Bài viết trình bày những dạng thức ngôn ngữ đối thoại đặc trưng trong văn xuôi Ma Văn Kháng. Nền tảng cấu trúc của ngôn ngữ nhân vật gồm các phạm trù cơ bản ngôn ngữ đối thoại và ngôn ngữ độc thoại.
80 N G N NGf & Bin S6NG sd (244)-2016 iNOONNGtrvdl VAN CHUONG | NGON NGU" DOI THOAI TRONG VAN XUOI MA VAN KHANG CONVERSATION LANGUAGE IN MA VAN KHANG'S PROSE DOAN TIEN DUNG (ThS-NCS; Tnrdng THPT Thirc hdnh Cao Nguyen, DH TSy Nguyfin) Abstract; Dialogue is an important factor in language and linguistic character ofthe work, so the communication and ideological character shown on the wording of flie conversation Here, we present the language of dialogue format featured in Ma Van Khang prose: Conversation personalization, stripped character nature Conversation change contextually, object interface changes entail psychological character Dialogue between the flow of ideas, each mapped torevealconcepts, philosophies Key words: Dialogue; Ma Van Khang prose Md dau tho^i van xudi cila Ma Van Khang Ngdn ngtt nhan vjit Id ldi ndi cua nhan vat 2.1 Boi thogi cd thi hda, Ift tiin bin tdc phdm Ngdn ngtt nhdn v|lt la phuong chit nhan vgt ti$n phdn dnh cupc sdng, bpc 10 tinh cdch Hp thdng dl tdi sdng tdc cua Ma VSn nhan v^t "Ngfin ngft nhan vdt Id mdt Khdng cd sy phdn djnh tuong ddi ro rang: dl nhflng phuang di$n quan tiijng dupc nhd vdn tai cupc song cia ngudi thuOc cpn^ ddng stt dyng nhdm till hi$n cupc sdng va cd tinh cdc ddn tOc thilu sd d miln Tdy Bic To qudc nhan vat" [4,214] VI v$y, sy nhin nhdn mang va dl tdi cuOc sdng cua ngudi nai flianh tinh chu quan ctta nhd vdn dupc gtti gdm vdo thi Chinh hai nOi dung flil tdi dy da chi phdi nhdn viit cung nhu nhttng quan nipm, tu tudng nhd vdnti-ongvi$c lya chpn cdc phuong fliftc, nhdn sinh cung dupc bdc 10 qua ngdn ngtt phuang ti$n till hi?n ngdn ngtt ddi flioji nhdn vilt Ndn tdng cdu tnic cua ngdn ngtt thd tdi Ijch stt ddn tOc, sdng tdc vdn xudi ciia nhan v^t gdm cdc pham trtt ca bdn ngon ngfl Ma Vdn Khdng thdm nhuan cam hiing anh doi flioji vd ngdn ngft dOc flioai Theo "diu t|ip trung vao nhflng su kien cd j Bakhtin: "Ddi tho?i la mdt phuang dipn tdn nghia quydt djnh ddi vdi ddi vdi van mfinh t?i cda ngudi"; "Nlu mOt tdc ^ a diic dac Ijch stt ddn tOc vd qudc gia Nhung sy kifn vdi tinh song dipu hiiu ca vd tinh ddi thoai ndi gdn lidn vdi hogt dpng cd ^ nghia to ldn ciia t?i cfla flid gidi ngdn ttt sdng ddng vd lung ddn tOc" [6,259] Nhttng sang tdc vl dd tai linh bidn ddi thi sfi khong bao gid hilu mien nui nhu Ddng bgc tring hoa xde, Yimg dupc vd tiiyc hipn dupc nhflng khd nang vd bien di, Miia mdn hdu, Cdi mdng ngita, Ngudi nhi$m vy dich tiiyc ctta flid loai tiiu fliuylt" trai hg Hgng ctta Ma Vdn Khdng tinng [2,137] Ddi thoai Id mOt ydu td quan trpng giai d o ^ ddu Id nhiing tdc phdm thupc did tai tirong ngdn ngfl nhdn vilt va ngdn ngtt tdc lich stt ddn tOc,tifiubidu cho ngdn ngtt tieu phdm, viflid,npi dung giao tilp vd til tudng flmydt sftfliicua dng nhfin vat thi hi$n tifin can chtt cua cuOc tho^ Trong tiiu fliuylt Ding bgc tring hoa xde Dudi ddy, chftng tdi tilnh bdy nhttng d^uig vd Vimg biin di, ddi sdng xd hpi Id mOt biic thftc ngdn ngtt ddi thoai ddc trung vdn tranh loan lac tridn mifin, cdi mdm loan vdn xudi Ma Vdn Khdng duprc nudi dudng ttt tiong dia htoh till ddt, Nhttng dSc diim ciia ngdn ngii ddi qua lich sft "bdt In vd h3n loan nhdt" Dong Mi(?44)-2016 NG6N NGtr & sin S6NG 81 bgc Irang hoa xde Id cuOc chidn gifla mOt bfin nhat qudn vdi ngdn ngtt nhan vilt, hdn sau Id cac^ chien si cdch mang vdi mOt bfin Id tiid ngdn ngfl ddi thogi Vi le dd, nhdn vat ty mien ngupe, tan qudn cua Qudc ddn dang trongtiuyOnngdn thudng cd ndt tinh cdch dn vd tay sai cfla thuc dan Phdp nhSm gidnh dinh, lap lai: chinh quyin d Ldo Cai Vimg biin di Id cuOc -"Hdfi Vdc dd hd? Goi lao Cdu! Dd chien ddu lau ddi fliam lang md vd cflng dft dd cdi thing dn mdy chil d cha kia, dpi nguy hilm gitta mdt ben la chinh quyin chua chdn?••[&,m\ non tre vdi bpn tiid phi Dilu dd, dd tdc dOng -"Gidng Td, chdn mdy khdng nhanh sau sic din sd philn cfla moiflidnhvifin ti-ong bing vien dgn nd^ ddu! Td quay Igiphanh bo ngifc rin nhu ddng, nhu sdt qudt: Mdy bin cpng ddng Ma Vdn Khang vilt Ding bgc trdng hoa xde va Vimg bien di sau ndm 1975 di! Viin dgn vdo ngifc ta bgt trd lgi, dgp tring nhtmg tdc phdm cfla fing van ndm tdm hai mit mdy cho mdy dui mil diy' [d,64] chi phoi cila vdn hpc cdch mang vdi md hinh Ngdn ngfl ddi thoai truyfin ngdn Ma nguai qudn chung, ngudi stt thi Do Vdn Khing nhttng ndm 80 trd lgi day cd budc dd,tirangngdn ngtt doi thoai cua hp ddu thd phdt tridn mdi Npi dung cfla ddifliogiduoc hi^n K tudng each m^ng Nhu vily, ddi md rdng nhidu liiih vyc, nhilu van dd cfla thoai cua nhan vdt ddu thd hi$n cupc hdnh cupc sdng Nhdn vgt dang ndi chuypn, dang trinh den vdi cdch mang din vdi hgnh phflc lugn ban ve hanh phuc, hdn nhdn tinh yfiu, cfla mdi nhdn v^t Tat cd hp ddu cd myc (lich tiln tai, cdi chit sy sdng, van dl dupc ndi li tudng sdng chung: giai phdng dan tdc, gidi tdi ddi thoai dupc nhto d nhilu gdc do, diem nhto khdc nhau, th$m chi trdi nguac {didng ddt nude! Sang din sang tdcfliuOctilltdi flil sy, ta Theo chflng tdi, ddi thogi tiong truy$n n^in Ma Vdn Khdng la ddi thogi md: md vdn flidy thdm thia han bao gid hit cdi da doan, da su cfla cuOc sdng thudng nhdt hom Dpc di, md ngudi tham gia doi thogi : "Nhiin a, em co mdi tdc thdt tuyft tdc phdm Ma Vdn Khdng giai dopi ndy cho flidy nhd vdn it chtt y khai tiidc npi tdm nhan vdi -Anh ndi nghe hai ghe rdng day Nhung v§t Ddng dpc thoai chi xudt hipn nhd vdn em eo cdi gi tuyft vdi nOa anh thu ndi bilu dzit suy nghi toantimhcfla nhdn vilt, difiu xem ndo? Cd cdi cdch dn mdc cua em nua md Ma Vdn BChdng it ldm Vi 18 dd, chflng ta Em mdc Jean cOng dfp md dl vdy Thi Mich khdng bit gdp nhan vat tu tudngtiongtinyen cOng hit y Anh cUng thdnh thgo gidi chi em ngdn Ma Vdn Khangtiieonfit nghia: nhfin vat day nhi Cdn anh, anh dfp vi cdi gi anh biit suy nghi, C^u tranh nOi tdm dl bilu hipn tu khdng? Vi cai gi? Vi cdi thil lung to bdn Anh ttidng, each nhin cfla nha vdn, "ngudi phdt chinh la gdc Hd Npi Ddng vi anh biit ngdn cho hitiidngnhd van" Dieu ndy, ddc khdng? Sao? Vt anh dn phd vdi com ngugf [e,635] dilm till loai tdc dpng Sau day Id ddi thogi giiia Bdo vd dng Cdt, Truyfin ngin tmdc nhung ndm 80 cfla dng thudng xuat hipn nhflng cupc ddiflioaid raise mpt ngudi thu trudng ti tipn, nhd nhen dang ndi vfi may cd gai dilm dO vtta NOi dung ddiflioaifliudngt|p tiimg : -"Con dugi i^ lgi nhoen nhoen: Anh xoay quanh van dd fliidt fliyc cfla dong bao dfin tpc Ngdn ngtt dditiio?imdi chi dimg lai cd vdo ddy cd dinh sim gi khdng di em sdm fliudntiiybOc '0 i*Ong du dinh, hdnh dOng y hd cho ndo? No tdc mf vdy len vd ddnh bft kidn cfla nhan vjt, tiang ngdn ngtt nhfin vilt cd vdo cdi ciia ng, rdi phe phi: Dg thua anh cdi "rl rd, ngd ngay" Vd d ldi ddi flioai ^tatg em tuai nguyen, chdt fliudng thilu di sy tianh lufin, bdn bac, lilt lugng qudc ti md gid cd lai rit vua phdi a" neupc 1?' ™*' ^™ ^' ^''^ '^^ " ' ' ^ ^^' [1,614] i 82 N G N NGf & Ddi S6NG S6 (244)-2016 Bdng ngon ng& dam cd tinh cua nlian vat, thuOm" Nhungtiiudngthi nhan v§t ndi ngdn c&c nha van d3 d\mg len duoc nhiing b6c chSn gpn, s6 lupng tir khdng nhiSu ldm va phii hpp dung sinh d^ng, khic hpa nhQng tinh c^h vdi nhung suy nghi cOa quin chfing cu$c song hdng Hay ndi khdc di, ngdn dien hinh, s4c n^: : "Mpt ldn khdc dang hdnh lgc, ngQ' Ma VSn Khdng mang phong cdch kfaAu ddm phiJi bdt thdng dan dng dimg lgi ditng ngQ rd r$t: dmg ciJi trdnh thai Thdng ndy ndi ySn tri, yen : ^^Mdy bdo sdn sdn? Chi cd chd md tri Con qi^ cdi nhdt dfnh khdng nghe Nd sdn sdn thdi hiiu khdng? Dd mdt dgy! Mdt gdt: Cdn nhd hai ldn trudc khdng Tdc ludi dgy thi tdi cUng Id bdV [i,58] Quan trpnc m$t cdi chi biet sudng minh Bi ngudi ta hon, tinh doi tiio^ ngdn ngii tieu thuylt nhuc nhd xin chUki cda ldo Khiem" [c,271] Ma Van Khdng khdng don thuan la ngudi niy : - "Anh oi, anh dd ddu em chu ^mg d6i thoai vdi ngudi m$t cdch ngau nhien, dd dit em nhi Nd ndi bd em vj huu budn nhumd Id d6i tho^i vh tu tudng, vh cd tinh ndm chinh pMt ngdn cua hp: chd cdnh mdt gid" [d,156] : -Dung toy thdi bi thu a Ong Di^p Trong tiiu thuyet Mm Id rmg vudn, nhan vat li \k ngudi ua tblch quyen hanh, cudi chdnh mi$ng: -Thit gd xdi nep dan bd them mudn sai khi^ ngudi kh^ thi ngon ngQ: Cd ba thu dv diu Id dime tw/\ [d,344] lai mang sdc th^ bi6u hi$n khic Do la ngon : -*Con Ida! Tao cdm thii may! Mdy ngS menh l?nh, k^ ca: "Chj nhin Dong mdt la dua cudp cam chim cOa tao Chd cua mdy l^nh nhutih^p,r6i buoc cijra so: le la cua tao Thdng ndy nd tdt nghi?p : - ^^Ndy hdi nd cho nhe di: Cd phditrudng A/T thudt Cdng nghi$p Tao dd ddm sdn chd cho nd Vgy md may den tranh phdn nd dfnh cudi v