Viec tiin hanh phan tfch he thdng co sd ha ting do thi tap trung d 06 tieu chi vdi 17 chi tieu cu thi: giao thdng dd thi (dau mdi giao thong, ti Ie d i t giao thong so vdi dat xay dun[r]
(1)THUC TRANG DO THI HOA
6
THANH PHO HAI PHONG
GIAI DOAN 1985 - 2007Vu Thi Chuyen
Trudng THPT Trdn Phu, - Hdi Phdng
1 M d d a u
Bai bao de cap din thuc trang thi hda d phd Hai Phdng giai doan 1985- 2007 Npi dung nghien cQu dupc phan tfch dudi goc dO dia ly vdi mpt he thdng tieu ehi thuOc cae linh vuc: chQc ndng thi; kinh t i - xa hpi dd thi, co sd ting thi, kien triic canh quan va ciu true khOng gian dd thi di rut nhan dinh chung vi thuc trang, mdt tich cue va ban chi cua qua trinh thi hda (DTH) d phd Hai Phdng d giai doan 1985 - 2007
2 N o i d u n g nghien ciJu
2.1 ChiJc nang ciia thi
Viec phan tich DTH vi chQc nang thi dupe tap trung d chi tieu la tfnh chit va pham vi anh hudng eua thi TQ nam 2003, Hai Phdng dQpc cOng nhan la dd thi loai I - trung tam cip qudc gia Theo dd, dd thi Hai Phdng "la mpt cue quan trpng ciia vung kinh t i trpng diim phia Bac; la phd cang, cQa ngd chinh biin cua cac tinh phia Bdc; la diu mdi giao thong quan trpng; la trung tam cong nghiep, thuong mai, du lich va dich vu ciia ca nude va vung Duyen hai Bdc Bp; cd vi tri quan trpng ca ve qudc phdng, an ninh" [1] Kit qua danh gia bdng phuong phap tinh diim cho thiy, mQc dp DTH vi chQc ndng cua thi cua Hai Phdng luon d mQc cao, dat tieu chuin cua thi loai I Trong dd, cdc quan nOi dat tieu chuin cua dd thi loai I, cac thi tran chi dat tieu chuin dO thi loai IV va loai V Giai doan 1985 - 2007, tdc dO DTH vi chQc nang dd thi hiu nhu khdng tdng, ngoai trQ nam 2003 phd dQpc cOng nhan la thi loai I, trung tam cip qudc gia
2.2 Kinh te - x a hoi ciia thi
(2)kinh te thi gdm chi tieu (tdc tang trudng kinh te thi, ti trpng kinh te phi nong nghiep d thi va ti trpng ddng gdp GDP eua khu vQc kinh t i thi toan nin kinh te chung cua phd)
2.2.1 Dan so - lao dong thi
* Ddn sd dd thi
- Qui mo dan sd thi Hai Phdng thuOc loai Idn d nude ta, tfnh din nam 2007 la 825.316 ngudi, chiim 3,17% sd dan dO thi ca nudc, dQng thQ ba ea nudc va thQ d vung ddng bdng song Hdng [8] Qui mo dan sd cua toan thi dat tieu chuin eua thi loai I nhung chua dat mQc qui hoach cua phd, eac thi trin dat tieu ehuin cua thi loai V
- Qui md dan sd thi Hai Phdng tang lien tuc Trong co cau sd dan thi tang d thai ki 1985 - 2007, viec lap quan va phudng mdi ddng gdp 51,32%; gia tang tQ nhien 30,97% va qua trinh chuyin cu 17,71% [2], [3] Trudc thdi ki Ddi mdi, dOng lue tang dan sd chu yiu ti suit sinh cao va nhap eU TQ nam 1986 - 2007, viec lap quan va phudng mdi la dOng lue chfnh cua gia tang dan sd thi
Bdng Qui md vd ti le ddn sd dd thi Hdi Phdng thdi kl 1955 - 2007
Ndm 1955 1965 1975 1985 1990
Sd dan dd thi (ngudi) 153.550 236.123 351.135 386.937 446.570
Ti le dan sd thi (%) 23,35 25,26 26,71 27,91 30,90 Nam 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007
Sd dan dd thi (ngudi) 526.436 574.674 725.111 732.327 825.316
Ti le dan sd dd thi (%)
32,95 34,13 40,29 40,39 45,04
Ngudn: [2], [3]
Bdng Mat dp ddn sd trung binh d Hdi Phdng giai doan 1985 - 2007
Dan vi: ngudi/km^
Cac khu vuc Toan phd - Do thi
- Nong thon
- Do thi trung tam
- Cae thi ve tinh, thi t r i n
1985 863 13.970 612 17.528 6.367 1990 1034 5.018 739 14.416 1.244 2000 1181 4.347 804 8.340 1.696 2007 1.287 2.770 854 2.882 1.980
(3)2 d ddng bang song Hdng, dat tieu ehuin cua dO thi loai V; ti le dan sd ngoai rit thip, la 7,27%
- Phan bd dan cu dO thi: Mat dO dan sd dd thi Hii Phdng vao loai thip, dat tieu ehuin cua dd thi loai V Mat dp dan sd thi giam nhanh va phan bd rit khong ddng diu, cang xa trung tam mat dO dan sd cang thip, giim d cac quan cu va tang d cac quan mdi lap Ndm 2007, vung thi trung tam cd 18 phudng cd mat dan sd khong dat tieu chuin cua dO thi va chiem tdi 66,79% dien tich cua thi trung tam
-Lao dpng dd thj
H- Ti lg lao dOng phi ndng nghigp (NN) d de thi Hii Phdng vdd Idai eac Ndm 2007, ti le lao dOng phi NN d dd thi Hii Phdng la 90,3%, thip hon d khu vue dd thi eua ca nude (95,72%) va ddng bang sdng Hdng (95,38%) va thay ddi theo tQng giai doan chu yiu sQ thay ddi cua ti le lao dOng cOng nghiep d dd thi
-I- Ti le t h i t nghiep d dO thi Hai Phdng vao loai cao, nam 2007 la 5,03%, dQng thQ ba ea nQdc, tQ nam 1995 din giam dan
* Ddt dd thi
Qui mo dien tich dit thi: nam 2007 la 297,9 km^, tang 10,53 lin so vdi nam 1985, dd dien tich dd thi trung tam chiim 83,85% (tdng 15,72% so vdi nam 1985) vd dien tieh eae thi trin 16,05% Tdc dp md rpng dien tich thi nhanh hon mQc qui hoach
Ti le dien tich dat dd thi cua Hii Phdng tang lign tuc: Tdc dO tang giai doan 1985 - 1990 trung binh 0,75%/ndm, giai doan 1990 - 2000 la 0,2%/nam va giai doan 2000 - 2007 la 1,63%/nam Ti le dit dO thi d cac huyen ngoai rit thip va tang cham
Theo muc dich sQ dung, ti le dien tieh dit phi NN ndm 2007 dat 61,37% TQ nam 2000 din nay, tdc dO tang ti le dien tieh dit phi NN nhanh hon mQc qui hoach cua phd
Theo qui hoach, tdc dO tang dien tieh dit xay dung dd thi cham hon tdc dO tdng dien tich dit thi Chiim ti le Idn nhit va ed tdc dO tdng nhanh nhit la dien tfch dit d va dien tich dit cOng nghiep, kho tang Cac loai dit xay dung khac chi chiim ti trpng rit thip
Chi tieu sQ dung dit dan dung mit can ddi so vdi nhu cau thQe ti, chQa gan liin vdi qui hoach, chi tieu sQ dung dit d va dit cOng nghiep qua cao,.eac loai dit dan dung khac cdn rit thip va khOng dat qua 50% so vdi qui chudn xay dung dO thi loai I
* Kinh ti dd thi
Ti trpng ddng gdp GDP cua khu vuc thi nin kinh t i chung cua phd tang: nam 2007 la 82,78%, tang 20,92% so vdi nam 1990
(4)tdng trudng thip va chua dn dinh Xu hudng chuyin dich co cau kinh t i dd thi Hai Phdng la tang ti trpng kinh te phi NN va giam ti trpng kinh te NN, tdc dp chuyin dich giai doan 1985 - 2007 la ± 8,9% Cac quan cu dang hudng tdi co ciu nin kinh te phat triin, cac quan mdi cd xu hudng va tdc chuyin dich chua dn dinh
00% n 80% 60% 40%-20% no/
^':" • ' 38.14
61.86
^
33.47
66.53
^ •: 24.5
75.5
* ' •"••^"'"
22.51
77.49
17.22
82.78,
1990 1995 0
D Th^nh thi
2005 D N6ng th6n
2007 Nam
Hinh Cd cdu GDP phdn theo thdnh thi - ndng thdn Hdi Phdng giai doan 1990 - 2007
Xet mdi tuong quan giQa cac qua trinh KT - XH tren day, chung toi nhan thiy tdc chuyin dich co ciu lao dpng va cd ciu kinh t i cham hon nhiiu so vdi tdc dp tdng ti le dien tfch dit dd thi Cac chi tieu KT - XH d cac quan cQ cd tdc dO tdng cham nhit, cac quan mdi cd tdc tang nhanh nhat
Kit qua danh gia bdng phuong phap tinh diim cho thiy mQc dp DTH vi linh vuc KT - XH d thi Hai Phdng d mQc cao, dat tieu chuin cua thi loai I Cd 05/11 chi tieu dupc xet cd mQc dp DTH dat tieu chuin thi loai I trd len Cac quan cu va Kiin An, Hai An dat mQc dp DTH cao; cac quan va thi trin khac dat mQc trung binh hoac thip
Tdc dp DTH cua thi Hai Phdng vi linh vUc KT - XH tang, nhung mQc tang cham (0,84%/nam); giai doan 2000 - 2007 cd tdc dp DTH nhanh nhit (1,84%/nam), nhung chi dat mQc trung binh Tdc dO DTH rit khac giQa cac giai doan, giQa cac tieu chf va giQa cac chi tieu cung mpt tieu chf
2.3 H e thong cd s6 t§ng thi
(5)2 H e t h o n g cd sd tang ky thuat
Nam 2007, tdng chiiu dai dudng dO thi eua Hai Phdng la 268,43 km, chiim 8% tdng sd 3381,33 km dudng bp cua phd va tang 1,5 lin so vdi nam 1985 Mat dp dudng giao thong chfnh r i t t h i p , khOng dat qui chuin cua dO thi He thdng giao thOng tinh qua hep Tuyin xe td buyt cd mat dO t h i p He thdng cing biin cang dupc hien dai hoa va md rOng Hai Phdng ed tuyin qudc 10 di qua, d i n d i u c i nudc vi td chQc cac tuyin xe van tai khach chit lupng cao He thdng dudng sat cd c h i t iQOng kha tdt Hai Phdng ed san bay, trang bi ky thuat ban chi [9], [10]
Hai Phdng cd sd lupng va chit luong c i p nQdc sinh boat vao loai tdt n h i t nQdc ta NhQng chQa cd he thdng thoat nQdc mQa va nQdc thai rieng, mat dO dQdng thoat nQdc chua dat qui chuin dO thi Chi tigu dien sinh boat binh quan d i u ngUdi t h i p , h i u h i t cac quan dat tieu chudn eua dO thi loai V Chiiu sang dudng phd chinh dat 100%, ti le ngd phd dupc chiiu sang dat 40% H i i Phdng dQng thQ nganh bQu dien cua todn qudc vi mpi boat dOng Dien tfch cay xanh toan dO thi khong dat qui chuin Ti le xQ ly nudc thai chua dat chuan
Sd lupng cac cong trinh dich vu thuong mai, du lich va giai trf tang va ed nhiiu thay ddi vi md hinh, eO chi vd hieu qua boat dOng theo hudng ngdy cang hien dai hda Tuy nhien su phat triin chua tuong xQng vdi tiim nang va t h i manh cua phd
Cac edng trinh t i n g ky thuat khde cang phat triin
2.3.2 H e t h d n g cd sd tang x a hoi
Quy nha d thi cua Hai Phdng tang trudng kha Ti le nha d kign cd tang Tuy nhien kiin true cdn mang tinh chit tQ phat, lOn xpn Sd iQOng trQdng, Idp hpc; cdc CP sd kham chua benh, giudng benh; eac edng trinh vdn hod, nghe thuat diu tang, nhung chit lupng ban chi [2]
Danh gia bdng phupng phap tinh diim eho thiy, mQc dO DTH vi cP sd t i n g d H i i Phdng kha cao vd dat tigu chuin thi loai II; tieu chi giao thOng va mOi trudng dd thi mdi dat tieu chuin cua dd thi loai V Cd 10/17 chi tigu dupe xet chua dat tieu chudn cua thi loai I Cae quan cu va quan Hai An cd mQe dO DTH cao bdn cac quan cdn lai va cac thi t r i n
(6)2.4 Kign triic canh quan va quan ly thi
Viec tien hanh phan tfch, danh gia kiin true canh quan va quan ly thi tap trung chii yiu d 02 tieu chf vdi 05 chi tieu cu thi: kien true, canh quan thi (khu thi mdi kiiu miu, sd khong gian cong cong cua thi); quan ly thi (mQe dO qui hoach thi, qui che quan ly qui hoach kien true dO thi, ti le cip phep xay dung nha d)
Kiin true canh quan thi rit da dang, cang xa trung tam cang thoang, mat xay dung thua din, cac cong trinh tao diim ihan chu dao ciia thi thudng ndm d vung trung tam Tinh den nam 2007, qui hoach tdng thi cip phd thuc hien dupc 15,7% dien tich dit tU nhien cua phd Quan ly dO thi cdn rit nhiiu ban chi [9], [10]
SQ dung phuong phap tinh diim cho thiy, mQc dp DTH vi kiin true, canh quan va cjuin ly thi cua Hai Phong d mQc kha cao, dat tieu chuin cua thi loai
II Cd sQ khac biet giQa eac quan va cac thi trin, nhien khoang each khong Idn
Giai doan 1985 - 2007, toe dO DTH vi linh vue kiin true, canh quan va quan ly thi d Hai Phong d mQe trung binh (tang 2,12%/nam), cao hon cua cac nhdm tieu ehi khde, nhung thiiu dn dinh va phu thupc nhieu vao cac quyet dinh hanh chfnh vi qui hoach, quan ly thi
* Danh gia chung mQe dO va tdc dO dO thi hda cua toan thi Hai Phdng Bdng Ddnh gid chung mUc dp dd thi hoa d Hdi Phdng
giai doan 1985 - 2007 Cac nhdm tieu chi
Toan dd thi ChQc ndng dd thi K T - XH dd thi Cd sd tang dd thi Kiin true, canh quan va quan ly dd thi
1985 Trung binh
Cao Kha cao
T h a p T h i p
1990 T u n g binh
Cao Kha cao
T h i p Thdp
1995 Trung binh
Cao K h a cao
T h a p K h a cao
2000 K h a cao
Cao K h a cao
T h d p K h a cao
2007 Kha cao
Cao Cao Trung binh
K h a cao
Kit qua danh gia mQc dO DTH ciia phd dQpc tdng hpp tQ kit qua danh gia mQc dp DTH cua 04 nhdm tieu chf: chQc nang thi; KT - XH thi; cP sd ting thi; kiin true canh quan va quan ly thi
Tinh din nam 2007, mQc dO DTH vi co sd tang d Hai Phdng kha cao, dat tieu chuin cua thi loai II, thip nhit la nhdm tieu ehi co sd ting thi chi dat tieu ehuin thi loai III
(7)dp DTH tang d mQc trung binh, cao hon tdc dO tang ti le dien tfch va dan sd dO thi; giai doan 2000 - 2007, tdc dO DTH tang cham hPn ti le dien tich va dan sd thi
Bdng 4- Ddnh gid tdc dp dd thi hoa d Hdi Phdng giai doan 1985 - 2007
Cac nhdm tieu chi Todn dd thi ChQc nang dd thi Kinh t i - xa hdi dd thi He thdng cd sd t i n g Kiin true, canh quan va quan ly dd thi
1985 - 1990 Giam Khdng tang Khdng tang
Giam Cham
1990 - 1995 Trung binh Khdng tang Khdng tang Trung binii R i t nhanh
1995 - 2000 Trung binh Khdng tang Trung binh Trung binh
Cham
2000 - 2007 Trung binh Trung binh Trung binh Trung binh
Cham
1985 - 2007 Trung binh
Cham Cham Trung binh
Nhanh
2.5 C a u triic k h o n g gian thi Hai P h o n g
- He thdng thi Hai Phong: Tinh den nam 2007, he thdng dO thi Hai Phdng gdm 07 quan trung tam, 10 thi trin He thdng dO thi eo mdi quan he chat che vdi vung nOng thon cua phd va eac vung lan can Ciu true khong gian thi trung tam cd hinh mOt bong hoa cdnh Md hinh md rOng khdng gian he thdng dd thi da dang, chu yiu hudng bign
- Ciu true khdng gian dd thi phan theo mQc dO thi hda: Dd thi Hai Phdng cd sQ phan hda kha ro vi mQc dO DTH Cang xa trung tam phd mQc dO DTH cang thip Tren co sd su phan hda chu yiu vi mQc dO DTH, cd thi phdn chia lanh thd dd thi Hai Phong 03 khu vQc:
+ Khu vue ed mQe dO DTH kha cao, chiim 11,35% dien tich va 35,33% dan sd phd
+ Khu vuc ed mQc dO DTH trung binh, chiim 27,48% dien tich va 30,42% dan sd phd
+ Khu vuc cd mQc dO DTH thip, chiim 61,16% dien tich va 34,25% dan sd phd
- Td chQc khong gian thi phan theo chQe nang: Toan bO boat dOng eua thi dang tQng bQdc dQpc td chQe theo cae khu ehQe nang: khu dan cQ thi; khu cOng nghiep, kho tang va cing bien; he thdng cac trung tam va cae vanh dai cay xanh [9], [10]
2.6 Nhu'ng m a t t i c h cLfc va h a n chg c u a q u a t r i n h d o t h i h o a d H a i P h o n g
2.6.1 Mat tich c\ic
(8)- DTH thuc diy qua trinh chuyin dich co ciu lao dpng, eO ciu sQ dung dit va CO ciu kinh t i cua toan phd theo hudng tich cue, hoan thien din he thdng CO sd ting va phat triin kiin true canh quan thi theo hudng hien dai, tQ dd nang cao chit lupng cupc sdng va ldi sdng van minh thi
- He thdng thi cang md rpng va cd mdi quan he chat che ban vdi he thdng thi vung, eung nhu vdi mpt sd thi Idn khu vuc Qua trinh DTH d Hai Phdng tQng budc gop phin thue hien chiin lupc phat triin he thdng thi cua ca nude
2.6.2 Mat han che
- DTH chua can xQng vdi tiim nang phat triin cua phd va yeu ciu cua mOt thi loai I - trung tam cip qudc gia, edn nhiiu biiu hien mit can ddi so vdi qui hoach phat triin ehung cQa phd
- DTH diin khong ddng deu giQa cac linh vUe va giQa cac dia phuong Nhiiu ehi tieu cdn vay mupn Dan sd thi va dit thi tang dot bien vao nhung nam ed quyit dinh hanh chinh lap eae quan mdi, viec chuyin ddi dit ndng nghiep dit thi chua gan liin vdi qui hoach sQ dung lao dOng
- Hg thdng CO sd ting dO thi cdn nhiiu yiu kem, nhit la cae ehi tieu ve giao thdng va mdi trUdng dd thi Kiin true dd thi cdn chdp va, ehua cd qui hoach chi tiit eho tQng vung dO thi Chua tao nen net dpc dao, diim nhin rieng biet vi kiin true canh quan thi he thdng thi ven biin cua nude ta, khu VQC va tren the gidi
- Viec md rOng dO thi chu yiu vin la biin nong thon thi mpt each chu quan din den DTH thiiu bin vQng DTH d cac huyen ngoai phan Idn mang tinh tQ phat, vai trd cac thi trin rit thip Mdi lien he giQa thi va nong thOn chenh lech kha Idn
3 Ket luan
Hai Phdng ndm d phfa Dong cua miin Duyen hai Bde bp va thupc vung kinh t i trpng diim phia Bde, cd lich sQ phat triin ban 100 nam TQ nam 2003, Hai Phong dupc cong nhan la dd thi loai I - trung tam cip qudc gia Nam 2007, dien tieh dit thi la 19,61%, ti le dan sd dO thi la 45,04%, khu vUe thi chiem 82,78% GDP cua toan phd
(9)ddi, giai doan 1985 - 2007 lap them 04 quan va 09 dd thi ve tinh, thi trin va xuit hien mOt sd mo binh dO thi tien tiin DTH cd nhiiu mat tich cue, la dOng IQC thue diy phd phat triin theo hudng van minh va hien dai, nhung DTH eung dang dQng trudc nhiiu thach thQe va ban chi
Kit qua nghien cQu giup cac chuygn gia dd thi cd them co sd thuc tiin dua nhQng dinh hudng va giai phap thQc hien DTH d Hai Phdng ndi rigng va phdt triin he thdng dd thi Viet Nam ndi chung theo hudng phat triin bin vQng
TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO
[1] Ban tuyen giao phd Hai Phdng, 2004 Tai lieu tuyen truyin Nghi quyet 32-NQ/TW eua Bp Chinh tri (khod IX) vi "xay dQng va phat triin phd Hai Phdng thdi ki eOng nghiep hod va hien dai hoa dit nQdc" Hai Phdng
[2] Cue Thdng ke phd Hii Phdng Nien gidm thong ke thdnh Hdi Phdng cdc ndm 1996 - 2008 Nxb Thdng ke Ha NOi
[3] Cue Thdng ke phd Hai Phdng Nien gidm thong ke cdc qudn, huyen, thi xd cua Hdi Phdng cdc ndm 2001, 2006, 2008 Hai Phdng
[4] Cue Thdng ke phd Hai Phdng, 2007 Ddnh gid thuc trang mUc song ddn cu thdnh Hdi Phdng Nxb Thdng ke, Hii Phdng
[5] Hoi ddng lich sQ phd Hai phong, TrQdng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hOi va Nhan van, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha NOi, 1998 Tii dien bdch khoa dia danh Hdi Phdng Nxb Hai Phdng
[6] Dam Trung Phudng, 2005 Dd thi Viet Nam Nxb Xay dung Ha NOi [7] Truong Quang Thao, 2003 Dd thi hoc - Nhiing khdi niem md ddu Nxb Xay dQng, Ha Npi
[8] Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2008 Nien gidm thong ke Nxb Thdng ke Ha NOi-[9] UBND phd Hai Phdng, 2001 Thuyit minh ting hap diiu chinh qui hoach chung thdnh phd Hdi Phdng din ndm 2020 BO Xay dQng - Vien qui hoach Hai Phdng - Vien qui hoach thi va nOng thoii, Hai Phdng
[10] UBND phd Hai Phdng, 2009.-Thuyit minh diiu chinh Qui hoach chung xdy dung thdnh Hdi Phdng din ndm 2025 vd tdm nhin din ndm 2050 Hii Phdng
ABSTRACT
The situation of urbanization of Haiphong in the period 1985 - 2007