Bài viết nghiên cứu vấn đề biên giới - lãnh thổ giữa Việt Nam và Campuchia tại Trung kỳ vào nửa sau thế kỷ XIX. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
VAN DE BIEN GIOTI - LANH THO' G I O A VIET NAM VA CAMPUCHIA TAI TRUNG KY VAO NUTA SAU THE KY XIX L £ TRUNG D C N G * B ien gidi Vi$t Nam Campuchia doan tai Trung K^ Id doan bien gidi di tit nga ba bien gidi Ldo - Campuchia Vi§t Nam, thupc dia phdn cac tinh Kon Turn, Gia Lai, Dak LSk va Dak Nong ngdy Net dde thii ciia vung bien gidi Id nhidu niii cao, rting gi^ che phii vd dan cU thua thdt Khu vUc ndy vdn la dia ban cU t n i cua nhieu bp lac thupc cac s4c tpc khac nhau, doi lien kdt lai cac lien minh bp lac dpc lap, ma sOl eu cua ta thudng goi Id "nUdc" va "chila bao gid ket hOp lai thdnh quoc gia" (1) Tii sau nam 1471, sau ddnh thdng Chi§m Thanh, vua L6 Thanh Tdng chia dd't nUdc ndy qude gia: Chiem Thdnh, Hoa Anh, Nam Bdn vd ap dung chinh sach chU hdu ddi vdi hp (2) Hai nUdc Hoa Anh va Nam Ban tUdng ting hdu nhu hoan toan vdi toan bp viing cao nguyen cac tinh Nam Trung Bp ngdy nay, bao gom: Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phii Yen, Khdnh Hda, Binh Thudn, trai ddi tdi tdn Boloven (Lao) d phia Tay (3) Tuy nhiSn, quydn ton chu cua D^i Vi$t ap ddt d •PGS.TS Vi^n Stt hpc day chi Id ve 1^ thuyet Trdn thpc td, cac bp lac, cU dan ban dia d day vdn chUa c6 lien h$ hdnh chfnh vdi chfnh quyen cua Dai Viet Cho tai ndm 1819, Le Vdn Duygt, theo lenh Gia Long, Vdn phai dap Tvah Man Trudng Luy, thudng goi Id TrUdng luy Quang Ngai, noi tC( huyen Ha Dong (Quang Nam tdi huy§n Bong Sdn (Binh Dinh) de phan dinh lanh th^ Nha Nguyen vdi lanh thd cua cac ddn tpc Tay Nguy§n Trong sd cac sdc tpe vung Tay Nguyen, sii cu Viet Nam thudng nhac tdi hai "nUdc" Thuy Xa va Hoa Xa, Id hai thupc quoc cua Dai ViSt, nam cl khu vpc tinh Gia Lai va Dak Lak, Dak Nong ngdy Sach Phu bien tap luc cua Le Quy^ Don, viet vdo ndm 1776, cho biet: "Hai vi Thuy Vuong vd Hoa ViiOng nUdc Nam Bdn, nUdc ndy cd 50 Idng le thupc cd nui Bd Nam Ndi rat cao vd Idn, lam trdn son cho mptphUdng Thuy Vuang d vi phia ddng ndi Bd Nam, cdn Hoa Vuang d ve phia tdy nui, cd dia phdn rieng vd Idm nhd gdc bang go de d, bp cd den may tram ngiibi" (4) Rghlfln cihi Lich sJr sd 5.2012 Le Quy Don cdn chi ro v\ trf cua Thuy Xa vd Hoa Xa: niidc Ldo, nam gidp thudc man Binh Hba, bdc gidp thudc man Binh Dinh" (8) "Tii ngudn An Lac di Iin cdc thdn Hd Nghieu, Ddt Cdy, qua deo La Hai gidp ddt phu Phu Yen, den cdc xiC Sdng L6i, NUdc Nong, Thuang Nhd din ngudn Hd L6i Id chS cdc Sdch ngUdi De, ngUifi Man d (tiic gpi De Id ngiidi Chdm, Man Id ngiidi Mpi) cpng ngdy, lai tii ddy cho ngiidi Man tiin bdo hp ddn theo diidng nui md di hdt 14 ngdy thi den ndi hai vua Thuy Xd vd Hoa Xd nude Nam Bdn Thdy Vuong d phia Bdng nui, Hoa Vuong dphia Tdy nui" (5) Dg,i Nam ThUc It^c xde djnh vi tri cua Hda Xd vd Thuy Xd so vdi Trdn Tay Thdnh (Campuchia thdi Minh Mang) Theo dd, ndu xudt phdt tC( huygn Sdn Bdc (9) "hudng vi phia ddng tim duifng md di, qua 15 ngdy mdi din cho d cua Qude trUdng Thuy Xd Ddt nUdc dy ddng gidp nUdc Hod Xd, tdy gidp huyin San Bob, nam gidp man Diin Diin, bdc gidp Lai Man Nudc Hod Xd chd Qu6c trudng d cdch nUdc Thuy Xd ngdy dudng" (10) Dai Nam nhdt thong chi chi ro hdn: "Tit huyen ly (Ddng Xudn - Phu Yen) di vi phia Tdy 20 dam den xd PhUdc Diic, lai di dam den thdn Phu Thdnh, lai di dam den thdn Ci^ Phu, lai di them dam de'n thdn Vdn Hda, tie ddy di ve phia Tdy sudt din dia gidi niidc Thuy Xd, Hoa Xd Hai bin dudng cd nhieu trai sdch ngUdi Man, nui khe hiem trd, lai cd nhiiu cop" (6) Ngay sau do, Dai Nam Thi/c luc chi mpt hdnh trinh khac: " hdnh trinh tii huyin San Bob din cho Quoc trUdng [Thuy Xd} d, udc dp ngdy, cdch cho cf cda Quoc trudng Hod Xd dp ngdy dUifng Ddt nUdc dy, ddng gidp nUdc Hod Xd, tdy gidp man Phu Npn, tiep gidp vdi cdc huyin Sdn Phu, San Bdc, Que Ldm; nam bdc tidp gidp cdc bp lac ngudi man khdng biet den tdn ddu xa dy ddu nhieu nui khe cdng chi thdp be khdng cd hinh thi'danh san dai xuyen" (11) Dai Viet dia dii todn biin cua Nguyin Vdn Sieu ciing cho biet vd vi tri hai nUdc Thuy Xa, Hoa Xa: "Thuy Xd, Hoa Xd d ngodi coi Nam Bdn nUdc Chiim Thdnh cd Bdy gid Thiidng dao tinh Phii An cd nui Bd Nam rat cao Thuy Xd d phia ddng nui ay, phia ddng gidp don Phuc SOn, tinh Phu An, phia nam thi Id mdn quen thupc d Thach Thdnh (trong Thach Thdnh cd tiiOng dd gpi Id Ho Vuang thdnh vudng Udc mdu), phia bdc thi mdn la d tinh Chiim (Binh Dinh) Hoa Xd d phia tdy nui dy, phia tdy tiep gidp vdi SOn Bdc sd nam nUdc Chdn Lap, phia nam thi Id lac man phia trin la sdng Dai Giang, phia dudi Id sdng Ba Giang Idm gidi han bd coi nUdc dy" (7) Vd vi trf cua Hda Xa, Dai Nam Thiic luc chdp ndm 1829 vidt: "Gidi han Hoa Xd: ddng gidp thupc man Phd Yin, tdy gidp Trong bdi viet "Hoi iHc vi tb Du thdnh lap mpt ngdi chUa, hay Id vdn di vi Hda Vuang vd Thuy Vuon^', Lecldre Adhdmar, Khdm sU Phap h Campuchia vdo ndm 1903, cho bidt, Thuy VUdng vd Hoa VUdng Id hai thu Bnh eua ngudi Jarai, dinh cU h phfa B&c cao nguyen giQa song SrSpok h phia Tdy vd TrUdng Sdn cua Vi$t Nam phfa Dong Tpa dp chfnh xdc ciia khu vpc ndy Id giiia eae Vi tuydn 13-14 vd cde Kinh tuydn 105 - 106 (12) Chiing toi da trUc tidp tra eiiu tpa dp n&y tr§n ban Ddng dUdng 1886 (Map of Indo-China showing proposed Burma - Siam - China railway (13)) v^ thdy r i n g vdng Vi tuydn 13-14 di qua viing Dak L5k eiia Viet Nam v^ Stung Treng- cua Campuchia, phfa Bic eua Sambor Tuy nhiSn, vdng Kinh tuydn 105- V&n de bien gidi - lanh Jhd 106 tr§n ban dd nky lai di qua xa v l phfa Tay, vUdt ea sang bd Tfiy song Mekong Didu nky khong phP hpp vdi nhQng mo ta khac vd vi tri cua Thuy Xa vh Hoa Xa Li§u c6 phai ky thuat ve ban v^o nhiing nSm 80 the ky XIX cdn cd nhilu sai adt? Mftc dii vky, kdt hdp vdi mP ta eua Besnard, chu tinh Dak L^k, theo dd, Thuy Xk vk Hda X& n i m giQa sdng Ayoun vk Sdng Ba (14), chiing tPi cho r i n g vPng ddt Thuy X&, Hoa Xd ed t h i k6o dM tH Dak Lak d phfa D6ng va an sau hdn nQa vao lanh tho Campuchia hi§n Nhu vay, cdc nguon sii lieu deu thdng nhdt r i n g viing ddt Hoa Xa va Thuy Xa n i m b Tay Nguygn, ndi giap gidi vdi Phu Yen ve hUdng Dong Tuy nhien, vi trf chfnh xSc cua tiing nUdc so vdi thi cac ^ kidn khong thdng nhS't Mot sd ngUdi (Le Quy Don, Nguyen Van Sieu) cho rang Thiiy Xa d phfa Dong, Hda Xa d phfa TSy; Dai Nam Thuc liic thi cho rang Hoa Xa phia Dong, Thuy Xa b phfa Tay Day cung la f kien cua Hoai Dung mpt bai vidt vd Thiiy Xa, Hoa Xa cong bo^ tren Tap chf Tri Tdn sd98, nSm 1943 (15) Tom lai, tvt cu6i thd ky XV, kdt qua ciia viec Chi§m Thanh bi chia cat, vung cao nguyen Kontum - Dak Lak, ndi cU tru ciia Hoa Xa va Thuy Xa, la mpt vung dpc lap, nhUng cd quan h$ thdn thudc vdi Viet Nam phdn Idn nhiing vUng da't a'y vd cho Lao va sau dd cho Viet Nam nhQng nam 1893 - 1904, Sarin Chhak cho r i n g viing Dak Lak, dupc tra vd Vi$t Nam, vdn thupc lanh thd Campuchia (16) Dl minh hoa cho quan dilm nay, dng dfin mot tdm ban dl dudng bien gidi ciia Campuchia vdi dilm ma ong ta cho la vdn ciia Campuchia bi c l t cho cdc nudc Idng gilng, dd dilm I la khu vUc tmh Dak L l k ngSy ciia Vi^t Nam {xem bdn dd 1) B&n don 1: v u n g lanh tho difpc Sarin Chhak c h o \k cua Campuchia, bi s&p nhSp v&o ckc nii6c l^ng gi^ng (vilng difoc ddnh d£(u 11^ vClng da^l lhu6c D ^ Lik cOa ^ Viet Nam) Ngudn; Oiann Qihak, Cdc dudng biin gidj ciia Campuchia vdi cdc nude cii Lien bang Ddng Duong - Ldo vd V'Kt Nam (NamKyvdTrungK^) Didu edn lUu y la, kh4ng dinh viing ddt la "vung lanh tho cua Lien quan den Ddk Lak va quan h§ ciia Campuchia" chU "khdng phdi cua ngUdi v^ng vdi Campuchia, nam 1964, hoc Annam" (17), Sarin Chhak khong dUa gia va nha hoat ddng chinh tri Campuchia ba't cCt mpt ludn cut nao de chUng minh cho Sarin Chhak bao v$ luan an tidn sy luat quan dilm cua minh Tai lieu nhdt hpe tai Paris vdi di tai ve cac dUdng biSn dupc d§n de chUng minh cho nhan dinh gidi cua Campuchia Trong Phdn thii nhdt la ta'm Bdn dd Chinh tri Ddng Duang cua luan an, co tdn la "Biin gidi ciia tinh eiia Francois Delonele phat hanh vao thang Stung Tren^, ph§ phan viec Phap, sau 10>1889, dUa theo cac nguon: Bdn qudn Idy lai tii tay Xiem mpt viing rpng Idn sU, tdi liiu chinh thUc cua Viet Nam, Midn cua Campuchia thupc ta ngan song Diin, Xiim cUng nhu tdi lieu cua cdc nhd 111 Mekong nam 1893, tpa hd nhU da cat mpt tJidm hiim QCem bdn 2) Rghifin cihi Ljch sd- stf 5.8012 Bkn dd 2: B&n d l c h i n h t r j D n g DUcfng cjia Frnn^ioig Delonele - nfim 1889 Ngudn: Oiann Chhak, - Cdc dudng biin giai cua Campuchia vdi cdc nu