Bài viết đề cập đến láy với vai trò là một phương thức cấu tạo từ. Từ láy với vai trò là một phương thức cấu tạo từ thường được dùng để cấu tạo nên các từ láy mô tả âm thanh, được gọi là từ láy tượng thanh và các từ láy mô tả đặc điểm tính chất, trạng thái của con người, sự vật, hiện tượng, được gọi là từ láy tượng hình.
14 NGON NGt* & B(n S N G s l (243)-2016 INGON NGU" HQC V A V I B T N G C H Q q CAU TAO Ttr LAY NHIN TlT GOC DQ LOAI HINH HOC VA NGON N G C HOC TRI NHAN MORPHOLOGICAL REDUPLICATION IN THE PERSPECTfVES OF LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS NGO THJ nV^ (TS; D^i hgc Hd Nfi) Abstract: This article adopted the iconicity theory of cognitive linguistics to deeply explore the universality of morphological reduplication in Imguistic typology Under carefiil examination wifli typological tools, it is found that morphological reduplication usually forms onomatopoeic reduplications and manner imitative reduplications By repeating tiie sound of the syllables, reduplicative words imitate the sound and manners in the real world, which make the sound of the words vivid and colorflil Therefore, it indicates that not all morphological reduplications are created randomly, on the contrary, they are created based on the iconicity of form and content, sound and meaning Key words: morphological iconicity; linguistic typology; cognitive linguistics; reduplication Dgt vdn d l Ldy/ISp (Reduplication) la mpt hifn tupng hinh thdi khdng chi sft dyng cdu tgo tft dk tao ndn cdc tft mdi md cdn la mft phuang thftc ngft phdp dl bilu tb{ cdc y ngbla ngft phdp Trong bdi vilt ndy, chiing tdi de cdp din ldy vdi vai trd la mpt phuang thftc cdu tgo tft Thdng qua khdo sdt logi hinh hpc ngdn ngft, cho thdy, lay vdi vai trd la mpt phuong thftc cdu tao tft thudng dupe diing dl cdu tao ndn cdc tft ldy md ta dm thanh, dugc gpi Id tft ldy tugng vd cdc tft ldy md td dac dilm tinh chat, trang thdi ciia ngudi, sy vgt, hifn tupng, dugc gpi Id tii ldy tugng hinb Vi dy: Tft lay tugng thanh: roc rdch (Vift), ^ ^ (di dd, ti tdch; Hdn), f)^^-^^^^^" (gachagacha Idch cdch; Nh§t), tinkle- tinkle (leng keng; Anh); Tft ldy tugng hinh: ldp Idnh (Vift), HiBffo (.sard-song, chdi chang, Thdi ) , ^ (meng meng, lat phdt; Hdn) , X>hXyh (hira-hira, rgp rdn; Nhat) Tft ldy sft dyng each Igp lgi cua am d l bilu thi nhftng pham trft y ngbla mang tinh ggi ta, bilu edm, hinh tugng va sdc thai Cd till thdy, cdu tgo cfta tft ldy Id cd nguyen If, chft khdng hodn toan vo dodn, dd Id moi lien hf tuong ftng gifta dm vd nghTa, gifta hinb thftc vd nf i dung Nguydn If tri nhgn cua cdu tgo tft ldy Ngdn ngft hpc truyen thing cho rdng, tin hif u ngdn ngft la sy hgp nhdt ciia cdi bieu dgt vd cdi dugc bilu dgt vd dd Id mli quan h? gifta chung la "v5 dodn" [16,164] Cdu bdi dat Id, phdi c h ^ g moi tii deu Id v6 dodn? Tft cuoi nhftng ndm 70 cua the ki 20, ciing vdi sy phdt trien ciia ngdn ngft hgc tti n h ^ , tfnh v3 dodn tin hifu ngdn ngft ciia Saussure d3 bj hodi nghi Bdi vi ttdn thyc t l , ttong bdt cii ngdn ngft ndo diu t i n tgi m l i lidn hf d mft mftc df ndo dd gifla binh thftc vd }? ngbia Ngdn ngft hpc tri nh§n cho rdng, nhftng edm nb§n vd ttdi nghifm v l tbi gidi cfla nbSn logi dya fren nen tdng cua tri nh$n, hinh thdnh khdi nifm kit cdu Hinh thftc cua ngdn ngft khdng chi cd moi lien bf vdi hifn thyc khdeh quan, md trdn nhilu phuong difn nhu vdi khdi nifm kit cau, khii nifm md hhih v.v., phuang thftc tri nh|n ciia ngudi ton tgi hifn tugng phdn chilu tinh tuong ihig, gifta hinh tiiftc vd nfi \ (243)-2016 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG dung ngdn ngft ton tai nhftng mli quan he tuong ty Tinh tuong ty (iconicity) chft ylu chi moi quan hf gj&a binh thftc va y nghia bilu hifn, lay sy tuong ding, tuang ftng Id co sd tri nh§n Tinh tucmg ty cfta ngdn ngft so vdi tinh vd dodn Id chi gifta cdi bieu dgt va cdi dugc bilu hifn ciia tin hifu ngdn ngft ton tgi mli lien hf ty nhidn, sy kit hgp gifta hai ylu t l ndy Id cd thi lugn chftng Id cd cdn eft [23,2] Nhu v^y, tft gdc dd cau tgo tft, nguydn li cdu tgo cua tft Id chi giiia ngft am va ngu nghia t i n tgi moi lien hf nhdt dinh Tren thyc t l tft thdi Hy Lgp co dgi, cac nha triet hpc da chi moi quan hf "tuong ty" ngdn ngft Platon [24,514] cho ring, dSt tdn chdng qua la nghf thu^t md phdng, nhdm ndi rd bdn chat cua sy vgt Hogt dfng ngdn ngft ndi chung cfta ngudi deu xudt phdt tft md phdng dm Moi mpt chft cdi deu md phdng mft tinh chdt nhdt dinh cua sy vgt Ong thdng qua vifc midu ta phat dm cua chft cdi Hy Lgp de till hifn ban chdt y nghta cfta khdi nifm.Vi dy, chft cdi La Ma "p" [r] bieu thi sy v ^ dfng bdi vl phdt dm phdi uon ludi: perv (luu dfng), porj (nude sdng chdy), xpd^s (ehdn dpng) v.v Augus-tine [24,515] cung cho rdng, "con ngudi diing am dl md phdng tdn gpi cfta sy v$t" Vi dy, tiing La tinh dftng dm mem mgi me/(m§t) dl bilu thi nhihig gi ngpt ngdo, dung acer (thdp) dl bilu thi nhftng gi rdn chde Nhd triet hgc Zeno [24,514] thupc trudng phdi hifn chftng da dya trdn ca sd ciia "tft tugng thanh" vd tft mang "ngft am bilu trung"(sound symbolism) chi ring, tdn gpi dugc hinh Id dya vdo bdn chat ty nhidn, hf thing ngft dm ddu tien md phdng sy vgt ma nd gpi tdn Tft tugng thdng qua ngft am de md td dm cua thi gidi ty nhidn, dd Id xudt phdt tft sy lidn tudng tuong ftng giiia hai fim tiianh dd cfta ngudi Con ngudi cd thi dya vdo sy lidn tudng tuang ftng giiia dm vd ng^Ta dd dl ddng dm bilu dgt nhfhig khdi nifm khdc, dd Id, nhftng gi khdng phdt dm nhu tinh edm, trgng thdi, binh tupng, thih chat mdu sdc Bdi vi bg dc ngudi khdng ngftng 15 lidn tirdng vd so sdnh, nd thdng qua cdc cam quan d l xft If nhiing dn tugng thu nhgn dugc tft bdn ngodi Do dd, mft an tugng thmh giac cd thi tim thdy mli quan hf tuang dong vdi mdt dn tugng thi g i ^ [7,10] Nhu vgy, tin hifu ngdn ngft cd the tugng thanh, ding thdi cd thi tugng hinh, ggi edm Sd dl nhu vgy Id vi, ngudi thdng qua bp ndo lidn tudng vd so sdnh nhftng cam quan thu nh|n dugc tft the gidi bdn ngodi roi tiln hanh l^p ml, dua trdn nhftng thupc tinh v^t If va sinh li cfta ngft am, Idm cho sy v§t cd ^ n ggi Cung bf ndo cfta ngudi cd sy lien tudng ndn cd thi biln nhftng cdi truu tugng, khdng phdt am cting trd nen cd dm thanh, cd mdu sdc, cd miii vj Dd chinh Id ca sd hinh thdnh tin hifu tirong ty ngdn ngft Ldy la mft phuong thftc cdu tgo hinh thai dgc bift Tft lay thdng qua sy l§p lgi cua ngft am, sy nhjp nhdng ciia dm kich thich tu hinh tugng, 1dm cho ngudi lidn tudng tdi nhflng h b h dnh nhdt dinh Qud trinh tri nhgn Id thdng qua thinh gidc kich thi'cb cac giac quan khac d l phdt huy tri tudng tugng ciia ngudi Am vd -^ nghia cfta tft ldy ton t ^ mli tuong quan gifta dm vd nghTa Tft ldy so vdi nhiing logi tiir bilu thj khdi nifm cd su khdc bift rat Idn Khi nghe nhdc den nhftng tft nay, chung ta sd khdng cd sy lidn tudng ndo, bdi chung la v5 dodn, giiia ngft dm vd ngft ngbta khdng cd mli lidn hf ndo Nhung nhdc din nhftng tft ldy nhu rgp rdn, ldp Idnh sd Idm cho ngudi bdn ngft lidn tudng tdi nhftng hinh anh nhdt djnh (owg budm rpp ran, nhirng vi ldp Idnh), bdi nhiing tft ldy ndy tilm an moi lidn hf ch$t chd gifta ngft dm va ngft nghta Mli tuong quan gifta ngft am vd ngft ngbia cfta tii ldy mang tinh tam If dan tfc [8,43] Cdn hieu ngdn ngft dd, can ddm chhn cufc sing tinh thdn cfta dan tfc dd mdi cd thi hiiu dugc nhiing tin hifu tuong ty ma tft lay cua ngdn ngft dd mang lgi 2.1 Tit ldy tugng Thdng qua khdo sdt logi hinh hpc ngdn ngft, chung tdi phdt hifn rdng, tft ldy tugng 16 NGONNGO* & D6I S6NG xudt hifn ttong hau hit cdc logi hlnh ngdn ngft va Id hifn tupng p h i biln nhdt ciia phuong thftc ldy vdi vai ttd Id mft phucmg thftc cau tao tft Con ngudi sft dyng hifn tupng l$p ngft am dk midu td chuoi dm l$p di l^p Igi ttong thi gidi Id hifn tugng rdt ty nhidn va cd moi lidn hf trye tilp vdi hifn thyc Trong the gidi ty nhidn, rat nhieu am nhu vit ga kdu, chiing khdng chi phdt mpt tiing cgc/ qugc, cue roi im b§t md chftng thudng phdt mft chuSi dm l§p di lgp lgi (ciic c\ic cy.c/cy,c ta ct^ tdc , cgc cgc cgc/qugc qugc qugc, ) Hinh thftc ngft dm lgp Igi bilu thi nf' dung mang tinh l^p lgi vd lidn tilp, dd Id mli tuong ling trye tiep giOa cdi bilu hifn va cdi dugc bilu hifn Hlnh thftc ngft am cfta tft ldy tugng tugng tnmg cho ^ ngbta md nd truyen tdi - dm cua ngudi hay thi gidi Id nguydn dgng, ngudi sft dyng phuong phdp md phdng dm dl gdn cho "nguydn dgng" dy mft hinh thftc ngft dm dl nd bieu dgt Khdo sat hifn tugng lay frong logi hinh hgc ngdn ngft cho thdy, phy am "r" xudt hifn khd biln frong tft ldy tupng Do cdc ngdn ngft "r" Id am uon ludi ndn nd khiln cho am md td dugc sinh dfng va cbSn thyc hon Dilu ndy phan ndo phdn dnh ngdn ngft ton tgi tinh tuong ty, gifta cdc ngdn ngft ludn ton tgi nhihig dilm tuong ding, nhftng tin hifu tucmg ty Trong tieng Vift phy dm "r" thudng dugc lien tudng tdi nhflng am cua sy rung dpng kdo dai bo§c tieng nude chdy Vf dy: rdc rdch, rinh rich, ri rdch, ri ram, ri rdo, rdm rpp, rin rin, riu rit, rung rite Ngodi ra, phy dm "r"cdn xudt hifn tft ldy tupng hinh vdi vifc md ta nhftng trgng thai dfng nhu sy kich dpng, chan dfng, vi dy: run run, run rdy rung rinh, r^c rich, rung rgn rpn rdng Trong tieng Nhgt phy dm "r" thudng bieu thj dm cua sy chuyin dfng nhu :^^Z ^(koro- koro ldc cde ldc c6c\ tiing cua hflmg hdn dd to ian den gdn), t^'Ot^^(kari-kari, com cdp;tikng nhai da Ignh), ^^^^(goro- s l (243)-2016 goro, dm (Jm,-tieng sdm), 'f'^'i'^(suru-suru, Sft Sft; tiing hit mfli cfla trd ) , v.v Trong tiing T h i Nbt ki, "r" cflng thudng xudt hifn tft tugng vdi vifc midu td dm chuyin dfng Vi dy: siril siril (tS td; tiing nude chdy) , horul-horul (kho kho; tieng ngdy ngu), pufiir-pufur (vu vit; tiing gid thoi), gurul-gurul (itng uc;tilng byng sdi), tikir-tikir (logt xo (t b tupng hinh nhilu nhdt ttong cac dgng ldy (hera-hera; (khodng gdn 300 tii) : dd Id sy kit hgp cua (kera-kera; cudi khdy), ^^^•'^^ nguyen am -d vd phy am mdi, tdc vd ~p cudi ngd ngdn), ia ^ ia *> (nechi-nechi; nhdng Ve d§c dilm cdu dm, -a Id nguyen dm don nhdng), •li'i^^'tirA^ (seka-seka; hdp tdp), J il X tl(yore-yore; nhdn nheo), ^^^^'^^(Aenangdn, done sau, hen hpp vd khdng fron mdi Ve m^t dm sdc, -d Id nguydn dm cd am sdc tram hena: nbu nhugc/ mim nhfln) , 46 fc (mero-mero: md mupi), X^^Xi>^ (teka-teka; vfta Khudn vdn ndy bat ddu tft df md trung binh va kit thftc bang sy khep chat cua ddi bdng nhay) Phy am ttong tft ldy tugng hinh mdi tgo lidn tudng din nhihig trgng thai "khep tieng Nhgt rdt gidu gid trj bilu trung Phy dm h lgi, sgp xuong, ggp vao tat di, chim xuong, lan thudng dupe lidn tudng tdi nhftng hinh anh mdt" Vf dy: bgp benh, bdp benh, bdp biing, dpp, tiio mfng [28], Vf dy:(i?3fi?3 (harakhdp khinh, ggp ghenh, lap loe, ldp 16, v.v.; hara; phdp phdi) , t > t > t > ^ (hira-hira; r?p bo§c trgng thdi "bdm cb$t, dp sat" nhu: vo vgp, rdn), (S (5 -6 (horo-horo; phai phdi/ lat ddn ddp, tdi tdp ,v.v [7,87; 11,60] phdt) Ph^ dm R dugc lidn tudng tdi trang thai Trong ngdn ngft ehdp dinh, tft ldy tugng "fran, dinh" [28], vf dy: "»& § *& § " (nuruhinh xuat hifn diln bli^ nhat Id frong tiing nuru; nhoen nhodt) , ^^fi:^^f£ (hena-hena; Nhgt Tiing Nb^t gpi tu ldy tupng hinh la "tft ldy trgng thdi" (gitai-go)^, nd dugc sft dyng nhu nhugc) Cdc phy dm biiu g,2, d, b phi biln frong ddi sing bdng ngdy vd frong dugc lidn tudng tdi nhftng gi "to, mgnh, chdm, cdc tdc pham vdn hpc Ngft am cfta tft lay ban"; cdn cdc phy dm vd k,s,t lien tudng tugng hlnh tiing Nhdt rdt gidu tinh bieu trung tdi nhflng gi "nhd, sdc, d?p" [30] Thft so sanh ^ h ^ h gira-giravdi ^ h"^ h kira-kira,^ Chdng hgn: h^ h zara-zara vdi ^ ^ ^ ^ sara-sara: Nguydn dm a vdi df md cfla mifng rpng phdt am thudng lidn tudng tdi nhftng trgng gira-gira bieu thj dnh sdng mgnh cfta tia nang thdi "nii b|it rpng Idn, sdng sua, diit khodt" m^t frdi "chdi lpi", kira-kira bilu thj anh sdng [Hamano, 1986, din tft 27] Vi dy: ^ t > i:) u ( dju ddng "lap Idnh" cfta cdc vi sao; zara-zara wai-wai; on do) , i61) fe ^ mera-mera; Ifta bilu thj thd rdp, cdn ^ b ^ ^ sara-sara bilu cuin cufn ) , t^ ht'^ h (gara-gara; tbi tran bdng mdt md trai), $ W $ (i* (saba-saba; thdng/ dftt Khdo sdt tft ldy tugng hinh tieng Nh^t khodt) Trai lgi, nguydn am / vdi df md b?p chflng tdi nhgn thdy, su- thudng dugc ti§n cua mifng phdt dm thudng lidn tudng tdi tudng tdi frgng thdi thudn lgi, thdng suot trgng thai "nhd bd bay gdp gdp, c5ng thang" khdng hi tdc nghSn, vi dy: 't*< • t ' < (suku[Hamano,1986, dan tft 27] Vi dy: t i t^ 'f'tc'i'fz.(suta(ira-ira; Idng nhu Iua dit), U-' t>° *3 (piri-piri; suku; Idn nhanh nhu t h i i ) , cdng nhu ddy ddn,cang thdng), L ^ C t ^ 1^ C iji- suta\ budc di thodn thodt/ di nhanh nhu bay) , • f " | : J i " f f (.supa-supa; dao sdc thai pham iji; sp sft) Xf LXf L (bishi-bishi; nghiem pham) , i~5>"f'5 (suru-suru; ttdi tuin tuft vi nhu null sgi m i , ' f * ? j i ~ b (sura-sura; xudt khdu thdnh chucmg ) " o o -5 " Trong Tiing NhjU, ti^ \iy tipig thAi dugc gpi \k gitai-go", t£r \ky tiring dtivc go\ ]^"gion-go" So (243)-2016 NG6N NGtr & Ddi S6NG (tsuru- tsuru; dudng tron di dl bj nga/tron tuon tuft) ,"t"V^"t'V^ (JK/-SW/; uyin chuyin, vi trang thdi boi dpp, nhanh va mem mgi) ,-t •^•f"-^ (jwy^'-jwva, ngft say ndng nan) Hay nhu bi- thudng dugc lien tudng tdi trang thai dm u d t vi dy: O* U -^ tj^ L -^ ( bisya-bisya; udt nhoen nhodt) , U^ L J; U^ L i; ( bisyobisyo; udt dam/mo bdi dam dia) , C^hxX^ ^X (bicho-bicho; udt snng) Ldy khdng phdi la phucmg thftc cdu tgo tft quan frpng cfla ngdn ngft kbuat cbilt nhu tieng Anh nhung kho tft vyng tiing Anh ta vin thdy xudt hifn mpt nhdm tft mang ldp nghta hlnh tuong dupe cdu tao theo phucmg thftc ldy Vi dy: shilly-shally (dp a dp flng) , wishy-washy (nhgt pheo pbdo), roly-poly (trdn trung true) Ngay cd vdi nhflng danh tft dupe cau tgo theo phuang thftc ldy thi nd ludn mang sdc thdi binh tupng khdc vdi cdc danh tft chl khai nifm thdng thudng khac Chdng hgn, tft ldy bp phan (biln dii phy am va Igp lgi dudi tft) walkie-talkie: walkie la bien till cfla walk (di bf), talkie Id bien the cua talk (ndi), kit hpp lgi bieu thj "vua di vfta ndi", tuc la "mdy bf ddm khdng ddy" Cho dii la danh tft bilu thj khai nifm nhung am hudng nhip nhang cfla sy l$p lgi ngft am dd tgo nen cho nd ^ ngbta hinh tugng va sinh ddng C6 the thay, tinh bieu trung ngft am cfta tft lay tupng binh Id minh chftng cho nguydn If tuong ty cdu tao tti nb$n cua logi tft Diem giong ttong ngdn ngft lodi n^udi la xu the phat trien tft don am tiet tien den da am tiet The gidi hifn thyc khdng ngftng van dfng Tft dcm dm tilt chl diing lgi d vifc midu td trgng thdi ttnh, nd khdng the bilu dgt thi gidi sing ddng bdn ngoai Co chl ldy dugc tgo ndn mpt phdn frdn co sd dd Lay thdng qua sy lap lai nbfp nhang cua vd ngft am dl bilu thi nhflng phgm tru y nghta mang tinh ggi td, bieu cam, sdc thdi va hinh tugng Dd Id phuang thiic dflng am sinh dfng dl bilu thi -^ nghta hlnh tupng Am cfla nd ludn mang din cho ngudi lien tudng ve mft trgng thai dfng - frgng thdi dang diln va tilp 19 tyc tiep dien Vi dy: vdi tft lay/a/;?ftd/ tieng Vift t J u ? i n t i fon tok, isa ploy ploy frong tiing Thdi, W.^ meng meng tiing Han, (^"Pli'-P potsu-potsu tieng Nhat diu khiln ta lien tudng tdi ednh mua byi vdi frgng thdi nh? nhdng, mdng manh xudt hifn khap mpi nai frong khdng gian, canh tupng dy nhu bien hifn trudc mdt ta, ddy song dfng Sy lap lai cfla vd ngft am khiln cho sy vft midu td ludn d frang thai dfng, neu chi mft am tilt hay binh vi phdt sd khdng tbi bilu thi dugc y nghta hinh tugng dd, ddy cung chfnh la gia tri tugng hlnh ca chl lay mang lgi Dilu ndy thdm mft budc phdn anh tinh tuong ty gii^ binh thftc va nfi dung cdu tgo cfla tft ldy Ket lu^n Tft lay sft dung sy l§p Igi cfla am dl "tupng thanh, tuong hinh" - nhiing pham trfl y nghta mang tinh gpi ta, bieu cam, hlnh tugng vd sdc thdi, nd thdng qua am sinh ddng de bilu thj ]? nghta binh tupng, nd phdn anh cdu tgo cua tft lay Id cd nguyen li, chft khdng hoan toan vd dodn, dd Id tinh tuong iing, tuong ty gifla Sm vd nghta, gifla hinh thftc vd nfi dung Con ngudi sft dyng hifn tugng l§p ngft dm de midu ta chuoi dm lgp di l^p lai the gidi la hifn tupng rdt tu nhidn vd cd moi lien hf trye tilp vdi hifn thyc Hinh tbiic ngft dm cua tft ldy tugng tupng tnmg cho y nghta ma nd truyen tdi - Sm cfla ngudi bay the gidi la nguydn dgng, ngudi su dyng phuong phdp md phdng am dk gdn cbo "nguydn dgng" dy mft binh thftc ngfl am dl nd bilu dat Tft lay tugng hlnh thdng qua sy l§p lgi cfla ngft dm, dm cfla nd bilu trung cbo nhung hinh dnh, y nidm ma nd till hifn, dm ay kich thich tu hinh tugng, nd khoi dgy nhflng lien tudng phong phu va nhiing edm nh$n tinh te cua ngudi Vl tbi, so vdi tft lay tugng thi tft lay tupng hinh gan vdi cam xdc, tam bin cfla ngudi hon Moi tuong quan gifta dm va nghta cfta tii ldy tugng hlnh mang tinh hdm ngdn vd tinh te Day cung 20 NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG S6 (243)-2016 chfnh la tin hieu tuong tu nguyen If cau 16 John Haiman, t^o cua lo^i tir ndy a Natural Syntax, Cambridge University TAI Lifu THAM KHAO Press, 1985a Tieng Vift b, Inconicily in Syntax AmsterdamJoh Nguyin Tai Can (1975), Ngy phdp tieng Benjamins,1985b Vi4t, Nxb Dai hgc va trung hgc 17 Lakoff, G & Mark John (1980), Mai Ngpc Chir chu bien, Nguyen Thi Metaphors We Live By Chicago: The NgSn Hoa, Do Vi^t Hung (2007), Nhap mdn University of Chicago Press ngdn ngir hfic, Nxb Giao dye 18 Leonard Bloomfield (1934), i§Wi&, Nguyin Thi^n Giap (2007), Ddn ludn ^m9^n, B*6p4itS,2008 ngdn nga, Nxb Gido due 19 SapinEdward (1921), i§ W ii Grammont M, (1939), Nga dm hoc bieu (Language), ffi*7C 1#, W*6p45t6, 2011 edm, TM li^u dich cua Vi$n Ngon ngiJ Hoing Van Hanh (1985), Tic lay 20 T.Givbn, tiing Vi$t, Nxb Khoa hgc XS hpi a On Understanding Grammar, New yo Phi Tuyet Hinh (1990), Gia tri biiu trung Academic Press, 1979 ciia khuon vdn tit ldy tieng Vi?t (Lu^ an b, Mirui, Code and Context Hillsadaie, ti^n Sl), Vi$n Ng6n ngft hpc Ng6 Thj Hu? (2014), Tinh phd bien cua Academic Prtss, 1989 phuong thitc lgp logi hinh hoc ngdn ngii 21 Wilhelm Won Humbold, dudi goc ngdn ngit h^c tri nhgn, T/c Ngon a, i&AmmmiSt^6