kinh doanh da lien kit vdi nhdm myc dieh tdng sdc cgnh tranh, thu hut khach hang, tgo Nguyin Cdng Thdo 53 dyng thmmg hipu Trd lai vdi cac dai ly budn ban gd nhu dd dl cap d tren, mac du hoat dOng dOc lap nhung gifia cac dgi ly dd hinhtiidnhmdi lien kit kha chat che Dilu the hipn qua viee hg thudng xuyen chia se, cap nhat vdi gia nhdp, ban tung logi go nhdm tri mat sdn gid tuong ddi thdng nhdt Su tdn tai ciia cac xudng gd ndm sat nhau, theo cac chd dgi ly khdng he ldm gidm di sdc cgnh tranh md cdn giup tao dyng mdt trung tam cung ung gd cho vimg, xdy dyng thuong hieu, uy tin vdi khdch hang Tuong ta nhu the, d khu 19 hg dugc mua ddt chuyen ddi, cd hg md qudn bia sat nhau, cimg ban mOt loai bia Gifia cdc hO ndy cd sy lidn kit, ho tip hit hang Tuypt nhien khdng ed sy tranh chap, cheo kdo khach hdng cua Cac chu qudn d ddy tin rdng vice eung kinh doanh nhu the tao nen "dilm dn choi", se keo duge nhilu khach hang hon Tren thuc te, quan sdt thyc dia cho thay khdch hang d ddy khdng chi gdm dan ldng md cd ngudi tii eac ldng, xa khdc Hien nay, hogt dpng budn bdn d day kha tdp n|ip, dgc bidt vao budi trua va chilu tdi 3.2 Bien ddi nep song, quan hf xa hgi Trong cd nhiing khac bipt can ban ve tinh chat, mdc dO lien kettionghogt dOng kinh tl, dudi phuang diOn nip sdng, quan hp xa hOi, cu ddn d hai khu "phd" lai kha tuong ddng Hp ciing phdi ldm quen vdi ldi sing mdi, thilt lap mii quan hp mdi sau "budc khdi lang" Dieu de nhan thay nhat la qua kien tnic va bai tri nha cda Khdng gian sinh sdng chat hpp hon khien nha eao tang Id lya chgn toi uu ciia ngudi ddn, Mdt bdng d tdng mOt dugc tdi uu danh cho budn bdn nen trd nhung hO cd dientichrOng, toan bp hep, phdng an dugc ehuyin len tdng hai Theo quan sdt eua tac gia, ban thd td tien dugc hdu hit cac hO ehuyin len tdng eao nhdt thay vi chinh giiia nhd, tdng mdt nhu cac hp eu tru tiong lang Day la sy lya chpn mang tinh bdt buOc vi theo ngudi dan, ban thd cdn phai duge ddt d noi ySn tinh, sgch sd, yeu cau khdng the dap ung neu dat d tang mOt Hgn ehl vl mdt bdng cling kiln tnic nhd eao tang khien khdng gian nha dugc chia nhd cac khdng gian rieng, khdp kin Phdng ngii, phdng hgc, phdng dn von khdng tin tai tiong khdi niOm va thyc hanh trudc ddy dd bien vdi ngudi dan d hai khu "phd" Khudn khd bdi vilt khdng cho phep chi nhilu vi dy khdc nhung chi qua sy thay ddi vl nhd cda, mgt so nip sdng mdi ciing da hinh thdnh nhu mOt each thieh nghi Cdc phdng rieng, theo nhu ngudi dan, khiln su tuong tdc gifia cha m? vdi cai cdng it di, nhdt la vdi cdc hO budn ban, ed di hgc ca ngdy Thdi gian nghi ngoi ciia hg cdng it di phdi dgy sdm, thdc khuya ban hang hay xe cO qua lgi Cac cdng trinh bIp, vp sinh, gilng nude vdn timg rieng rS dd dugc nhdp vdo mOt cimg mdt khdng gian, ngdi nha dng Su hipn dipn cua vudn cay dn qua cimg khdng cdn Sy hinh thdnh cda hai khu "pho" phan anh quan nipm mdi eua ngudi ddn ve vj tii sinh sdng ly tudng Trudc Dii mdi, ngudi dan lang DOc thich sing d trung tam ldng hon la dgc ven dudng cdi Cd trudng hgp la tifdng nhung l^p gia dinh sdm, dugc bl mp cho dridngd manh ddt ven lang vdo nam 1985 dd td bat binh Phai din 10 ndm sau, mdi quan hp gifia hp mdi dugc han gdn Dat d khdng cdn chi don thuan la khdng gian cu tru ma da thdnh phuang tiOn san xuat, mOt tdi sdn ddc biet cd gid tri, la thudc cho sy giau cd 54 Pho chg, phd long: hai dong chdy qud trinh v l mdt quan hp xa hOi, d hai khu "phd" ndy da hinh cdc nhdm gia dmh c6 quan hd mdt thilt vdi Khdc vdi truyin thing, mdi quan hO gifia cdc hg dugc xay dyng dua tren ddng sd thich chd khdng hi bd buOc quan hd ldng gilng hay ddng hp Chu hp cdc gia dhih ndy thudng d cimg Idp tudi, nghe nghiOp vd ed sy tuong dong vl tinh cdch ma theo nhu each ndi eiia ngudi dan Id "chai dugc" CJ khu "phd chg", ed hai nhdm: mOt nhdm gdm chdng 10 hO, todn Id edng vien chdc, dg tudi 40; mOt nhdm 15 h§ khdc gdm nhiing ngudi budn ban Thanh vidn hai nhdm thudng to chuc lien hoan, tham hdi nOi bg nhdm cdc dip le Tit, sinh nhgt, hilu hi Ben cgnh dd, mgng ludi xd hOi cua ngudi ddn d hai khu vyc ndy cijng md rOng hon so vdi nhidu ddn lang khdc thdng qua hogt dOng budn bdn 3,3 S^ thich dng vdt chinh sdch ciia nha nu&c Anh hudng cua ehinh sach nha nude doi vdi sy hinh hai khdng gian tien Id kha rd rdng, nlu khdng mudn ndi la mang tinh quylt dinh Chinh sach Doi mdi dd tgo tien de cho sy giai the hgp tae xa, khdng gian cdng cOng, qua cho phdp qua trinh tu nhan hda mdt phdn dien tfch ddt cdng dat d thdng qua bdn dau gia; md ciia cho cdc doanh nghidp nude ngodi, ndng cdp, md rOng ca sd tdng d l thuc ddy phat trien kinh td Qua trinh ndy dan den mpt khu vyc cu tni gdm cae hg ed mdt bdng chung vl kinh te (kha gid trd len), tuong dong ve nghi nghiOp (phi ndng nghiOp), tuoi tae (trung nien tid xuong) Day la nhfing dde diem mdi, chua timg t i n tgi Idng que truyen thdng cua ngudi Vipt Tuy nhien, sy thich dng ciia ngudi dan vdi ehinh sach ciing khdc nhau, ehiu sy chi phdi bdi thdi didm ban hdnh chinh sdch, ndi dung chinh sach, vj tri dia ly cung nhu dilu kidn kinh t l - xd hgi Cd the thay ehung minh dilu ndy qua trudng hgp hai khu phi lang Dye NOi dd trinh bay d tren MOt phan dipn tich khu "pho chg" vdn la ddt cdng, ndm tipn tren dja gidi khu Trung Day la khu vyc trung tdm ciia ldng, thudn lgi cho vipc budn bdn, phyc vy nhu eau hdng tieu dung cho ddn ldng Chinh vi thi, "phd chg" hinh thdnh trudc cd "phi ldng" du xet vl mdt dia ly, "pho lang" cd nhilu lgi thi hon: ndm ven dudng liSn xd, ndm gdn trung tam huyen, giao thdng thugn tien han Theo hdi cd cua ngudi ddn, tiong sudt nhihig ndm 1990, gid ddt d khu "phd chg" cao han so vdi khu "phd lang" (trung binh d mdc 500.000/m^, d khu "pho ldng" vi$c mua ban ddt thdi dilm chua diln ra) Hogt dOng mua bdn ddt vi thi ciing nhpn nhjp hon d khu "phd chg" Thyc tl bi quy dinh bdi thdi diem dd, ede nha may ed v6n ngude ngodi chua md, sifiu thj chua hogt dOng, dudng lien xd chua nang cdp, giao thdng lien vung chua phdt triln d khu vyc "pho lang" Chmh vi the, du chinh sach khuyen khich, hogt dpng thuong mgi chua phdt tiiln d day, dan cu van sdng kha thua thdt hai ven dudng Phai den ddu nhiing nam 2000, tinh thi mdi dao chilu, gia ddt d khu "phd lang" tdng dOt biln, udc thih eao gdp hai idn khu "phd chg" (trung bmh 15 tiipu ddng/m^), hogt dOng kinh doanh d day nhOn nhip, da dang hon Dilm dang luu ;y la cd sy khac bipt ddng ke gjiia diOn tich dat trung bhih d hai khu pho, vdi 40-60 m^ d khu "phd chg" va 70-80m^ d khu "phd lang" Nhin vdo v i ^ budn ban d hai khu phi eung cd thi thdy mgt vai khdc biet Hang hda d khu "phd chg" chd ylu Id thyc phdm, hdng gia dung, d khu "phi lang", ngodi Nguyin Cong Thdo 55 quan bia thi hang cdng nghiOp dipn td, di^n Ignh, giai tri (cafe internet, karaoke, tio choi dipn td ), dich vy (may mdc, toe) cung khd phd biln Su khac bidt la bdi "pho chg" Id sy md rgng cda chg lang Trudc kia, hang hda chu ylu Id ndng san, thyc phdm du thda tfi tidng trpt, chdn nudi nhu: rau qud, trai edy, gia edm Dan ldng dd quen vdi vipc mua bdn thtic dn, dd udng d khu chg ldng, nhdt la chg ndm d vi tri trung tam Idng Ngudi mua ciing nhu ngudi ban da phdn Id phy nii Trong do, hogt dOtig budn bdn d khu "pho lang" khdng hudng den vipc ddp dng nhu cdu dn thudn tdy ma thien ve "dn chaP' nhu each dien giai cda ddn ldng Chinh vi thi, ddi tugng khdch hdng cda khu vyc chd ylu la tdng Idp nidn - nhiing ngudi thudng khdng phdi dam nhipm vi^c bIp ndc gia dinh MOt khdc biOt nfia cd the ke den la mdc dO hOi nh$.p vdi ddng chdy phdt triln Trong cdc hO kinh doanh khu "phd chg" chu ylu tri quan hO bdn hdng vdi dan lang vd nh^p hang td huyen, khach hang cung nhu nha cung cdp cho thj trudng d khu "phi ldng" bao gdm cd ngudi ngoai lang, xa, huypn thgm chi ca ngudi khde tmh, ngudi nude ngodi (qua viec cho thue nhd, phyc vy dn udng eho chuyen gia Nhgt, Dai Loan, budn bdn go) Kha nhieu hg d khu "phd lang" dd ndng tdm kinh doanh td ca thi, hO gia dmh len cdng ty tiach nhipm hfiu hgn (eo den 15 hp tieo bien cdng ty tinh den cuoi 2016) md hinh chua dien d khu "phd ldng" Tinh lidn kit vdng, quic gia, xuydn qude gia thi hipn rd khu "phd ldng", dilu ndy chua rS net d "phi chg" Dilu the hipn qua mgng ludi hgp tdc kinh doanh cda cac hO ddn d khu "phi Idng" rOng hon, mang tinh lidn vimg, thdm chi xuyen quoc gia (nhu eae dgi ly budn go) Ket lugn Bdi vilt lim hilu mOt vdi dgc dilm ndi bat cOa hai khu "phi" sau "budc khdi lang" Theo quan dilm cua tdc gid, cdnh quan nen dugc nhin nhgn nhu sy phan anh lli song vd quan diem sdng ciia ngudi dan tiong dd Hai yeu to ludn thay doi, gdn vdi tung nhdm xa hOi va giai dogn lich su khac Cdc phdn ti'eh, so sanh dd chi mOt so khac bipt tiong qua trinh phdt tiiln hoat dOng kinh doanh gifta ngudi ddn d "phi chg" vd "phd Idng" Dd cdng "budc ra" khdi mOt lang, ngudi ddn d hai khu ndy dd cd nhfing ehiln luge thieh dng khdc Trong dd, hg chia sd sy tuong ddng tiong thyc hanh vdn hda, quan h? xd hOi Phat hipn cho phdp dua kit luan rdng eac hogt dOng sinh kl cd thi de thay ddi, da dgng tham ehi Id hinh nhdm khac biOt gifta cdc thdnh vien ciia mOt eOng dong, tu phuong dipn vdn hda, xd hOi qud trinh ndy ludn dien ch§m hon, edn nhilu dilu kidn hem Tfi goc dp biln ddi xd hOi, hai khu "pho chg" va "phi lang" dd cho thay hai xu hudng biln ddi ciia mgt bO phan dan cu ldng Vipt, d§c bipt d ede viing ven dd Xu thi thd nhdt la tiiay doi dl hOi nhdp vdi sy phdt triln thuang mgi, djch vy, tdng budc thay the sdn xudt ndng nghipp Lya chgn gidp ngudi ddn mOt mdt t l chdc lgi phan cdng lao dOng theo hudng chuyen nghiep hon, mOt m^t md rgng mgng ludi xd hpi cua hg ngoai ranh gidi lang xd Tinh khep kin da bj pha vd vd sy lidn kit cua hg vdo ddng chdy phdt trien ciia vung, quoc gia dd rd net ban Ddy chfnh la qud trinh md rpng ranh gidi cdnh quan, khdng gian md cdc nhd sinh thai hgc Uch sd/ nhdn hgc mdi trudng dd de c^p Xu thi thd 56 Pho chg, phd long: hai dong chdy qud trinh hai la vipc tim kilm cae dgng thdc, mang ludi xa hOi tgi cho mdi de phyc vy nhu cdu kmh doanh, smh hogt, giao luu Hai xu hudng khdng h i xung ddt md bd tig cho nhau, giiip ngudi dan vda phat triln, hdi nhap vdi thi gidi ben ngoai, vda tri sy gdn kit vdi lang xa Su tuong tae giiia hai xu thi tri tinh da dgng, nhieu ehieu kieh, nhieu cdng ndng eho canh quan/khdng gian mdi dugc tao dyng Hai khu phd khdng ehi don tiiudn Id khdng gian thuang mai, cu tni md ddng thdi la bilu tugng mdi eua lang, tnmg tam van hda, xd hdi noi dn chda cac mdi quan he, tuong tdc d nhidu cap dO khac Tai lif u tham kbao Bunnell, Tim 2004 Malaysia, Modernity and the Multimedia Super Corridor: A critical geography of intelligent landscapes Routledge Pacific Rim Geographies Crumley, L Carole (ed) 2001 New Directions in Anthropology and Environment: Inlerseclions Altamira Press/Rowman & Littlefield Crumley, L Carole 1994 Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series: SAR Press Hirsch, Eric and Michael O'Hanlon (eds) 1995 The Anihropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space Clarendon Press Oxford Kleinen, John 2004 Ldng Vi4l ddi di^n tuong lai, hdi sinh qud khu Nxb D i NSng Morris, Douglas W 1995 Habitat selection in mosaic landscapes In Hansson L., L Fahrig and G Merriam (eds) Mosaic landscape and ecological process New York: Chapman and Hall: 110-135 Nguyin C6ng Thio 2011 MOt cich ti^p cgn ve bi^n doi nflng th6n T^p chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi?l Nam, S6 2:23-32 Nguyen C6ng Thao 2013 S^ biln mdt ciia nhOng b6ng ma vk qui trinh tSi tgo kh6ng gian thieng d mOt \hng Vi$t T(ip chi Ddn Ipc hoc So S-6: 74-85 Nguyin Thj Phuong ChSm 2009 Bien doi v5n hoa a cdc ldng que hi$n ncty Nxb Van h6a - Thflng tin si Vi?nVanh6a.H4N9i Nguyen Tung 2002, V^ khdng gian ling, Ldng a viing chdu tho song Hong: van de bo ngo Phillippe Papin v i Olivier Tessier Chu bien Nxb Khoa hpc xa hOi H4 N^i Nguyen Van Situ v i Chu Thj Huimg 2015 Hudng tiep cgn khdng gian ling Vi§t: nghiSn c&u tnrdng hop ling Dong Ky, Bac Ninh Tgp chi Khoa hgcxdhgi vd nhan vdn, T§p 1, s6 2:1-17 Papin, Phillippe v i Olivier Tessier (Chu bien) 2002 Ldng a vung chdu Ihd song Hdng: vdn de bo ngo Nxb Khoa hpc xil hgi H i Ngi T6 Duy Hgp (Chii bifin) 2000 Su biin ddi cda lang xd Vi4t Nam ngdy a ddng bdng song Hong Nxb KhoahgcxahOi.H4N§i ... ngudi dan Id "chai dugc" CJ khu "phd chg", ed hai nhdm: mOt nhdm gdm chdng 10 hO, todn Id edng vien chdc, dg tudi 40; mOt nhdm 15 h§ khdc gdm nhiing ngudi budn ban Thanh vidn hai nhdm thudng... day, dan cu van sdng kha thua thdt hai ven dudng Phai den ddu nhiing nam 2000, tinh thi mdi dao chilu, gia ddt d khu "phd lang" tdng dOt biln, udc thih eao gdp hai idn khu "phd chg" (trung bmh... gidi cdnh quan, khdng gian md cdc nhd sinh thai hgc Uch sd/ nhdn hgc mdi trudng dd de c^p Xu thi thd 56 Pho chg, phd long: hai dong chdy qud trinh hai la vipc tim kilm cae dgng thdc, mang ludi