Đề tài triết học " Về quan điểm đạo đức học của chủ nghĩa hậu hiện đại " doc

NhVng R\r hi\ru roj n^ki dung sZu xa, thVkc chZpt cuia chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki, chugng ta kh^ng th\r dVhng laki Ti Rog, mah thVkc sVk cZqn phaii ti\pp nhZkn nog nhV m^kt traho lVu tri

rong vahi nXm gZqn RZy, cagc thuZkt

ngVj hZku hi\kn Raki (postmodern) vah

“chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki”

(postmod-ernisme) Raj RVTkc nhXlc R\pn nhi\qu Ti Vi\kt

Nam, RXkc bi\kt lah trong lcnh vVkc vXn hokc,

ngh\k thuZkt NhVng R\r hi\ru roj n^ki dung

sZu xa, thVkc chZpt cuia chui nghca hZku hi\kn

Raki, chugng ta kh^ng th\r dVhng laki Ti Rog, mah

thVkc sVk cZqn phaii ti\pp nhZkn nog nhV m^kt

traho lVu tri\pt hokc phVTng TZy hi\kn Raki VTgi

tV cagch nahy, chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki Raj gogp

phZqn hoahn thahnh m^kt trong nhVjng nhi\km

vuk cT bain cuia tri\pt hokc nogi chung lah hanh

thahnh vXn hoga tri\pt hokc cag nhZn hay nhZn

cagch R^kc Rago Cagch RXkt vZpn R\q nhV vZky cho

phegp chugng ta cog RVTkc cagi nhan tVh gogc R^k

Rako RVgc hokc v\q chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki

Trong bahi vi\pt nahy, chugng t^i R\q cZkp m^kt

vahi cagch ti\pp cZkn vTgi quan Ri\rm Rako RVgc

hokc theo chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki

TrVTgc h\pt, “chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki”

n\n RVTkc xem nhV m^kt phong traho vXn

hoga — tri\pt hokc ThuZkt ngVj “hZku hi\kn Raki”

lZqn RZqu ti\n RVTkc ai RVa ra vah RVa ra R\r

lahm ga — vZpn R\q nahy Raj gZy nhi\qu tranh

caji trong giTgi hokc thuZkt tr\n th\p giTgi,

nhVng Ri\qu rZpt roj rahng lah, tVh nXm 1979,

khi tagc phZrm HoaUn caVnh hKXu hiMXn DaXi(**)

cuia nhah tri\pt hokc Phagp - Jean Francois Lyotard (1924 - 1998) ra RThi tha “hZku hi\kn Raki” bXlt RZqu trTi thahnh m^kt thuZkt ngVj thThi thVTkng trong giTgi nghi\n cVgu khoa hokc xaj h^ki Lyotard soakn tagc phZrm nahy nhV m^kt bago cago thZrm Rdnh theo RTn RXkt hahng cuia H^ki R^qng khoa hokc thu^kc Saki hokc Quesbec (Canada) v\q vi\kc hoakch Rdnh m^kt ch`nh sagch lZu dahi cho Raki hokc vah khoa hokc Ti cagc nVTgc phagt tri\rn trong b^pi cainh chdu sVk tagc R^kng maknh mej cuia c^ng ngh\k th^ng tin hi\kn Raki Tagc phZrm nhanh chogng mTi ra cu^kc tranh luZkn s^i n^ri vah kego dahi xung quanh h\k vZpn R\q th\p naho lah hZku hi\kn Raki Khagi ni\km “hZku hi\kn Raki” nhan chung RVTkc sVi dukng R\r nhZpn maknh xu hVTgng chuy\rn ti\pp cuia nhZn loaki sang m^kt thThi Raki mTgi ThThi hZku hi\kn Raki RVTkc RXkc trVng bTii sVk gia tXng t`nh Ra dakng vXn hoga vah sVk ch^pi boi tV duy toahn th\r hoga, thuZqn nhZpt Nogi cagch khagc, vXn hoga hZku hi\kn Raki Rang

Ti trong b^pi cainh cZqn xem xegt laki sVk khuing hoaing cuia cagc Raki tVk sVk (grand — narrative) cuhng vTgi cagc quy tXlc troh chTi Nogi m^kt cagch

NGUY)N H (NG THU$Y(*)

EM^ laUm roW quan DiM^m DaXo DHTc hoXc cuVa chuV nghRa hKXu hiMXn DaXi, trHFTc hM\t taTc giaV DaW noTi vM] sHX xuK\t hiMXn cuVa caTc thuKXt ngHW “hKXu hiMXn DaXi” vaU “chuV nghRa hKXu hiMXn DaXi” TiM\p DoT, khi luKXn giaVi quan DiM^m DaXo DHTc hoXc cuVa chuV nghRa hKXu hiMXn DaXi qua caTc DaXi diMXn tiMu biM^u cuVa noT, taTc giaV DaW cho thK\y, vFTi nhHWng ngHFUi theo chuV nghRa hKXu hiMXn DaXi, DaXo DHTc khNng phaVi laU nhHWng quy tIYc coT giaT trS lKu daUi, maU laU caVm hHTng saTng taXo VFTi hoX, DaXo DHTc khNng phaVi laU mNXt caTi DaW coT hMX toaX DNX DHFXc xaTc DSnh trHFTc bFVi bN^n phKXn hay lHFng tKm, maU laU haUnh DNXng cuX thM^, laU phHFng thHTc haUnh DNXng trong DFUi sN\ng xaW hNXi, laU DaXo DHTc hoXc trong hoaUn caVnh DK]y IYp tri thHTc, coT khaV nIng DaTp HTng DHFXc nhHWng thaTch thHTc cuVa thFUi DaXi vaU DHa caTi Cao thHFXng vaUo DFUi sN\ng con ngHFUi.

(*) Thakc sc tri\pt hokc, Saki hokc Duy TZn, Sah NXong (**) Tagc phZrm nahy Raj RVTkc Nhah xuZpt bain Tri thVgc ddch ra ti\png Vi\kt, nXm 2007 (ngVThi ddch: NgZn Xuy\n, ngVThi hi\ku R`nh vah giTgi thi\ku: Buhi VXn Nam STn).

thZkt RTn giain, “hZku hi\kn Raki” lah sVk hoahi

nghi R^pi vTgi cagc Raki tVk sVk Sog cujng lah sVk

hoahi nghi v\q t`nh R^qng nhZpt giVja ti\pn b^k

vXn hoag vah tri thVgc vTgi ti\pn b^k kinh t\p vah

v\q sVk nhZpt th\r hoag Rako RVgc, kinh t\p vTgi

ch`nh trd Chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki xuZpt

phagt tVh sVk kh^ng cog khai nXng v\q nguy\n

tXlc trong vi\kc nhZkn thVgc RThi s^png xaj h^ki,

con ngVThi vah th\p giTgi cuia nog nhV m^kt t^rng

th\r cagc h\k th^png kinh t\p, ch`nh trd, xaj h^ki,

vXn hoag khegp k`n Xaj h^ki tVTng lai sej `t

phuk thu^kc vaho m^kt nhZn loaki hokc ki\ru nhV

thuy\pt cZpu trugc hay h\k th^png, mah phuk

thu^kc nhi\qu hTn vaho m^kt thVkc li\ku hokc

(pragmaticque) cuia “cagc nguy\n tVi ng^n

ngVj” Trong tVTng lai sej cog nhi\qu troh chTi

ng^n ngVj khagc nhau vah Rog ch`nh lah t`nh

kh^ng thuZqn nhZpt cuia cagc y\pu t^p, khi

chugng chb RVTkc Rdnh hanh bXmng nhVjng

mainh ghegp vah chb cog th\r t^qn taki nhV

nhVjng quy\pt Rdnh luZkn cukc b^k PhVTng

thVgc nhZkn thVgc mah chui nghca hZku hi\kn

Raki ch^pi boi RVa ra lah sVk nhZkn thVgc nhV

quag tranh phain agnh cagi ph^r bi\pn nhVng laki

Rohi hoii phaii nhZkn thZpy sVk tVk trd cag nhZn

trong m^si sVk ki\kn, hi\kn tVTkng

Trong Ri\qu ki\kn hZku hi\kn Raki, cagi cog yg

nghca chui Rako lah nhZkn thVgc cagc troh chTi

ng^n ngVj tVk nog vah quy\pt Rdnh gagnh vagc

tragch nhi\km R^pi vTgi cagc quy tXlc vah k\pt quai

cuia chugng, trong Rog k\pt quai quan trokng

nhZpt lah vi\kc agp dukng cagc quy tXlc cuia troh

chTi ng^n ngVj Sog lah n^ki dung cT bain cuia

Rako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki

BZpt kyh Rako RVgc hokc naho cuia tri\pt hokc

phVTng TZy hi\kn Raki cujng quay trTi laki vTgi

quan Ri\rm Rako RVgc hokc cuia I.Kant nhV

m^kt trong nhVjng b^k phZkn cZpu thahnh cog giag

trd nhZpt trong toahn b^k tV tVTing cuia ^ng

Bain thZn I.Kant cujng lu^n tin tVTing Rako RVgc hokc cog th\r RVTkc xZy dVkng nhV m^kt khoa hokc ch`nh xagc Cagc chZn lyg Rako RVgc hokc cZqn phaii RVTkc luZkn chVgng m^kt cagch R^kc lZkp vah kh^ng phuk thu^kc vaho chZn lyg cuia ni\qm tin Vah, khagc vTgi ni\qm tin t^n giago, thVg ni\qm tin cog th\r t^qn taki trong t`nh

Ra dakng, Rako RVgc hokc m^kt khi cog kyh vokng trTi thahnh khoa hokc v\q cagc chZn lyg Rako RVgc trong hi\kn thVkc cZqn phaii mang t`nh ph^r bi\pn, mang giag trd chung cho toahn nhZn loaki NhVng Ti RZy, giag trd chung cho toahn nhZn loaki mah Rako RVgc hokc mang laki phaii R^qng thThi Raim baio RVTkc “sVk tVk trd cuia cag nhZn” nhTh dVka tr\n khai nXng duy tra sVk th^png nhZpt cuia cagi T^i ri\ng cog cuia m^kt thVkc th\r lyg t`nh; nogi cagch khagc, cag nhZn cog th\r duy tra Rdnh hVTgng yg ch` cuia manh khi tuZn thui m\knh l\knh tuy\kt R^pi: chb hahnh R^kng theo quy tXlc mah khi tuZn thui nog, chugng ta cog th\r khi\pn nog trTi thahnh quy tXlc chung(1) Roj rahng, Ti RZy, tVk do Raj bXlt RZqu RVTkc trao cho vd th\p cuia cagi cog khai nXng trTi thahnh hi\kn thVkc trong lcnh vVkc Rako RVgc hokc S\pn chui nghca hi\kn sinh - m^kt traho lVu tri\pt hokc v\q RThi s^png n^ki tZm cuia cag nhZn vah nhZn cagch R^kc Rago, tVk do Raj RVTkc coi lah t`nh thVg nhZpt cuia hi\kn sinh th\r vah hTn nVja, cohn xagc Rdnh thagi R^k R^pi vTgi nguy\n tXlc nahy lah tragch nhi\km — tragch nhi\km R^pi vTgi tVk do ChXnng hakn nhV K.Jaspers Raj vi\pt: “TVk do lah tahi sain quyg giag nhZpt; tVk do kh^ng bao giTh tVk R\pn vah cujng kh^ng tVk R^kng mZpt Ri Con ngVThi chb cog th\r giVj gan tVk do Ti nTi mah nog RVTkc yg thVgc vah con ngVThi caim thZpy cog tragch (1) Xem: S^s Minh HTkp, Nguy\sn Thanh, Nguy\sn

Anh TuZpn EaXi cHFng lSch sHV triM\t hoXc phHFng TKy.

Nxb T^rng hTkp TP.H^q Ch` Minh, 2006, tr.544.

nhi\km R^pi vTgi nog”(2) Tragch nhi\km Ti RZy

kh^ng phaii lah b^rn phZkn trVTgc m^kt lVkc

lVTkng xa lak, Chuga, nhah cZqm quy\qn vah

thZkm ch`, cai cagc chuZrn Rako RVgc xa lak STn

giain, con ngVThi chdu tragch nhi\km v\q bain

thZn manh, tragch nhi\km R^pi vTgi tVk do nhV

lah cT cZpu cuia t^qn taki ngVThi NhV vZky, cho

tTgi tri\pt thuy\pt gZqn vTgi chui nghca hZku

hi\kn Raki v\q mXkt ldch Raki lah chui nghca hi\kn

sinh tha Rako RVgc hokc cuia vXn hoag phVTng

TZy hi\kn Raki lah Rako RVgc hokc cag nhZn Cho

tTgi thThi Ri\rm nahy, cagc giag trd ph^r bi\pn, Rako

RVgc hokc Ragm R^ng, dV luZkn, truy\qn th^png

dVThng nhV Raj kh^ng cohn cog th\r chZpp nhZkn

RVTkc trong xaj h^ki phVTng TZy

TrTi laki vTgi Rako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki

chui nghca, tragch nhi\km kh^ng phaii trVTgc

ti\n gXln vTgi tVk do, mah gXln vTgi cagc quy tXlc

cuia troh chTi ng^n ngVj Vi\kc RXkt con ngVThi

vaho cagc troh chTi ng^n ngVj Raj lahm sagng toi

b^pi cainh vXn hoag cuia chui nghca hZku hi\kn

Raki Khoa hokc vah c^ng ngh\k th^ng tin,

truy\qn th^ng Raj phagt tri\rn vah thZm nhZkp

vaho RThi s^png con ngVThi maknh mej tTgi n^si,

t^qn taki cuhng vTgi th^ng tin, tri thVgc Raj trTi

thahnh Ri\rm ch`nh y\pu cuia con ngVThi hi\kn

Raki Khi Raj yg thVgc RVTkc sVk t^qn taki cuia

manh nXmm trong cagc troh chTi ng^n ngVj, cag

nhZn phaii nXlm roj tragch nhi\km cuia manh

trong vi\kc ki\rm soagt, tuZn thui vah sagng tako

cagc quy tXlc troh chTi CZqn lVu yg rXmng, cagc troh

chTi ng^n ngVj kh^ng nhVjng cog quy tXlc

trong bain thZn chugng, mah cohn cog luZkt giVja

nhVjng ngVThi chTi Vah, h\k chuZrn Ra nguy\n

cuia vXn hoga hZku hi\kn Raki cho phegp chugng

ta nogi rXmng, cuhng m^kt troh chTi nhVng Ti

nhVjng Rda phVTng khagc nhau, nhogm ngVThi

khagc nhau sej tako ra nhVjng “nVTgc Ri” khagc

nhau Lyotard cujng hVTgng R\pn t`nh chZpt

caknh tranh, tranh Rua cuia troh chTi, R\pn mukc R`ch thXlng cuia ngVThi chTi, mXkc duh

^ng coi nog kh^ng phaii lah cVgu cagnh, mah chb nhV m^kt mukc R`ch tVk thZn cuia troh chTi SZy cujng lah m^kt trong nhVjng tV tVTing Rako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki - sVk thZqm k`n trong cagc troh chTi cuhng vTgi t`nh cao thVTkng cuia nog Trong troh chTi ng^n ngVj, nguy\n tXlc Vgng xVi c^ng bXmng lah cagi rZpt RVTkc coi trokng vah v\q nguy\n tXlc, xaj h^ki cZqn phaii t^n trokng nhVjng troh chTi khagc nhau vah kh^ng RVTkc quy giaim chugng vaho nhau VTgi chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki, sVk R^qng thuZkn lah m^kt giag trd rZpt Ragng ngTh, bTii ng^n ngVj lah dd bi\kt vah cujng do vZky, kh^ng th\r cog RVTkc sVk R^qng thuZkn v\q Rako RVgc m^kt cagch ph^r quagt VTgi nhVjng ngVThi theo chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki, Rako RVgc kh^ng phaii nhVjng quy tXlc cog giag trd lZu dahi, mah lah caim hVgng sagng tako Hok kh^ng quan tZm R\pn vi\kc caim hVgng sagng tako Rog sej RVa manh tTgi RZu, mah quan trokng hTn lah thoagt khoii dV luZkn S^pi vTgi hok, Rako RVgc kh^ng phaii lah cagi Raj cog sXon m^kt h\k toak R^k RVTkc xagc Rdnh trVTgc bTii b^rn phZkn hay lVTng tZm, trong nhVjng cainh hu^png cuk th\r, lu^n Rohi hoii con nguThi phaii hahnh R^kng nhV th\p naho TVh boi con RVThng Raj vakch sXon, nhVjng ngVThi theo chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki RXkt manh trVTgc nhVjng khai nXng mTi, chVa tVhng xuZpt hi\kn trong cu^kc RThi hok vah khi Rog, vTgi hok, tragch nhi\km trTi n\n nXkng n\q hTn bao giTh h\pt Trong sVk chokn lVka Zpy, m^si cag nhZn R\qu phaii tuZn thui cagc khagi ni\km v\q sVk kh^ng tVTng dung, sVk giagn Roakn cuia quag tranh ti\pn hoag vah v\q t`nh Ra dakng, t`nh cukc b^k, t`nh khai th\r, t`nh phZn

(2) K.Jaspers MuXc DOch vaU sHT mMXnh cuVa lSch sHV.

N.Y., 1990, tr.100.

Roakn, t`nh ngZsu nhi\n, t`nh bZpt Rdnh, t`nh

n^ki taki, t`nh cao thVTkng, t`nh toahn vekn

cuia nhVjng b^k phZkn ri\ng lei

V\q thVkc chZpt, Rako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki

ch`nh lah Rako RVgc trong hoahn cainh RZqy Xlp

tri thVgc cuia xaj h^ki hi\kn Raki Song, li\ku sVk

hi\ru bi\pt cog lahm cho con ngVThi s^png thi\kn

hTn kh^ng? Tranh luZkn v\q vZpn R\q nahy,

Lyotard cho rXmng, mNXt mIXt, tri thVgc khoa

hokc kh^ng phaii lah toahn b^k tri thVgc, bain

thZn nog lu^n xung R^kt vTgi “tri thVgc tVk sVk”;

mIXt khaTc, tri thVgc ngahy cahng phaii hVgng

chdu sVk tha hoga trong quan h\k vTgi ngVThi

bi\pt tri thVgc nahy Do vZky, vZpn R\q hTkp thVgc

hoga phaii RVTkc coi lah m^kt ti\pn tranh R\r qua

Rog, cagc nhah lZkp phagp cog th\r ban b^p Ri\qu

luZkt nahy nhV m^kt quy phakm, cohn moki phagt

ng^n khoa hokc tha R\qu phaii tuZn theo

nguy\n tXlc lah thoia majn m^kt tZkp hTkp cagc

Ri\qu ki\kn R\r sao cho cog th\r RVTkc coi nhV

m^kt phagt ng^n khoa hokc vah ngVThi di\sn

ng^n cog th\r RVa ra cagc Ri\qu ki\kn Rog VTgi

quan Ri\rm nahy, chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki Raj

ph\ phagn cagc “Raki tVk sVk” cuia chui nghca

hi\kn Raki vah coi Rog chb lah nhVjng cZu chuy\kn

mang t`nh chZpt thZqn thoaki cuia m^kt n\qn

vXn hoga tVk k\r v\q ni\qm tin vah hahnh R^kng

thVkc ti\sn cuia manh vah do vZky, d\s bd lakm

dukng R\r che RZky nhVjng sVk R^pi lZkp vah bZpt

^rn R^pi vTgi moki li\n k\pt xaj h^ki cujng nhV

trong thVkc ti\sn hahnh R^kng B^pi cainh vXn

hoga mTgi hanh thahnh bu^kc con ngVThi phaii

chZpp nhZkn nhVjng thagch thVgc cuia n\qn c^ng

nghi\kp tV bain, cuia phVTng ti\kn th^ng tin

Raki chugng vah cujng sej bu^kc phaii tham gia

vaho quag tranh sagng tako ra nhVjng thVkc taki

mTgi BTii lej, cagc “cT ch\p si\u tVk sVk” Raj trTi

n\n giah c^si trong vi\kc hTkp thVgc hoga vah do

vZky, cagc “Raki tVk sVk” bu^kc phaii tan ra thahnh

cagc maing y\pu t^p ng^n ngVj mang t`nh tVk sVk trong khi vZsn cohn mang trong manh t`nh sTi thd, t`nh chb thd, t`nh mi\u tai vah m^si thVg nahy R\qu chTi theo manh nhVjng “trd s^p dukng hahnh” RXkc thuh

NhZn loaki chugng ta Rang s^png Ti ngaj

tV RVThng, nTi giao nhau cuia nhi\qu y\pu t^p Rog, do vZky, chugng ta kh^ng nhZpt thi\pt phaii tako n\n nhVjng k\pt hTkp ng^n ngVj cog sVk ^rn Rdnh v\q thu^kc t`nh vah nhVjng k\pt hTkp ng^n ngVj mah chugng ta tako n\n cujng kh^ng nhZpt thi\pt phaii cog sVk tVTng th^ng vTgi nhau Trong b^pi cainh Rog, m^si cag nhZn R\qu cog th\r tham gia vaho rZpt nhi\qu troh chTi, nhi\qu lZqn chTi trong cu^kc RThi manh Cohn tZm thVgc hZku hi\kn Raki tha RVTkc hanh thahnh nhV m^kt n^s lVkc mTgi nhXmm thVgc tbnh con ngVThi trVTgc nhVjng nguy cT cog th\r xaiy ra R\r ti\pp tukc suy tVTing vah ki\pn tako nhVjng hanh thVgc mTgi, phuh hTkp hTn nhXmm baio v\k nhVjng giag trd R`ch thVkc cuia thThi hi\kn Raki: tVk do vah khai phogng cag nhZn VTgi quan Ri\rm nahy, Lyotard Raj nhi\qu lZqn nhZpn maknh rXmng, hZku hi\kn Raki kh^ng phaii lah m^kt thThi kyh mTgi, mah lah thThi kyh “vi\pt laki” m^kt s^p RXkc Ri\rm cuia thThi hi\kn Raki, nhZpt lah tham vokng cuia nog trong vi\kc RXkt cT sTi hTkp thVgc hoga phVTng thVgc giaii phogng toahn b^k nhZn loaki bXmng khoa hokc vah kyj thuZkt

M^kt s^p tri\pt gia theo chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki Raj c^p gXlng RVa ra nhVjng giaii phagp cho Rako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki Trong s^p nahy, cog th\r k\r R\pn Zygmunt Bauman

vTgi tagc phZrm EaXo DHTc hoXc hKXu hiMXn DaXi

(Postmodern Ethics, Backwell, Oxford 1993) Trong tagc phZrm nahy, Bauman Raj phain R^pi vi\kc RXkt Rako RVgc hokc tr\n n\qn taing cuia moki luZkt l\k, bTii theo ^ng, nog sej dZsn R\pn vi\kc giTgi hakn tragch nhi\km Rako

RVgc, khi cagc luZkt l\k nahy trTi thahnh cagi

magch baio con ngVThi phaii lahm nhVjng ga vah

lahm khi naho, bXlt RZqu tVh RZu vah khi naho

k\pt thugc, thZkm ch` chugng cohn cho phegp

con ngVThi cog th\r dVhng laki m^si khi mah moki

thVg phaii thVkc hi\kn Raj RVTkc thVkc hi\kn(3)

S^pi vTgi ^ng, con RVThng Rako RVgc lah phi lyg;

tagc nhZn Rako RVgc lah cagi kh^ng th\r bd ki\rm

soagt hay bd egp bu^kc trong RThi s^png Rako

RVgc; Rako RVgc lah cagi ga Rog thZqm k`n, kh^ng

th\r giaii th`ch RVTkc vah nhZpt lah kh^ng bao

giTh bi\pn thahnh nhVjng luZkt Rdnh ph^r quagt

VTgi quan Ri\rm nahy, khi tranh bahy cT sTi

Rako RVgc hokc cuia manh, Bauman Raj ti\pn

gZqn vTgi tri\pt gia ngVThi Phagp - Levinas,

ngVThi tranh bahy quan Ri\rm Rako RVgc sN\ng

vP ngHFUi khaTc _ng cho rXmng, s^png va

ngVThi khagc lahm cho tragch nhi\km trTi n\n

v^ hakn, va ngVThi khagc kh^ng phaii lah R^pi

tVTkng cog giTgi hakn RVTkc dahnh cho mukc R`ch

cuia m^kt ai Rog, mah lah m^kt chui th\r v^ hakn,

tVk do, v^ Ri\qu ki\kn Tragch nhi\km nahy

vVTkt qua nhVjng ga ngVThi Rog Raj cog th\r

hoXkc kh^ng th\r lahm cho ngVThi khagc Nog

cujng vVTkt qua bZpt cVg hahnh vi naho mah

ngVThi Rog cog th\r hoXkc kh^ng th\r phakm

phaii, gi^png nhV th\r ngVThi Rog Raj hy sinh

va ngVThi khagc trVTgc khi hy sinh va bain

thZn manh Si\qu nahy cho thZpy Bauman

kh^ng thVha nhZkn bZpt kyh luZkn cVg chXkt chej,

khoa hokc naho cho con RVThng thVkc hi\kn

Rako RVgc VTgi ^ng, Rog dVThng nhV lah m^kt

Ri\qu phi lyg mah Ti Rog, chugng ta phaii thVkc

hi\kn nhVjng cam k\pt Rako RVgc nghi\m ngXkt

nhZpt cuia manh

Sako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki kh^ng RXkt

ra vZpn R\q ngu^qn g^pc xuZpt thZn, giTgi t`nh,

tu^ri tagc,… VTgi nog kh^ng cohn cagc Raki tVk sVk,

thay vaho Rog lah cagc ti\ru tVk sVk mah chui nhZn

cuia chugng lah nhVjng cag nhZn nhoi beg, y\pu Ru^pi nhVng kh^ng RTn R^kc NhVjng chui nhZn nahy lu^n RVTkc RXkt trong m^kt makng lVTgi cagc quan h\k phVgc takp hTn vah nXng R^kng hTn bao giTh h\pt, bTii “duh trei hay giah, giahu hay ngheho, Rahn ^ng hay Rahn bah, con ngVThi R\qu bd RXkt vaho Ri\rm nugt cuia makch truy\qn th^ng” SVk c^ng bXmng lu^n t^qn taki Ti moki Ri\rm nugt cuia quag tranh truy\qn th^ng mah trong Rog, t`nh Ra dakng kh^ng chb RVTkc phegp t^qn taki, mah cohn RVTkc baio v\k, RVTkc c^r suyg R\r r^qi li\n tukc phag vTj sVk R^qng thuZkn takm thThi Vi\kc phag huiy nahy sej tako ra nhVjng thVkc taki mTgi, vTgi Ri\qu ki\kn lah nhVjng thVkc taki Zpy kh^ng RVTkc phegp quy v\q th\p giTgi cagc vZkt th\r vah ti\qn bakc Si\qu nahy cho thZpy Rako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki kh^ng ruj boi hoahn toahn nhVjng vZpn R\q cuia chui nghca hi\kn Raki Nog cujng ph\ phagn thVg Rako RVgc cuia chui nghca suhng bagi hahng hoag — ti\qn t\k, ph\ phagn quan ni\km coi “R^qng ti\qn lah kei th^png trd th\p giTgi” NhVjng vZpn R\q Rako RVgc naiy sinh do sVk tha hoag cuia con ngVThi trong xaj h^ki hi\kn Raki, cuhng vTgi nhVjng t`n Ri\qu Rako RVgc truy\qn th^png cujng Raj RVTkc chui nghca hZku hi\kn Raki xem xegt Mukc R`ch t^pi cao mah Rako RVgc hokc hZku hi\kn Raki RXkt ra lah xZy dVkng cT sTi n\qn taing cho m^kt n\qn Rako RVgc hokc mTgi, n\qn Rako RVgc hokc cog th\r Ragp Vgng RVTkc nhVjng thagch thVgc cuia thThi Raki, b^r sung vaho RThi s^png con ngVThi nhVjng khagt vokng vah lyg tVTing RXkc thuh — cagi Cao thVTkng mah nhZn loaki cZqn hVTgng tTgi.

(3) Xem: Zygmunt Bauman EaXo DHTc hoXc hKXu hiMXn DaXi Backwell, Oxford, 1993, tr.13.