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Hoan thien the che kinh te thi trffdng ddng bd va hien dai trong mgi hoat ddng ciia nen kinh te; (4) Dieu chinh cac chinh sach kinh te vT md de dam bao mdi trffdng kinh doanh du lic[r]
(1)De xuat mo hinh
phat trien du Ijch sinh thai ben viJng tai tinh Phu Yen
BOI THANH T O A N *
Tom tat
Bdi viet tdng hgp ca sd ly thuyet vi du lich, du lich sinh thdi (DLST) vd phdt trien DLST bin vitng, ddng thdi phdn tich dnh hudng cda Cgng dong Kinh te'ASE/\N (AEC) den phdt trien du lich bin vi^ng d Viet Nam, nhdt Id DLST Tren ca sd nhvtng nghien cdu trudc day, tdc gid da phdt hien "Id hdng ", td dd dUa md hinh nghien cdu di xudt vi phdt trien DLST bin viing trong mdi trudng AEC cho tinh Phd Yen
Tff khoa: phdt trien du lich sinh thdi bin vitng, Cong dong Kinh te ASEAJN, du lich sinh thdi tinh Phd Yen
Summary
This study synthesizes the theoretical basis for tourism, ecotourism and sustainable ecotourism development as well as analyzes the impact of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) on sustainable tourism development in Vietnam, particularly ecotourism Based on previous studies, the author has explored the gap in research that has led to the proposed research model for sustainable ecotourism development in the context of AEC for Phu Yen province Keywords: sustainable ecotourism development, ASEAN Economic Community, ecotourism in Phu Yen province
^
GlCfl THIEU
DLST ben vffng se mang lai nhieu ldi ich thie't thffc cho chinh cac chu the, ma nd tac dgng, yeu cau nang cao tieu chuan va y thffc ve trach nhiem du lich Dd la tie^t kiem cbi phi, mang lai gia tri cho san pham va nhffng gia tri tich cffc, tao dffng mdi trffdng lanh cho nganh du lich vffng manh, mang lai ldi ich xa hgi ve cd hdi cho nhffng nhdm chiu thiet thdi, vi ngffdi ngheo va lam tang trai nghiem thffc te cho du khach
Trong nhffng nam gan day, cd nhieu nghien cffu nffdc va the gidi ve phat trien DLST ben vffng Tuy nhien, den nay, cd rat it nhffng de tai nghien cffu ve phat trien DLST ben vffng bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC Cd ehang chi la nhffng nghien cffu ve phat trien du lich bd'i canh hdi nhap the gidi ndi chung Hien nay, cdn nhieu van de can
thao luan ve phat trien DLST ben vffng, nha't la Viet Nam da trd thanh vien chinh thffc ciia AEC tff cud'i nam 2015
Dli la mdt tinh cd tiem nang ldn ve phat trien DLST, song de phat trien DLST theo hffdng ben vffng thi Phii Yen cdn rat nhieu viec de lam Tren ed sd tham khao cac nghien cffu trffdc dd, tac gia de xua't md hinh nghien cffu ve phat trien DLST ben vffng mdi trffdng AEC cho tinh Phii Yen
C a s d L Y THUYET
Du lich sinh thai bdn vffng
Day la mdt so cac loai hinh du lich dang dffdc quan tam phat trien nha't bien Tuy nhien, van cdn nhieu quan diem khac vd khai niem Theo Stone (2002), du lich sinh thai ben vffng dffdc dinh nghia la du lich ddi hdi mot mffe cao trach nhiem ciia ngffdi lien quan den "ddng gdp tich cffc dd'i vdi bao tdn va/ hoac cai thien phue ldi cgng ddng chu nha"
Mdt so' quan diem khac thi cho rang, du lich sinh thai ben vffng la loai hinh du lich phii hdp vdi muc "Huyen uy Dong Hoa, tinh Phii Yen I Email: buithanhtoanphuyen@gmail.com
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 01/12/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 18/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 22/12/2018
(2)HIISH 1: P H A T T R I E N BEN VCfNG D ^ A vAO DLST Phat trien ben vihig
r
Phat triln du lich sinh thai Phdt trien viing
Kinhte £
Moi tniong Xahoi
Ttiu niiap tu viec lam va tiiu nh(ip binli ding ve
pliuc Igi xa h6i va tjiui
i 1,
Giao tliong van tai, Bao ton tham tliirc vat va da d^ng sinii
hoc
Co so vSt chat c6ng cgng, Ca so v£it chat
van hoa dia phuong, thai do, phong
each song
Chinh sach va sang kiSn, Bao ton, Duy tri he sinh th^i, D6i mai va chuyen giao cong nghe, Quan he doi tac cong ty, To chuc dua vao cpng 66ng, Cai thien loi
s6ng, Phat trien cong bang >h „ ^ -*£i Nguon: Bhuiyan va cong sU, 2012 HINH 2: MO HINH VE CAC NGUYEN TAC VA GlA TRI DLST
BEN VCifNG
Cac muc tieu xa hoi Cac muc tieu kinh te
Cac muc tieu moi tru'dng
Nguon: Pamela (1997)
HiNH 3: MO H I N H P H A T TRIEN CONG D N G T H A N H CONG
Cac ben lien quan
11
Du lich sinh thai
^ y
Khuon kho trao quyen cho cong
dong
Mguon: Winl<ler (2012) tieu mdi trffdng xa hdi va tang cffdng sinh ke ciia dia phffdng sd tai (Gibson, R B.va cdng sff, 2005)
Tff cac khai niem tren, nghien cffu nay, tac gia cho rang, DLST ben vffng la mot loai hinh du lich de cao trach nhiem cua ngffdi, phu hdp vdi muc tieu phat trien mdi trffdng, xa hdi va kinh te cua dia
phffdng mffe nha't dinh khong bi bien dang tac dgng cua du lich
Ph^t trien DLST bdn vffng
DLST bao gdm mdt loat cac hoat ddng dtfa tren thien nhien thuc day sir danh gia ciia khach du lich va sff hieu bie't ve di san van hda va tff nhien va dffdc quan ly ben vffng ve mat moi trffdng sinh thai, kinh te' va xa hoi Do dd, DLST dffdc chap nhan nhff la mot loai thay the' phat trien ben vffng DLST da thu hut stf chu y cang tang nhieu nam, khdng chi la mot thay the' cho du lich dai chung, ma la mdt phffdng tien de thuc day phat trien kinh te va bao tdn mdi trffdng ciia mot qud'c gia Muc tieu ciia nd la bao ton tai nguyen, dac biet la da dang sinh hoc va tri sii dung ben vffng cac nguon life, cd the mang lai trai nghiem sinh thai cho du khach, bao tdn mdi trffdng sinh thai (Bansal va Kumar 2011; Godratollah va cdng sff, 2011)
Tff cac quan diem tren, tac gia cho rang, phat trien DLST ben vffng la cac hoat dgng phat trien ben vffng dffa vao DLST Khai thac sff dung hdp Iy va phat trien tai nguyen du lich tff nhien, chu trgng bao tdn, tdn tao va phat huy gia tri cua tai nguyen du lich Can bang cac khia canh mdi trffdng, kinh te va xa hgi ciia phat trien du lich de tri tinh ben vffng lau dai cua nd
Tdng quan nghidn cffu ve phat trien DLST
Theo Bhuiyan va cdng sff (2012), phat trien ben vffng cd the xay dong thdi giffa DLST va phat trien viing mdt khu vffc Dieu dffdc the hien (Hinh 1) '
Cdn Pamela A Wight (1997) da difa nhffng nguyen tac cd ban lam nen tang phat trien DLST ben vffng Trong do, nhdm muc tieu vd kinh te, xa hgi, moi trffdng dffdc coi la cd tam quan trgng nhiJ nhau, phai dffdc giai quyet mdt each can dd'i de dat dffdc sff phat trien ben viing, bao gdm: Kinh te cdng ddng; Bao ton hdp ly; Ket hdp kinh te vdi mdi tnfdng (Hinh 2)
Winkler (2012) da dffa mo hinh phat trien cgng ddng cong Winkler cho rang, hai yeu td chinh md hinh la "DLST" va "khu6n khd trao quyen cho cgng ddng" DLST la mot ye'u td tiep nhan dau vao cua h? thdng tff cac ben lien quan ben ngoai va cd anh hffdng tich cffc de'n khudn kho
(3)trao quyen cho cdng ddng Md'i lien he giffa DLST va khung trao quyen cho cdng ddng la mdt vdng phan hdi tich cffc (trong mdt vi du thffc hanh td't nha't) vi cac khudn khd he thd'ng phu thudc lin (Hinh 3)
Nghien cffu ciia Bui Thi Minh Nguyet (2012) da dffa nhdm giai phap phat trien DLST ben vffng tai vffdn qud'c gia Ba Vi, gdm: (1) Nhdm giai phap phat trien ben vffng ve kinh te; (2) Nhdm giai phap phat trien ben vffng ve van hda xa hdi; va (3) Nhdm giai phap phat trien du lich ben vffng ve tai nguyen mdi trffdng Nghien ciiu cho tha'y, cd nhdm yeu td'tac ddng de^n phat trien DLST ben vffng, gdm cac yeii td': thudc ve kinh te, ve van hda xa hdi va ve tai nguyen mdi trffdng Tuy nhien, nghien cffu chi thffc hien theo phffdng phap nghien cffu dinh tinh, nen chffa tha'y dffdc mffe anh hffdng cua tffng yeu to' den phat trien DLST ben vffng
Cdn Doan Manh Cffdng (2015) dffa mdt sd' khuye'n nghi ve chinh sach ddng bd nham phat trien ben vffng du lich Viet Nam sff canh tranh vdi cac nffdc ASEAN Do'la:' (1) To chffc tuyen truyen sau rdng ve thach thffc va cd hdi, diem yeu va diem manh hdi nhap va hdp tac qud'c te sau, toan dien Iinh vffc du lich; (2) Khan trffdng soat, sffa ddi, bd sung de hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat lien quan den du lich va hdi nhap va hdp tac qud'c te ve du lich phu hdp vdi cac nguyen tac va quy dinh cua ASEAN; (3) Nhanh chdng hinh ddng bd cac ye'u td' cua nen kinh te^ thi trffdng linh vffc du lich Hoan thien the che kinh te thi trffdng ddng bd va hien dai mgi hoat ddng ciia nen kinh te; (4) Dieu chinh cac chinh sach kinh te vT md de dam bao mdi trffdng kinh doanh du lich binh dang cd hieu qua; (5) Day manh cai each hanh chinh lien quan de'n boat ddng du lich; (6) Nang cao nang life canh tranh du lich la yeu to' giff vai trd quyet dinh sff thanh, bai ciia nen kinb te' du lich sau gia nhap WTO va hdi nhap qud'c te' sau va toan dien ASEAN; (7) Tap trung sffc day manh chuyen dich cd cau phat trien du lich; (8) Kien toan cac cd quan dai dien Viet Nam d nffdc ngoai va cd che phd'i hdp lien nganh phue vu hdi nhap qud'c te' ve du lich vdi ASEAN; (9) Giff gin, bao tdn va phat buy nhffng gia tri
van hda dan tdc chii ddng tich cffc hdi nhap qud'c t e v d du lich ASEAN; (10) Giai quye't td't cac van de ve mdi trffdng bao dam phat trien ben vffng qua trinh hgi nhap qud'c te du lich ASEAN; ( I I ) Giff vffng qud'c phdng, an ninh qud'c gia qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c te ve du lich sau va toan dien ASEAN va vdi the' gidi; (12) Hoan thien cac thie't che dan chu, de bao dam quyen lam chu ciia ngffdi dan dffdi sff lanh dao ciia Dang Cgng san Viet Nam va sff quan ly ciia Nha nffdc tie'n trinh hdi nhap va hdp tac qud'c te' du lich Bai vie^t da cho tha'y, vai trd ciia the che^ cd anh hffdng rat ldn de^n phat trien du lich bd'i canh hdi nhap ASEAN Day la ye'u to' ma tac gia cd the ke^ thffa md hinh nghien cffu ciia minh
^^HQNG TAG DONG CUA >^EC DOI V6l PHAT TRIEN DU LICH SINH THAI BEN V C N G
AEC chinh thffc dffdc lap vao 31/12/2015, nham muc dich tao dffng mot thi trffdng va cd sd san xua't thd'ng nha't cho cac qud'c gia vien ASEAN, thuc day ddng chu chuyen tff ciia hang hda, dich vu, dau tff, lao ddng cd tay nghe ASEAN Muc tieu cua AEC la thuc day phat trien kinh te mdt each cdng bang, thiet lap khu vffc kinh te cd nang life canh tranh cao, ma vdi nang life canh tranh nay, cac vien cua ASEAN cd the hgi nhap day du vao nen kinh td toan cau Nhffng anh hffdng ciia AEC de^n phat trien DLST ben vffng cd the ke den nhff sau:
- Cdc yeu td'ben ngodi: Nguy cd khiing hoang kinh td; tinh hinh an ninh chinh tri cua mdt so nffdc khu vffc cd nhieu bat dn; bien ddi hau va thien tai tac ddng tieu cffc den phat trien du lich Hdn nffa, trinh phat trien kinh te khdng ddng deu giffa cac nffdc khu vffc va tdn tai qua nhieu cd che hdp tac cung la mdt rao can Da phan khach qud'c te chi cd nhu cau di du lich nffdc, dd viec hinh thi trffdng du lich chung ASEAN cdn nhieu khd khan
- Chiu sUtdc dgng mqnh hOn tdqud trinh hgi nhap, ldi the bao hd cua cac doanh nghiep nffdc dan loai bd, kha nang chdng chgi vdi canh tranh kem, dac biet la dd'i vdi cac doanh nghiep Iff hanh
- Chiu sU cqnh tranh gay gat ve nguon nhdn lUc
du lich vdi cdc nUdc khu vUc, ma cac nffdc
ASEAN dang xem xet van de hffdng din vien cua mdt nffdc cd the hanh nghe tai nffdc khac
- Nguy ca cham tre viec ban hdnh cdc vdn
bdn, quy dinh phdp luat se dan den nhffng bat ldi
qua trinh hdi nhap du lich AEC
- Thdch thdc viec qudn ly vd dng phd vdi
khiing hodng xay viec phat trien du lich, nha't
la lien quan yeu td nffdc ngoai Kinh nghiem va sff chuyen nghiep lam du lich ciia Viet Nam cdn ban chd so vdi mot so nffdc khac d khu vffc
Nguy camdt di tinh ben vdng phdt trien du lich, nhdt Id DLST, Iffdng khach du lich tang nhanh
ke't hdp vdi dau tff manh vao cac khu vffc cd kha nang
(4)HINH 4: MO HINH NGHIEN CCfC DE X U A T Phat trien ben vihig
JZ
Phat trien du lich sinh thai
I
Phat trien vung
Kinh te Moi tnrcmg Thu nh^p tir
vifc 14m va thunh^lp binh ding ve
phue ig'i xa hOi vk thuS
1
X a h o i
i
Giao thong van t4i, Bao
ton thSm thvc v^t va da d^ng sinh
hoc
Ca so vat chat
cong cong, Co so vat chat
van hoa dia phuong, thai do, phong
each s6ng
Chinh sach va sang kien, Bao ton, Duy tri he sinh thai, Doi moi va chuyen giao cong ngh?, Quan h? doi tdc cong ty, T6 churc dva vao cpng dong, Cai thien loi song, Phat trien
cong bang
- - - ag«^ !Ngu6n: Tong hdp cija tac gia
phat trien DLST, rat dd dan den mat can bang sinh thai neu khdng dffdc kiem soat, quan ly chat che
DE XUAT MO HINH NGHIEN CLfU
Dffa tren sff tdng hdp cac nghien cffu trffdc day ve cac yeu td anh hffdng den phat trien DLST ben vffng bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC cua nganh du lich tinh Phu Yen, tac gia de xua't md hinh ngbien cffu nhff Hinh
Tren cd sd dd, cac gia thuyet difoc dffa nhff sau:
HI Nhdm yeu to' thudc ve kinh te cd anh hffdng ddng bie^n den phat trien DLST bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC
H2 Cd sd vat chat tang co anh hffdng ddng bie^n den phat trien DLST bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC
H3 Ngudn nban life cd anh hifdng ddng bien den phat trien DLST boi canh hgi nhap AEC
H4 Tai nguyen van hda xa hoi co anh hffdng ddng bien den phat trien DLST bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC
H5 Tai nguyen thien nhien co anh hffdng ddng bien den phat trien DLST bd'i canh hdi nhap AEC
H6 Quan Iy va xue tie^n du lich co cd anh hffdng ddng bien den phat trien DLST bd'i canh hgi nhap AEC
H7 Sff hai long ciia ngffdi dan dia phffdng va khach du lich cd anh hifcing ddng bien den phat trien DLST boi canh hgi nhap AEC
H8 Sff hdp tac va ngoai midc cd anh hffdng ddng bie'n den phat trien DLST bd'i canh bdi nhap AEC.[il
TATLIEU THAM KHAO
1 Doan Manh Cffdng (2015) Phdt trien du lich bin vvtng d Viet Nam svt cqnh tranh vdi
cdc nude ASEAN, Ky ye'u Hdi thao khoa hgc qud'c te ve Toan cau hda va dia phffdng hda du lich,
nam 2015
2 Ha Van Hdi, Vu Viet Cffdng (2010) Du lich Ha Ndi hffdng tdi phat trien ben vffng, Tqp chi
Khoa hgc, Dqi hgc Qud'c gia Hd Ngi, Kinh tevd Kinh doanh, 26
3 Nguydn Dinh Luan (2015) Hgi nhap kinh te ASEAN (AEC): Cd hdi va thach thffc ddi vdi lao dgng Viet Nam, Tqp chi Phdt trien vd Hgi nhap, sd 23/2015
4 Pham Trung Lffdng (2002) DLST NhUng vd'n de ly ludn vd thuc tiin d Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due
5 Nguydn Thi Minh Nguyet (2016) Phdt trien nguon nhdn lytc du lich tinh Tiin Giang, Luan an tien si, Trffdng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi
6 Bansal, S.P & Kumar, J ( 2011) Ecotourism for Community Development: A Stakeholder's Perspective in Great Himalayan National Park, International Journal of Social Ecology and
Sustainable Development, 2(2), 31-40
7 Bhuiyan, A H., Siwar, C , Ismail, S M., Islam, R (2012) The Role of Ecotourrism for Sustainable Development In East Coast Economic Region (Ecer), Malaysia, IntemationalJournal
of Sustainable Development, 3(9), 53-60
8 Gibson, R B et al (2005) Sustainablility Assessment: Criteria and Processes, London:
Earthscan, 49
9 Godratollah, B., Azlizam, A., Manohar, M., Mohd, H I., Syed, M H (2011) Delphi Technique For Generating Criteria And indicators in Monitoring Ecotourism Sustainability in Northern Forests Of Iran; Case Study On Dohezar And Sehezar Watersheds, Folia Forestalia
Polonica Series A, 53(2), 130-141
10 Pamela A.Wight (1997) Sustainable Ecotourism: balancing economic, enviromental and social goals within an ethical framework, The Journal of Tourism Studies, 4(1), 54-66
11 Stone, M J (2002) Ecotourism and Community Development: Case Study From Hainan,
China, Waterioo, Ontario, Canada: Masters Thesis, University of Waterloo