Quốc dân độc bản của Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục gương chiếu hậu nền khoa cử nho học Việt Nam thông qua nghiên cứu về giáo dục Nho giáo, giải thích về việc học, bàn về cái hại của khoa cử, sự không thi hành khoa cử cũng chẳng có hại.
QUOC DAN Die BAN CUA DdNG KINH NGHIA THVC GUONG Cllrfu HAU Nbj KHOA cfl NHO HOC VlftT NAM • « • NGUYfeN HAI Yit I Nam 1907 Tai trUdng thi Hgi d Hue, cac cdng si ham hd vao ky thi vdi niem sung sUdng ma cac khoa trUdc dd khdng cd dUdc la "vdo trUdng thi co thi ddng vi Idn Ign, chii khong ehia thdnh vi Giap, vi At nhu cdc khoa thi trUdc" Dd la kdt qua ldi tau cua Tdng tai Qudc sQ quan Cao Xuan Due dUdc dich t h a n vua Thanh Thai chuan phe Thi tai Ha Ngi, vdi muc dich "Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc da bien soan Qudc dan dgc bdn (1) gdm 79 bai soan theo cic chii de khac nhau: chinh tri, xa hdi, kinh te, vSn hoa, tU tudng, giao due cd bai trUc tiep ban ve giio due khoa cQ, gdm: Muc 34: Giio due Muc 35: Giai thich ve viec hgc Muc 37: Ban v§" cai hai cua khoa cQ Muc 38: Ban ve sU khdng thi hanh khoa cQ cung ching cd hai Trong dd, Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc cd nhQng nhan xdt sau d i y ve nen giao due Nho hgc: • TrUdng hgc nUdc ta lay khoa cd ldm muc dich, cho nen khdng phdi cUng co chi trd thdnh cdng khanh dgi phu, nhUng mac dii ddt dgc, thi chi vdn d cho cdng khanh dgi phu Vdy nen hg cd cam ddu cdm CO dgc nhiing cudn sdch rdng, khdng thiet thiic, kien thdc thieu thd'n Hgc xong di thi hoac mong d chd van hay hoac chep nhiing ldi cu rich Bdt hanh md hong thi trd ve ldm ke sl, ldm thdy dd, chd thi khoa sau The Id suot ddi mong ldm cdng khanh dgi phu md chdng bao gid dugc May mdn thi dd ldm quan, khdng thi cdng dugc ddng ddu mgt lang, mdt xd, cho nhu the Id vinh Cho nen dda tre mdi Idn ba tdc, hgc dUdc cdch ldm bdi cdng da vinh vdo tU phu se Id cdng khanh dgi phu, khdng them ngang hdng vdi ndng cdng thUOng, md nhiing ngUdi ndng, cdng, thuong giau co cdng bdt em bo nghi nghiep cua minh, theo dUdng khoa d, Sl hoan Tii giao thdng vdi cdc nUdc tien Igi, hg lai cho em hg hgc vdi cha Tdy Au de ldm ki nudi mieng, cho nhU the ldm thugng sdch Than di! Khdng CO ngc dgc cua khoa cii, ldm den noi hdng trdm thU hgc bi bo phi, nhdn - "Nudc ta CO khoa cii (2) md khdng co tdm suy yiu nhU vdy! Chiing ta phdi cdm trUdng hgc, nhiing cdng chUa tiing co tieng ghet, dau ddn vi tinh trgng dd, khdng di thieu nien chung ta nhiem Idy cdi ngc dgc dy nOa Id khdng CO trUdng hgc" ' PGS TSKH Khoa Lich sQ - TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN 18 Rghien ciru Ljch sit, s6 9.2007 Ngoai he thoiig trUdng "cdng lap" cac vung ludn cd trUdng tU thuc, nhat la vung Thang Long - Ha Ngi - mdt trung tam giao due tu thudng xuyen v i Idn, ndi ludn cd nhQng trUdng, nhQng thay giao ndi tieng Cudi the ky XIX, d H i Ndi cd the ke den cac Gia sii bo thUc hgc, cU theo doi khoa trUdng: Hao Nam cua Pham Quy Thich, Hd cii:, thd hoi di thi dugc may ngUdi dgt, Dinh cua Vu Tdng Phan; PhUdng Dinh cua dgt dugc may ngUdi ldm quan, ldm quan Nguyin Van Sieu; Vu Thach cua Nguyin may ngUdi hanh thdng sudt ddi Huy DQc, TrUdng Tien Song cua thay Ngd Noi rdng bo khoa cit thi hit dubng mUu Van Dang, TrUdng Cue Hien cua thay Le ; ! i-' sinh Tdi khdng cho la thi Tdi chUa he thdy Dinh Duyen nhiing ngUdi di thi hong chit doi bao gid Hien thUc dd, cac yeu nhan cua Ddng Theo tdi, bo dUdc khoa cii: Id may to, Kinh Nghia Thuc khdng phai khdng biet nhu bdt hanh, khdng bo dugc thi thdy gido NhUng, xet ve muc dich cua viec hgc, phdi day cho hgc trd trd thdnh ngUdi hiJCu viec giio due "Muc dich la hgc gdn lien vdi dung, ngudi tri thdc phdi di nhiing Khoa cd Id ldm quan nen cd trUdng nguyen tdc mdi, bien sogn sdch mdi co ich cUng nhu khdng co" cho mgi ngUdi nUdc, ngUdi thdng hiiu Hgc de ldm quan Theo thd'ng ke, thdi vdn tii Ddng - Tdy phdi dich nhiing cudn Le - Trinh cd 727 Tien si cac bac, cd den 712 sdch cd ich di md mang phong cdng, ndng, thuong phai co chi tiin thu dikhuich ngUdi lam quan, cdn lai 15 trUdng hdp thi: trUOng nghe nghiep Trong thiic nghiep, - trUdng hdp chUa kip vinh quy da mit chUa CO cdi ndo khdng dem lai loi ich qud'c (Bui Cdng Td'n, Tien si nSm 1685 Ngd gia, xd hgi cho nhdn loai cd Cdn nhU noi Hung Giao - 1710, Nguyin Thi LUdng rdng: Long ngUdi lay viec ldm quan Id vinh 1731, Nguyin Hue - 1733) hien thi se nhiem mdi nhiing tU tudng hu - trUdng hdp khdng ghi lai hanh trang Idu cda thdi cU md thdi NhU thi thi qud'c (Can Van Nha, Ngd Sich Thi, Le Binh ddn ldm cd the tii lap dUOc" Trung, Nguyen HQu Dao, Dang Cdng Diin, Khoa cd vd nhd trUdng Id hai cdi ddi lap nhau, khdng the ciing ton tgi sdm hay mugn cdng phdi bo di Thiiu nien chung ta phdi sdc hgc cdi hiiu dung, chd de cdi hgc khoa cd phd hong chi hUdng cua minh Qua sdt rudt vdi muc dich "cd't md mang dan tri hdng dat cd sd cho nen tan hgc" ma Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc phu dinh sach trdn nen khoa cQ Nho hgc gan 1.000 nam tdn tai chang? II SQ sach trUdc va sau v l n ty hao la Qud'c TQ giam - cua Thang Long dUng len ty 1076, nhu la trUdng Dai hgc d i u tien cua Qud'c gia Dai Viet Rdi trai qua cic trieu Tran, Le den Nguyin trUdng Nho hgc ciia Nha nUdc cdn tiep tuc md den cip huyen (nhieu ndi cdn cd trUdng hang Tdng) Le Trgng Tin, Nguyin Dinh Gian, LUu Dinh, Vu Trgng TQ) - Trudng hdp n h i t sau thi do, cao tQ khdng l i m quan la Nguyin Huy Cin Dgi Viet Sii" ky tuc bien cho biet "Thi Dinh ddng ddu, vi that cdch bi trud't xudng cudi bdng Cdn xin tii ve khdng ldm quan" Trieu dinh Dai Viet thdi Le sd trd di (it nha't qua van bia Tien si nSm 1442) da khang dinh "Hien tdi Id nguyen ciia qud'c gia", g i n lien vdi thinh, suy cua qudc gia Va, cung biet "Diing ngUdi khdng phai Qugc dan d6c bin ciia S6ng Kinh Rghia Thuc 19 chi CO mdt lo'i, chgn hgc tro khdng phdi chi ngUdi, Minh Mang lai ban khoSn: "Khoa thi CO mdt dudng" (thi cQ) ma cdn cd ca de cQ, miia Thu gdn din, bgn ndy niu qud cd thiic tien cii hgc, khdng theo dUbng khoa muc rgng Vua chua Viet Nam cQng da tQng dung rdi md lai di dudng tdt ndy Vd lai nhan cac hinh thQc NhU thdi Nguyen ching tdi hiem cd, mdt ngdy tiin cii din bay ngUdi ban, chi tinh tQ Gia Long den Ty DQc nhu thi chdng lam dung sao" Thanh thQ, (1802 den 1883) da 40 Ian chieu chi ciu cudi cung thi dUdng "ra lam quan'Ve thyc "ngudi tai" Vua Minh Mang, 20 nam 1820- chat chinh la qua thi cQ 1840 "khat nhdn tdi nhU khdt nUdc", "ludn de trd'ng chd ben canh minh di mong tim dugc ngudi tdi" cd den 22 chieu chi ve cau ngudi tai The nhUng cd tien cQ rdi, chinh Minh Mang lai ban khoan Nam 1822 sau nhieu lan thuc due trieu than tien cQ, bgn Han lam vien Hoang Kim Hoin, Ky Luc Quang DQc Ngd Ba Lam de cQ Thi cQ dUdc dung lam thUdc phd bie'n nhat, cao nhat, cudi cung chat iQdng giao due Nho hgc Vdi thi HUdng, chUa cd sd lieu ngUdi thi tQng trudng, nhUng chi rieng khoa thi Giip Ngg nSm Thanh Thai thQ (1894) tai trQdng thi Ha Nam cd den 9.700 ngQdi thi, chi liy 60 ngUdi Cdn sau thi HUdng, la thi Hgi, thi: Bang 1: So ngiidri d\i thi va lay d6 qua cac khoa thi (tit 1604 den 1748) (Nguon: Lich trieu tap ky; 82 bia Tien sl Vdn Mieu) Stt 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Khoa thi 1604 1613 1619 1623 1637 1640 1643 1652 1656 1661 1670 1673 1676 1680 1683 1685 1691 1694 1697 1700 1703 1706 1712 1715 So ngUdi d y t h i Tren 5.000 Hdn 1.000 v a i ngan Hdn 3.000 Vai ngan Tren 6.000 Tren 2.000 Tren 2.000 Dudi 3.000 G i n 3.000 Tren 2.000 Tren 3.000 Ngot 3.000 Hdn 2.000 Den 3.000 2.800 Den 3.000 Hdn 2.000 Tdi 3.000 Tren 2.000 Den 3.000 G i n 3.000 Hdn 2.000 2.500 So l a y d o 7 20 9 13 31 20 19 18 13 11 10 19 17 20 RghiSn curu Ljch sJr sg 9.2007 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1718 1721 1724 1727 1733 1739 1743 1746 1748 Hdn 3.000 Gan 3.000 Gin 3.000 Tdi 3.000 Gin 3.000 Den 3.000 Hdn 2.000 Dudi 2.000 Den 3.000 17 25 18 10 18 13 Trong 61 ky thi cd 33 ky thi ghi rd sd lUdng thi sinh, Trong dd nam cao n h i t la 1640 tren 6.000, cd g i n 27 ky thi tQ 2.000 ngudi trd len dU thi (3) Tiin sl; Tiin Cii nhdn Hodng Trung len Kinh thi Hgi; Miing anh hg dd trUdng phu Va, dau khd ve trUdt thi dien hinh la hinh anh cua Tu XUdng NhUng phan Idn sy tQ khdng phai chi thi mdt l i n l i dd ! III Lich s^ thi cQ Nho hgc d ca hai cap thi HUdng, thi Hdi b Viet Nam, lai ludn di lien vdi eac hien tUdng tieu cUc Dgi Viet sii ky todn thu, d i n cac sy kien cd lien quan mdi te cic ky thi HUdng, thi Hdi the ky XVII-XVIII it n h i t la cac dang sau (Xem bang 2): Trong muc nhdn vat chi ciia Lich trieu hien chUOng loai chi, Phan Huy Chu nhic den tren 100 nhan vat tiing qua thi cQ Nho hgc lam quan Trong dd chi cd trUdng hdp la: Nguyin Cdng Hang, Pham Dinh Trgng, Nguyin Quang Nhuan, Le Quy Ddn cd kem theo ddng chQ "di thi mgt lan dd ngay" NhU viy, nghia la 94/100 nhan vat iy thi tren mgt lin mdi Gia pha hien cd cua cac ddng hg, du rat kieu hanh ve dng cha minh, vln dUa nhieu vi du ve nhiing ngUdi thi hdn mdt lan Chang han Vu tdc gia pha (Gia pha hg Vu lang Md Trach- Hai DUdng): Vu Dang Hie'n "Thi hgi mUdi khoa lien, deu trung tam trUdng", Vu Xuan Nhai "Nhieu lan di thi hgi deu chi trung trUdng " Khdng phai ngau nhien ma kho tang van hgc chQ Han cua Viet Nam t h i t khd ke het bao nhieu bai thd mQng hay dau khd ve chuyen thi do, hay trUdt Ching ban, thd cua Tien si Doan Huyen (1808 1882): Tdng anh Bdc di thi HUOng; Ldm thay Hdi tU vdn miing 6ng Cu! nhdn d Khdc Thuy; Thay ldi miing dng Cii nhdn V&n Cdc; Miing dng hg Dgng Vdn Co'c dd TV Trieu dinh tQ ddi Le Sd qua Le Trinh den Nguyin hang miy tram nam khdng phai khdng biet va da tang cUdng thay ddi cac bien p h i p vdi ngUdi di thi, ngUdi coi, ngUdi c h i m thi: , Tdng cUdng khdu to chvCc kiem tra phdt hien gian Ign cua thi sinh Nam 1499: Ngdy vdo thi thi sinh bi kham xet rdt ngat d cong trUdng Niu co dem sdch vd hay di thi gium thi bdt sung qudn, d ban phu ba ndm, trgn ddi khdng dugc di thi (le cam mang sdch vd, di thi giiim vdo kiim sodt d sdn Ngdy vdo thi cdc gidm sinh, sinh dd co ly gi dang b que thi phdi tdi trinh diin, diem danh tgi bdn phd (le trinh dien diim danh bdt ddu tii ddy), ngUdi ndo vdng mat bi phdt gidc thi bi sung qudn d bdn phu, ngUdi ndo len vdo trUdng hodc di thi gium deu bi tri tdi nhU quy dinh" Qudc dan dgc hin ciia S6ng Kinh RghIa Thuc 21 B a n g 2: Cac h i n h thiic vi p h a m quy che t r o n g thi HUc^ng, t h i Hoi va thi Dinh ( t h e k y XVII-XVIII) TT Cac dang "tieu ciic" thi cii Thi sinh mang sach vao trUdng thi Hgc trd thudc bai vSn m i u , deu ch6p lai n h u n h a u Ngudi c h i m y phe duyet l i y Ddi quyen thi cho n h a u Quan trUdng n h a n hoi 16 10 c a y quyen t h e t h a n quen gQi g i m hoc trd, ngUdi quen, thi, c h i m bai Biet trUdc de thi, lam bai sftn m a n g vao Xoay tien ke di thi bang each quan lam viec d trudng thi mang g i i u sach vao trUdng, n g i m cho gia n h a n l^m thay quyen thi dUa vao c h i m de l i y Nhd ngUdi lam bai hoSc lam bai sSn cho ngUdi t h i (?) C h i m bai thi sai quyen dang cho trUdt; thieu diem ma v i n do, c h i m bai t h i theo cam tinh Hach sach tien, cua cua ngUdi da dd T a m trUdng, TQ trUdng 11 Khao hach bai bUa bai 12 Sl tQ do't pha trUdng thi Cac d a n c h i i n g Trong t h i HUdng T r o n g thi Hoi thi dinh Cac kj> thi - 1664 Nguyin Khiem Hanh - 1757 Tinh trang trUdc 1711 Dinh Thi Trung, Le Quy Kiet - 1775 Tham Chinh Thanh Hoa Vu C i u Hdi, Tham chinh Sdn Tay Le Chi Dao - 1673 Tham Chinh Thanh Hoa Phi Chua Trinh nhd Vu C i u Hdi, Tham chinh c h i m bai cho em Sdn Tay Le Chf Dao - 1673 trai 1786 Ngo Sach Du - Phii Doan phu Phung Thien - 1673 Giam thi trUdng Phung Thien-1717 Tham Chinh Sdn Tay Le Chf Dao- 1673 Nguyen Trat - 1623 (4) TrUdng hdp Nguyen v a n Quang - 1631 - Ngo Thi Sy - 1776 Nha mon hai ty ThQa, Hien - 1687 Cac trUdng thi ThanhNghe, Phung Thien - 1698 TrUdng Nghe An- 1743 TrUdng Thanh Hda - 1774 Khao hach (kiim tra lai chd't lUOng) so ngUdi dd thi dd d tdt cd cdc cdp, nhdt Id cdp thi Huong Nam 1511: Thdng dinh rd li thi Huong giao cho xd trUdng lap sd cung kit ve hgc trd xd, cd't Id co thiic liic hgc chii khdng ki so lugng nhieu it dUa lin cho bdn quan chdu huyen khao mdt ky dm td, quan phu huyen khao ba bdi kinh nghia, quan Thiia hiin hdi ddng khao thi nhU le Niu cd tu tinh, phdt gidc dugc thi bi tri tdi" Nam 1664: Thiin hg cho rdng phdn Idn nhiing Sinh trung cdc khoa trUdc chUa phdi Id gioi, ben cho phuc khao Sinh dd cdc xii dd ddu ba khoa Ty, Mao, Ddu, d bdi cdt giiia sdng Nhi Hd NgUdi dgt vdn Id Sinh do, ngUdi khdng dgt thi dUOc hgc thim hai ndm di dii thi HUOng lan nda Niu thi Rghien ciJru Ljch stir, sg 9.2007 22 khdng ddu thi phdi vi ldm ddn, chiu sai dich ,_ NhQng nam 1698, 1726, 1751, 1774 cic ddi chua Trinh da td chQc thi khao lai cic sinh dd vdi sd'lUdng Idn Thay ddi thi vdn thi, cdch di, cham thi N&m 1711: Li cu, quan trUdng de, nhu vdn tii luc chdng qua khoang mUdi de, phu chdng qua nam, ba di, din dd thdnh nip khdng hi thay doi Din ndi ngUdi hgc phdn nhieu sogn sdn truyen cho hgc thudc long, ngUdi thi cii theo bdi dd hgc chep nguyin vdn Quan trU&ng khao duyet lai cho rdng cdc bdi gid'ng Id sii thudng, cho nin dieu cam viec mang sdch vd vdo trUdng vd di thi gium nghiem ngdt nhUng ke thi dau phdn nhiiu Igi khdng cd thiic hgc Din ddy nghi cdch thay doi thoi tuc te Nam 1720: Nghi dinh rdng thi HUOng trUdc deu quan coi thi de, din ddy bdn rang vi ky thi thii ba vd thd tU Id dip quyit khoa cua sl td, ben ddc minh sai quan d kinh tdi phd chua nghi di dang trinh, rSi sai ngUdi theo ngUa tram chuyin vi cdc trudng Riing viing Thanh • Nghe b xa thi vdn giao cho cdc quan Hiin sdt ldm Khdm sai md sdch de nhU cd " Tdng han ngach lay NhUng, cai l u a n q u i n cua cac cai each khoa cii cua trieu dinh, nha't la th'3i Le Trinh gid'ng nhU Con kiin md leo canh da, leo phdi canh cdc leo leo vdo, la d chd nao: "bo vdn sdch ludn thi ldm van bdt CO, bo vdn bdt co Igi ldm vdn sdch ludn" Tieu eye khoa cQ Nho hgc gin nhu la mgt thugc tinh, mdt cSn benh "nan y" cang chQa cang lan siu, chQa trieu chQng nay, trieu chQng khac Phan Huy Chu tQng cho r i n g chinh qua thi cii l i the hien suy thinh cua quoc gia V Khdng phai chi den Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc mdi nhan nhQng b i t cip cua che khoa c^ Bang 3: Tang h a n ngach lay t r o n g thi Hifofng (ttt 1720-1771) Stt Nam T h i Hifo(ng 1720 1726 1743 1768 Trudng Sdn Nam P h u P h u n g Thien Hang Tam trUdng tQ 100 len 150 H a n g TQ trUdng tQ 10 len 20 L i y t h e m ngach d trUdng thi HUdng vi dau nfim canh Hung gap nhieu thien tai, binh iQa khoa thi trUdc p h a i hoan Khoi phuc lai so' d trUdng thi Sdn N a m Quy dinh so' sinh dd: + TrUdng Sdn N a m la 1.000 TQ trQdng \k 100 -1- T h a n h Hda 100 -1- Nghe An, Kinh Bic, Hai DQdng, Sdn Tay: 80 + P h u n g Thien: 20 + An Quang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, H u n g Hda, Bd' Chanh; cQ 10 ngUdi thi l i y t h e m ngUdi 1771 Qugc dan dgc bin ciia Bgng Kinh RghIa Thuc 23 TQ the ky XVIII - XIX, khdng cd the ky nao khdng cd nhQng ngUdi tran trd, phe phan ve tinh trang khoa cQ Nho hgc, tQ ndi dung, muc dich hgc tap, each hgc, each thi cii, ching han: The ky XVIII, vdi nhQng kien nghi cua Bui Si Tiem, Ngd Thi Si, Le Quy Ddn Hdi nho thi hgc nhiing sdch thiin vdn, dia ly, phong tuc thdi xUa cua Trung Hoa (md bay gid hg dd sita khdc rdi), din Idn di ldm lai phdi theo thien vdn, dia ly chdnh sii, phong tuc cua nUdc Nam khdng dinh ddng gi din sdch hgc cd That Id gido due ngugc ddi" (5) The ky XIX, Nguyin TrUdng To (18281871) de x u i t "8 viec can l i m ngay" (Te cap bat dieu) cho r i n g dd la nen giao due "ngUOc ddi" dng chi "chung ta cdu ni tap qudn ddi xUa siing thUOng vdn chuong phii phiim nin chUa tung hodnh bd'n bi dugc Hdi be thi hgc vdn tii, thi phu, din Idn thi Igi ldm nhiing viec thudc lugt, lich, binh, hinh Hdi cdn be thi hgc Son Ddng, SOn Tdy, d ddu ddu, din Idn ldm viec thi Igi di Nam Ky, Bdc Ky Den Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc thi hinh thQc phe phan khdng chi dQng lai d mQc ly thuyet, d tQng diem nQa, ma la chieu hau, la phe phan toan bd mgt h? thdng, l i tuyen chien quyet liet bang chinh md hinh tren thQc te - du chi tdn tai ngin ngui - nhQng rat rd rang, tren chinh manh d i t cd lich sQ ngan nam cua truyen thdng khoa cQ - khoa hoan Sy quye't liet va vl dai cua Ddng Kinh Nghia Thuc vdi sQ nghiep giao due la d chd CHU THICH (1) Xem ldi gi6i thi^u Tha vdn Ddng kinh nghia thuc Nxb Vfin hoa - Cue LUu trii Nhfi nU6c - Vien Viin dong Bac co Phap, Hfi Noi, 1997 (2) Khoa cit Tii dien Hdn - Viet cua Dfio Duy Anh