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Bài viết tập trung trình bày những nét chính trong quan điểm của Jonathan Culpeper về quan điểm bất lịch sự ở góc độ hành vi ngôn ngữ, đó là khái niệm bất lịch sử, hai kiểu bất lịch sự chính và các chiến lược bất lịch sự.
NG6N NGC & Btn S6NG I N G Q N NGU" HQC VA VIET NGU' S6 (243)-2016 HO^ VE QUAN DIEM BAT LICH SV* CUA JONATHAN CULPEPER AN INTRODUCTION TO JONATHAN CULPEPER'S THEORY OF IMPOLITENESS PHAM TBI TUY^T MINH (ThS; Dai hpc Ngo^i thiromg H^ N$i) Abstract: This paper infroduces the main ideas in Culpeper's perception of impoliteness, including bis definition of impoliteness, two kinds of impoliteness (inherent impoliteness and mock impoliteness) and impoliteness strategies This impoliteness framework is parallel but opposite to Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness Key words: impoliteness; definition of impoliteness; two kinds of impoliteness; impoliteness strategies Imb vyc nghidn cftu da ngdnh Tlieo dng, cac M d d a u K I tft cuon sdch "Politeness: some ITnh vyc khoa hgc khdc nhu tam li hpc, xd h$i universals of language usage" (1979; 1987) ciia hpc, truyln thdng, nghidn cftu xung dpt, kinh P Brown va S Levinson ddi, lich su dd thu doanh, lich sft hay vdn hpc deu c6 lien quan den hut sy quan tam, tim bilu cua nhieu hpc gia, bat Ijch sy Bat lich sy Id mdt van de mang tinh "trd thdnh mft nhftng van de dugc nghien chdt phftc hgp, da chilu Trong bai vilt ndy, cftu nhilu nhdt eda ngft dyng hpc" [11, 536] chung tdi tdp Irung trinh bdy nhtjng ndt eiiinh Trong hon ba muoi nam qua, li thuylt lich sy frong quan dilm cua Culpeper v l bat lich sy chd yeu tap trung vdo cdch thftc sft dyng cdc gdc dp hanh vi ngdn ngft, dd Id khai niem bat chiln luge giao tiep dl tri bay thuc day mli Ijch sy, hai kieu bat Ijch sy chinh va cac chien quan h? hod hpp giua ngudi vdi ngudi lupc bdt Ijch sy xa hpi: (Vai trd cua nguyen tdc lich sy la) Gidi thi^u n$i dung: bat l{ch sy "duy tri t r ^ g thai on djnh ve mat xa hpi va moi 2.1 D{nh nghta vi bat Ijch s^ quan b? than thi^n tot d^p dd cho phdp Dua djnh ngbta ddy dii ve bat lich sy qua chiing ta gid dinh rdng ngudi doi tho^i cua Id mOt thft thach bdi, qua cdc bdi vilt vl bat Ijch chiing ta dugc bgp tdc tft ddu" [9,82] sy cho thdy "khdng cd mpt sy thing nhdt nao vh Tuy nhidn, cdc cu^c giao tilp khdng phdi luc cdi gpi la bdt lich sy" [Dt 8, 21] Li don gi^ nao ciing mang tinh hgp tdc, xung dpt vin Id vi, vi^c danh gid mpt hdnh vi ngdn ngft la Ijch khdng ngijmg dien Trong nhieu trudng hgp, sy hay khdng lich sy phu tbu0c vdo rat nhi^u ngudi ndi lai "tan cdng" hon Id hpp tdc vdi ylu to cd ngft ednh Vi dy, hd hdt vil ngudi doi tho?ti Do v^y, gan ddy, bdn canh Ijch ndi nbihig cau cd tinh chdt xue pham vdi mOt sy, cdc nha nghidn cftu bfit dau quan tdm hon ngudi gid sing m^t ngd nhd ydn ttnh cd din van de d ben cyc ben eda nd - bdt Ijch thi bj coi Id cyc kl bdt Ijch sy nhimg ciing phat sy ma nhu each ndi cua Sifanou (2010), ndm ngdn dy d giiia ddm ddng c l vii bdng dd cd the 2008 dupe coi la "ndm cfta bat lich sy" ("The l^i khdng nhu v^y Ljcb sy phy thu^c rdt nhieu year of impoliteness") [12, 119] E)d la ndm vdo cdch nlun nh|n ciia ngudi nghe vdi vi$c chftng kien sy xudt bi?n rihieu cdng trinh nghidn ngudi khdc ndi (lam) nbu thi nao vd mli quan cftu cd gid tri cua cac tdc gid nhu: Bousfield, b$ cija hanh dpng ndi vdi ngft ednh Locher va Jonathan Culpeper Jonathan Theo Culpeper ,"Hdnh vi bat lich sy xuat Culpeper la mpt nhftng cdi ten dugc nhdc hi§n khi: (1) ngudi ndi tdn cdng thi di?n m$t din nhieu bdi dng cd nhieu cdng trinh nghidn cdch c l ^, hay (2) ngudi nghe nhgn thftc dupe, cftu chuydn sdu ve ljcb sy, bdt lich sy Ong de - 4t nghien cftu bat ljcb sy vdi tu each Id mOt cd thi cung dua hdnh vi tdn cdng tbi di?n mpt each c l S> hodc kit hpp cd (1) va (2)" [8, s l (243)-2Q16 NG6N NGtr & Btfl S6NG 23] Dinh ngbta ndy nhdn m ^ hai van dl quan ni§m ve bdt ljcb sy cua Culpeper Thft nhdt, hdnh vi bdt lich sy xudt hi?n cd sy tdn cdng thi di§n Thft hai, hdnh vi dy khdng ngau nhidn, vd tinh md ndm sy tfnh todn cua ngudi ndi (cl y) Hanh vi dy dugc ngudi nghe nh§n thftc, hp ed nhftng bilu bipn edm xdc tidu eye h o ^ dua hdnh vi tdn cdng thi di$n d l ddp frd Nhu vdy, bit lich sy chi xay tuong tdc x3 hdi, khdng chi gidn dcm la nbOng gi ngudi ndi phat ma cdn phy thude vdo nh$n thftc cfta ngudi nghe Tuy nhidn,sau m^t thdi gian, chinh Culpeper ty n h ^ thdy each djnh ngbia khdng hgp li, vi nd dd "ddng dinh" khdi nifm bdt Ijch sy vao khai ni$m " t ^ cdng thi di$n" [8, 23] Cdch 1dm ndy chdng khdc nao vifc dijng khdi nifm (ma chinh nd cdn dang gdy tranh cdi) dl gidi thich khdi nifm vd cd tbi khdng bao quat dupe tat cd cac trudng hgp bdt ljcb su Sau ndy, cuIn "Impoliteness using language to cause offence'^ (2011), Culpeper da dua quan nifm: Bdt lich sy la thdi dd tidu cyc dii vdi nhthig bdnh vi cy thi diln m^t ngft ednh cy till Nd dugc tri bdi sy ki vgng, khat khao va O^^y) niem tin vdo mpt to chftc xd bfi, d$c bift Id cdch ngudi ta ddn xIp mdt cd nhdn hay nhdm cupe tuong tac Cac hdnh vi dd dugc xem la tieu cyc - bdt Ijch sy chung mdu thudn vdi dilu ngudi ta kl vpng chdng nbu thi nao, muon chdng va nght chiing nen the ndo Nhihig hdnh vi nhu v$y ludn cd (bay dugc thira n h ^ Id cd) gay mOt tdc ddng v l m^t edm xiic vdi it nhdt mpt n g i ^ tham gia, chung gay (bay dugc thira nhdn Id gdy ra) sy xiic pham Cdc nhdn M khdc cd thi khiln miirc df xiic pham cua bdnh vi bdt Ijch sy tdng cudng thdm, vi dy nbu vifc ngudi nghe bilu hanh vi dd cd co y hay khdng" [8,23] Trong djnh ngbta mdi ndy, tdc gid da trdnh khdng dftng din khdi nifm **tihl difn" Mft m|it, dng vdn tri mpt so nfi dung djuh nghta cu nhu: hdnh vi bdt Ijch sy gay tdc dfng tidu cyc v l edm xue vdi ngudi n ^ e (edm thdy hi xiic pham); phy thufc vdo n h ^ thftc ciia ngudi nghe Mdt khac, dng dua co sd de xdc dinh mft bdnh vi cd bdt Ijch sy hay khdng: mft 25 bdnh vi dugc coi Id tidu cyc cd sy mdu thuan giiia chftng vdi kl vpng, suy nght, mong muon ciia ngudi tilp nh|n Dinh ngbta mdi cy thi bon, dugc dng phan tich Id ludng frong cuIn "Impoliteness using language to cause offence" vd cdc bdi viet gan day v l bdt Ijch sy 2.2 Hai kieu bit lieh s^ Culpeper (1996) ehia hdnh vi bdt ljcb sy thdnh hai lo^: "inherent impoliteness" (tam djch Id "bdt lich su thtfc hiru" hay "bdt Ifch s{e dich th{fc") vd "mock impoliteness" (t^un dich Id "bdt Ifch su gieu nhgi" bay "bdt Ifch su gid') Culpeper eho rdng, cd nhthig hdnh vi bdm sinh dd de do9 the difn cua ngudi ndi bdt chap ngft cdnh, nhihig hdnh vi ndy ggi Id hdnh vi bdt ljcb sy CO hihi (bat ljcb sy thyc) Ngodi ra, cd nhiing hdnh vi b l mdt Id bdt ljcb sy nhung ngudi ndi khdng e l ^ lam tin thuong ngudi khac thi dugc gpi Id hdnh vi bat lich sy gieu nh^i (bdt lich sy gi4)._ Ve bdt Ijch sy thyc hftu, quan dilm ciia Culpeper ciing tuong ding vdi quan diem cua mft so nhd nghidn cftu di tiudc Leech (1983) da phan bift "Ijch sy tuong doi" ("relative politeness") vd "ljcb sy tuyft doi" ("absolute politeness") Ljcb sy tuong dii chl hanh vi ljcb sy cd lidn quan din mgt ngft ednh nhat djnh, dd Ijeh sy tuyft dii chi bdnh vi ljcb sy dpc IIP vdi ngft ednh Vdi ljcb sy tuyft doi Leech khdng djnh: "Mft s l hanh dfng d ldi cd tfnh bdt Ijch sy v l bdn chdt vd mft s l khdc l^i cd tfnh Ijch sy v l bdn cbdt"[9, 83] Tuong ty, xdy dyng md hinb Ijch sy ldy thi difn lam tiling tdm, Brown vd Levinson (1987) ciing vilt rdng: " cd mpt so lo^i hanh vi ma bdn chat da de do? the difn" [5, 65] Ndi each khdc, hp cho rdng cd nhthig hdnh vi nhdt djnh (vi dy: ydu cdu, de doa, phd binh) chong l^i till difn duong tinh eda mpt dd, chong l^i mong muln dupe ung hf va/hay dii l|ip vdi till difn am tinh ciia mft dd, dii \^p vdi mong muon khdng bj dp ( ^ N I U nhin tong qudt cdc hanh vi ngdn ngft, chftng ta cd thi ding tinh vdi -y kiln cho rdng mft s l hdnh vi vin mang tinh Ijch sy cd nhftng hdnh vi von dd bdt ljcb sy Culpeper ndu vi dy ve hdnh vi bat Ijch sy c l bOu nhu sau: 26 NGON N G f & P S N G "Tdi Id mpt so ba hdnh khdeh dan^ d xe to Ngudi ldi xe cd ve rdt cdng thdng Anh dy da bgt cdn ggt nude mgc dii trdi khdng mua Tdi muon ndi vdi anh dy tdt cdi cdn g0 ay di nhimg khdng may Id bdt ctr ldi di nghf ndo (dit cd Ifch s\c den ddu) cung se hudng syr chu y tdi cdi cdn dang bgt mpt cdch vd li Ida vd do se lam tdn hgi den the di^n duong tinh ciia anh ay Vi vgy, tdi quyet dfnh im Idng" Culpeper cdn nhdn m^nb rdng, bat eft ldi ndi ndo khien ngudi khac ehii y din nhihig bdnh vi phdn edm (nbu ngody mui, ngoay tai hay trung tifn d cbo ddng ngudi) diu mang tinh bdt Ijch sy CO hiiu Vi dy, vdi ldi d l nghi "Bgn cd thi dimg ngody mUi nita dirge khdngT\ cho dii ngudi ndi cd thyc hifn day du cdc chien luge ljcb sy bay thay doi ngft ednh thi phat ngdn dd vdn mang tfnh bdt ljcb sy Bdng vifc luu tdm mft khia c?nb dang che trdeh cua ngudi n h ^ , ldi ndi da gay mft ton hgi khdng thi trdnh den thi difn duong tinh eiia anh ta/cd ta Tuy nhidn, Culpeper ciing luu y: "Niu nhiing hdnh dpng phdn cam trin tin tgi nhu mpt IS thudng dugc chap nhgn mpt so nen vdn hod (nhu g mpt s6 nin van hod), tdt nhien, hdnh dpng dd sS khong bf coi Id bdt Ijch J(f" [6, 351 ] Bdt licit sj^giiu nhgi Bat ljcb sy gieu nhgi Id logi hanh vi bdt Ijch sy cd ddu hifu v l hinh thftc nhung ngudi nghe bilu rdng ngudi ndi khdng co y lam ngudi nghe tin thuong Vi du, mft lan tdi din mdt biia tifc mufn vd giai thich vdi chu biia tifc la tdi dd nhdm 17 gid thdnh gid toi, ehii nhd ^ cudi va ndi: "Dung Id dd ngd ngdn" Tdi biet hanh dfng bdt ljcb sy d day chi Id trdn b l mat, ngudi ndi khdng cd y gj vd tdi vdn dugc mdi vao bfta tifc Leech (1983) cung da d l c§p den hifn tugng ndy xIp nd vdo nguydn tde diia vui ("Banter Principle") [9,144] Leech cbo rdng, nhiing c3u ndi diia phan anb va khuyin khich bau khdng thdn mat xa bf i (tftc la sy binh ddng tuong doi ve quyIn the vd sy gdn giii vd khoang each xd hpi): moi quan hf edng than mdt thi tdm quan tii?ng vd sy can thilt ciia lich sy cdng gidm Ndi each khac, tiidn mgt tbi khdng cdn ljcb sy vd vide dung nbOng phdt ngdn bdt ljcb sy bl ngoai cang till hifn sy than m|t RS rdng s l (243)-2016 dilu chi till hifn ngft ednh md hit ljcb sy dupe bilu Id sy diia vui Tuy nhidn, Leech khdng xdc djnh rd ngft ednh cd thi bao gIm nhftng yeu t l ndo 2.3 Cdc chiin luge bat Ifch sft Md hlnh bdt ljcb sy cfta Culpeper dua trgn md hinh ljcb sy cua Brown va Levinson Culpeper coi bdt lich sy Id "v^t ki sinh" eiia Ijch sy ("the parasite of politeness") [6,355] Brown vd Levinson (1987) cho rdng, neu dd thyc hifn mft phdt ngdn cd khd ndng de dog thi di^n cfta nhiing ngydi tham gia thi ngudi ta se th^ hifn cdc ehiln luge ljcb sy phii hpp vdi hdnh vi de dog tbi didn dy Sau dd, ngudi ta se tinh t o ^ mftc df de dog tbi difn cua hdnh vi cd liSn quan Dieu dugc thyc hifn bdng cdch xem xdt cdc ylu t l chinh anh hudng din sy de do^ thi difn nhu quyen lyc, khodng cdch xa hfi, mftc dp dp dgt cfta hanh dpng Gid trj ciia c^ ylu t l trdn dugc cf ng lgi d l tinh todn mftc dp dnh hudng cua mft bdnh vi de dog the difn (gpi tdt Id FTA) Brown vd Levinson de xuat nam sieu chiln luge ("superstrategies") d l thyc hifn bdnh dpng FTA Cdc sieu chien luge dupe tdm tdt dudi day, sidu ehiln luge ddu tidn tuong iing vdi mftc dp de dog till difn cao nhdt, sidu chi^n luge culi tucmg ftng vdi mftc df de dog thi di?n thap nhdt (1) Thuc hi^n FTA theo loi ndi trdng - cic FTA dugc tiiye hifn "mft cdch tiyc tilp nhdt, nS rang nhdt, theo mpt each ngdn gpn va don nghia" [5, 69] (2) Lfch s{c duong tinh - dimg cac chien lin?c Ijch sy de bii d&p mong muln vl the difn ducmg tinh ciia ngudi nghe (3) Lfch Sir dm tinh - dtmg cdc chiln luge Ijch sy de bd ddp mong muon vl thi difn dm tinh cila ngudi nghe (4) Thgc hi?n FTA theo loi ndi kin (5) Khong thvc hi?n FTA Dya vao eac chiln luge ljcb sy cua Brown v^ Levonson, Culpeper dl xudt sidu chiln lupc bdt Ijeh sy Ndm sieu ehiln luge bat Ijch sy it thi dii lgp vdi nam sidu ebiln l u ^ ljcb s\f Thay vl cung co hay de cao till difn, cdc sifiu chien luge bat Ijch sy cy tiil hod cdc edch thiic tdn edng till difn S6 (243)-2016 NGON N G C & D d i (1) £>ung ldi noi trdng ("Bald on record impoliteness"): Cdc hanh vi FTA dugc thi hifn mpt each trye tiep nhdt, rS rang, don nghta, ngdn gpn Khi dd, the difn khdng diR?c chft -^ hodc bj ddnh ^ a thdp Can phdn bift chiln luge ndy vdi chiln lupc "ndi ti^g" cua Brown va Levinson "Ndi trdn^' Id chiln luge Iieh sy tiirdng hgp khd d§c bift Chdng hgn, khdn cdp, sy de doa din thi difn cua ngudi nghe khdng ddng kl (vi dy, edc cdu mfnh Ifnh: "vdo di", "ngdi xudn^'),^ ho$e ngudi ndi cd quyen lyc cao bon nhidu so vdi nguin nghe (vi dy, b l m? ndi vdi con: "Bitng keu ca nQa df) Trong tdt cd cdc tiv^mg hgp vfta kl fren, sy de dog thi difn khdng Idn vd quan trpng hon, nguM ndi khdng chu tdm tan cdng thi difn cfta ngudi nghe (2) Bat lich su duong tinh (Positive impoliteness) Sft dyng cdc chiln luge dk lam ton thuong mong muon vl till difn duong tinh cua ngudi nhgn (3) Bdt lich sy dm tinh (Negative impoliteness) Sft dyng cdc chiln luge de Iam tin tiiuong mong muln vl tiie difn am tfnh ciia ngudi nhdn (A) Loi ndi Ijch su theo kiiu mia mai hay gieu nhgi (Sarcasm or mock politeness) Sft dyng c ^ chien luge ljcb sy rd rdng Id khdng flrnnh tiiye, vi till cd thi tiidy rd hdnh vi FTA frdn be m ^ cau chft Quan nifm ciia Culpeper ve mla mai ("sarcasm") gan vdi khai nifm ciia Leech (1983") vl chdm biem ("irony"), ^ g dua nguyen tdc eham biem ("Irony Principle"IP) nhu sau: "Neu bgn phdi xiic phgm ngudi khac, tot nhdt dung xung dft vdi nguydn tdc Ijch sy C'politeness principle" - PP) mft cdch cdng khai md hay sft dung hdm y dl lam cho ngudi nghe hieu myc dich xiie phgm ciia bgn" [9, 82] (5) Tit chdi hdnh vi lich s{r (Withhold politeness) Khdng sft dyng cac chien luge ljcb sy d nhftng cho md ddng phai dimg [ ] Vf dy, khdng edm cm ngudi t$ng qud cd thi coi la bdt lich sy c l •^, Sy ddnh gid mftc df dnh hudng ciia FTA cdng thftc ciia Brown va Levinson ciing cd thi dp dyng vdi bdt Ijch sy Mftc df dp dSt S6NG 27 cfta hanh vi cang eao, quyIn lyc vd khodng each giiia ngudi ndi vdi ngudi nghe cdng chdnh Ifch thi mftc dp de dog the difn cdng Idn N I U SO sanh md hhih cfta Culpeper vd Brown & Levinson, chung ta sd nhgn tiidy thyc t l chftng tuong tu chl khdc Id chftng d bai cyc dii l^nhau Culpeper cftng ndu cy thi cac chien luge bdt lich sy duong tfnh va cdc chien luge bdt Ijch sy am tinh: Thir nhdi, cdc chiin luge bdt Ifch su duong tinh, gIm: a Phdt Id ngudi khdc (Ignore, snub the other): td khdng quan tdm din sy hifn difn cua ngudi khdc b.Tach ngudi khdc khdi mpt hogt dpng (Occlude the other from an activity) c Xa cdch vdi ngudi khdc (Disassociate from the other) Vi dy, tii chii sy bgp tdc, trdnh nhChig cdi chung; frdnh ngli ciing d Khong quan tdm, khong Io long, khong thdng edm (Be disinterested unconcerned, unsympcahetic) d Sir djfng nhiing ddu hi$u nhgn di^n khong phu hgp (Use inappropriate identity markers) Vi dy, su dyng daih hifu, tudc vj, hp mli quan bf gan hay sft dyng bift danh mli quan hf xa e.Sit dyng ngon ngii ma hi, khd hiiu hay ngon ngii bl mgt nhom (Use obscure or secretive language) Vi dy, lam vd bi dn vdi bift ngit, sft dyng mS ridng chi nhiing ngudi nhdm bilt g.Tim kiim sv bdt din (Seek disagreement): chpn nhftng dl tai nhgy edm hKhiin ngudi khdc edm thdy khong thodi mdi (Make the other feel uncomfortable) Vi dy: im l$ng, ndi diia, bay ndi thdm i.Sit dimg tit ngfi: edm ki (Use taboo words) Chdi rda hay d ^ g cdc ngdn ngft xdc phgm, tyc tiu kGgi tin khdc (Call the other names) Diing ldi gidi thif u mang tfnh mift thj v.v Thu hai, cdc chiin luge bdt Ifch sir dm tinh gom: 28 NGON N G C & D d i a.Khien ngudi khdc sg hdi (Frighten) Khiln ngudi khdc tin rdng sd co sy vifc khdng hay xdy vdi hp (dog ngudi khac) b.Ra ve, khinh bi hc^ nhgo bdng (Condescend, scorn or ridicule): Nhan mgnh quyIn lyc; khdng dii xft tft tl; coi tiiudng ngudi khdc (vi dy: dung cdc tii ngii giam nghta ("diminutives") cChiim khdng gian eda ngudi khdc (Invade the other's space) Cym tft ndy dugc hieu theo dfing nghta den (ty dgt vj tri gdn vdi ngudi khdc hon mli quan hf cho phep) hay nghta bdng, nghta an dy (vi dy, hdi bay ndi vl thdng tin qua ridng tu so vdi moi quan hf) d Gdn ngu&i nghe vdi edc khia cgnh tiiu c^ mpt cdch 10 Uiu (Explicitly associate the other with a negative aspect) Cd nhdn hod, dimg cdc dgi tft nhu: "/" 'Tou" d Noi thdng sv mdc ng eda ngudi khdc (Put the other's indebtedness on record) Ben canh nhftng chiln luge tren, edu tnic hfi tiiogi cung Id mpt nhiing phuong thftc the hifn ljcb sy (bdt lich sy) Brown vd Levinson da chl rdng, "sy vi pham lugt ldi (ngdt ldi, phdt Id Idi ngudi ndi, khdng trd ldi cdu hdi ciia lugt trudc) deu Id cdc FTAs" [5, 233] Ngoai ra, Culpeper cimg chi rdng ed nhilu hanh vi phi ngdn tft vd hanh vi kem ngdn ngft ("paralinguistic") cd thi Id hdnh vi bdt ljcb sy, de dog the difn Ong cung ndi rdng li thuyet ciia Brown va Levinson ciing chua chii y din khia canh cfta bdt ljcb sy Theo Culpeper, bet to hay trdnh giao tiep bdng mdt cung cd tbi la hdnh vi bdt ljcb su K i t lugn Tim bilu H thuylt Ijch sy theo hudng md rf ng sang cde eupc giao tilp mang tinh tuong phdn hay dii ddu khdng phdi Id hudng nghidn cftu mdi Nhieu tdc gia da md rfng phgm vi nghien cuu theo hudng ndy nhu: Craig (1986), Lui (1986), Lakoff (1989), Tracy (1990) va Penman (1990), Tuy nhien, ehua cd mpt nghien cftu ndo t^p trung todn difn vao vdn de bdt ljcb su, c6 gdng phan tich cy tbi cdch thftc hogt dfng vd co sd Ii thuylt ciia nd Culpeper S6NG s l (243)-2016 da cd nhftng ddng gdp dang ghi nhgn vifc nghidn cftu bdt ljcb sy - mft vdn de mi theo dng Id cdn bi "Idng qudn" [6, 366] Troog phgm vi cua mgt bai bdo, chftng tdi khdng till gidi thifu day dft vd kt ludng toan bf quan nifm vl Ijch sy (bdt Ijch sy) eua Culpeper Hi vpng, tuong lai chung tdi sd frd Igi van dl ndy vdi phgm vi rfng hon va vdi nhung kiln gidi sau sac ban TAI L i f u THAM KHAO Tiing Vift Difp Quang Ban (2010), TH diin thugt ngU ngdn nga hgc (sa thao), Nxb Gifio dye, H £)5 Hftu ChSu (2006), Dgi cuang ngon «gff hpc t i p Ngtt dyng hgc, Nxb Gi4o dye, H Ngdn ngU vd x3 h$i - mgt cdch tiip cgn lien nganh (Vfl Thj Thanh Huong, Hoing Tii QuSn djch; 2006), Nxb T h i gjdi, H Nh6m djch gi4 (2012), Tie diin xa hgi hgc Oxford, Nxb D^ii h(?c Qu6c gia H i Nfi, H Tiing Anb Brown, Penelope and Stephen Levinson (1987), Politeness: Some universals in language usage Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Culpeper, Jonathan (1996), Towards an anlomy of impoliteness Joumal of pragmatics 25, 349- 367 Culpeper, Jonathan, Impoliteness strategies, http://www.academia.edu/836866Q/IinpolitCTess strategies Culpeper, Jonathan (2011), Impoliteness • using language to cause offence Cambridge University Press Leech, Geoffrey (1983), Principles ^ pragmatics London: Longman 10 Piia Kuntsi (2012), Politeness md Impoliteness strategies used ly lawyers in the "Dover trial" - a case study, English Language Pro Graduthesis English Department 11 Pilar, Garees Conejos, Blivich (2010) Indotruction: The status-quo and quo vadis (jf impoliteness research, Intercultural Pragmatics 7-4, 535-559 12 Sifianou, Maria (2010), Review of M Loche and D Bousfield (eds.) Impoliteness and pav/a: Studies on its interplay with power in theory ani practice, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruytfl, Language in S o c i e ^ 39,119-122 ... usage Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Culpeper, Jonathan (1996), Towards an anlomy of impoliteness Joumal of pragmatics 25, 349- 367 Culpeper, Jonathan, Impoliteness strategies, http://www.academia.edu/836866Q/IinpolitCTess... hdnh vi bat lich sy gieu nh^i (bdt lich sy gi4)._ Ve bdt Ijch sy thyc hftu, quan dilm ciia Culpeper ciing tuong ding vdi quan diem cua mft so nhd nghidn cftu di tiudc Leech (1983) da phan bift "Ijch...s l (243)-2Q16 NG6N NGtr & Btfl S6NG 23] Dinh ngbta ndy nhdn m ^ hai van dl quan ni§m ve bdt ljcb sy cua Culpeper Thft nhdt, hdnh vi bdt lich sy xudt hi?n cd sy tdn cdng thi di§n Thft hai,