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Khi phan tich va danh gia vai trd xa hgi ciia ton giao, cac nha sang lap chii nghia Mac - Lenin da neu ra each xem xet van de tdn giao theo quan diem cu the va xuat phat tii thiic te[r]
(1)12 Nghien cuu Ton giao So 10 - 2009
TU TUONG CUA C MAC, PH ANGGHEN VA V.I LENIN VE CHUfC NANG, VAI TRO CUA TON GIAO QUA MOT SO TAC PHAM KINH DIEN
C hu nghia Mac - Lenm ve tdn giao the hien tren cac ngi dung nbu ve ban chat, ngudn gd'c tfnh chat, chuc nang cua ton giao phu'dng phap iing xii vdi tdn giao Xhiing quan diem den van cd gia tri to Idn ddi vdi 'viec nghien ciiu tdn giao va cdng tac tdn giao d nudc ta Bai viet phan tfch met sd ngi dung tU tu'dng ciia C.Mac Ph.Angghen va V.I.Lenin ve chiic nang vai tre cua tdn giad du'dc trinh bay trdng mgt sd tac pham kinh dien tieu bieu
1 Chijfc n a n g d e n b u hvt ao
Mac va Angghen deu cho rang, triidc het, ton giao cd chiic nang an lii, dii la thu' "bii dap hii ao" menh de ndi tieng "ten giad la thudc phien ciia nhan dan": "Sii ngheo nan eiia tdn giao 'viia la
bieu hien cua sii ngheo nan hien thi/c vita
la St/ phdn khdng chdng sii ngheo nan hien thiic ay Tdn giao la tieng thd dai ciia chung sinh hi ap biic, la trai tim ciia the gidi khcng cc trai tim, ciing gid'ng nhii nd la tinh t h i n cua nhiing trat tii khdng CO Linh than, Tdn giao la thud'c phien ciia nhan dan"'", Co mgt thdi gian dai, menh de lai chi du'dc hieu: ten giao la riidu tmh t h i n , la thud'c phien d i u dgc nhan dan, la vdng hao quang t h i n t h a n h
NGI YEN KHAC DVC cai bien khd ciia nhan dan la nhiing bdng hoa tifdng tifdng phu tren xfch xieng thiic te ciia hg
Van de dat la lam de hieu difdc thiic chat y nghia cau ndi ndi tieng ciia C.Mac
Trudc het c i n thay rang luan diem khdng phai C.Mac la ngiidi dau tien ma trifdc dd da cd mgt so nha khoa hgc Phiidng Tay de cap den vdi y nghia tu'dng tti (nhii Honbach Heghen, Haind Baud ) Xhiing den C.Mac, cau ndi trd ndi tieng va nhieu ngu'di ngg nhan C.Mac la ngiidi da neu len d i u tien
Den van cd nhieu each hieu khac ve luan diem Cd ngifdi cho rang cau ndi dd hoan toan sai lam vi khdng phu hdp vdi sii that lich sii So ngiidi khac lai quan niem chi cd hinh thiic tdn giao thoai hda nao dd mdi la thud'c phien chii khdng phai mgi tdn giao ndi chung Cd ngu'di trd ve tim hieu boi canh lich sii xuat hien cau ndi dd ciia C.Mac va cho rang; vao n h i i n g t h a p ki'
* ThS Hoc vien Qiiiih tri-Hanh chinh Qudc gia Ho Chi Minh
1 C Mac Gdp phdn phe phdn triet hoc phdp quyen
ciia Heghen Ldi ndi ddu C Mac-Ph Angghen
(2)Nguy5n Khac Due Tutirrhig ciia C Mdc 13
d i u ciia t h e ki XIX t h i d Phifdng Tay tif "thudc p h i e n " chiia cd y n g h i a dgc h a i nhif n g a y n a y m a chi la thif thud'c giam dau t h o n g thifdng Vi vay cau ndi dd ciia C.Mac k h d n g m a n g b a t ki bdng d a n g len an nao Ngifdc lai cd y kien cho r i n g chiing nao cdn tdn giao thi y n g h i a dgc hai van cdn dd
Ciao sif T r a c T a n Binh'"' cho biet, viec dong n h a t thud'c p h i e n vdi t o a n bg gia tri tdn giao la each h i e u phd bien mgt thdi d T r u n g Qud'c K h d n g ft bgc gia T r u n g Quoc dii tting coi m e n h de "thud'c phien" lam b a n c h a t ciia ton giao lay l u a n diem cua Mac l a m d i n h nghia ve tdn giao X u a t p h a t tii each If giai t h e m vao do, ngiidi T r u n g Qud'c g i n day lai bi bai bdi "chien t r a n h n h a phien", chd nen cc ac cam vdi tii " n h a phien", lam cho gidi hgc gia Trurig Qud'c t r o n g mgt thdi gian khri dai cd m e t t h a i dg p h u d i n h doi vdi ban c h a t va gia tri cua tdn giao, tiic la chi tii y n g h i a tieu ciic de li giai dinh nghia ton giiio Thiic ra, t h u y e t "thud'c phien" c h i n g q u a ciing chi la mgt loai cong n a n g xa hgi cua tdn giao, nd k h a c vdi toan bg ban c h a t tdn giao''"
Cbii tich Phiden Castdrd chd rang, xet thee quan diem chfnh tri ten giad khdng phai la thud'c phien hoac phifdng thudc dieu ki Nd cd the la thud'c phien heac phiidng thud'c dieu ki tiiy thee ngiidi ta diing nd de benh viic nhiing ke ap biic, bdc let hay de bad ve nhiing ngifdi bi ap biic, bdc lot
Khi p h a n tich cau ndi n a y c i n q u a n Lam tdi y kien ciia S.V.Rojo, mgt ngiidi mac xit Chile d nhOng n a m 1980 T r e n cd sd n g h i e n ciiu r a t ki liidng "lich sii" m e n h de t r e n , dng cd ldi giai thfch r a t t h u y e t phuc: Ton giao la thud'c p h i e n "ciia" n h a n d a n chii k h d n g p h a i la "vdi" n h a n d a n va
d thdi diem ay "thud'c phien" van chifa cd y n g h i a m a tiiy n h u hgay nd la mgt c h a t giam d a u m a cac t h i y thud'c v a n ke ddn""'
L u a n diem cua C.Mac cdi tdn giao la thud'c p h i e n ciia n h a n d a n ve s a u diidc Lenin tiep t h u t n e t de cei dd la hdn da t a n g ciia q u a n niem mac xit ve ton giao"'
Theo C Mac tdn giad k h o n g cbi cd m a t tieu ciic m a cdn cc m a t tich ciic n h a t dinh, vi nd k h d n g chi phdn dnh ngheo
ndn hien thi/c m a cdn chd'ng lgi ngheo ndn hien thi/c ay, nd la t r a i tim the
gidi k h d n g cd t r a i tim, la tieng thd dai lam ngudi ngdai ndi dau kho, sii u a t b a n de n a n g len so' p h a n moi ngiidi Dd ton giao hi bong hoa gia diem t r a n g cho xieng xich, nhifng cd nd v a n hdn la mgt xa hgi cbi cd gong ciim va nguc toi""'
P h A n g g h e n ndi ve vai trd cua dao Cd Dd'c, dii viet; "Nhifng rdi dao Cd Dd'c x u a t bien, nd thiic su' c h a p n h a n sii bao dap va sii triing p h a t d the gidi ben kia, da tao r a t h i e n diidng va dia nguc, va da tim difdc ldi t h d a t difa nhiing ngifdi d a u khd va ngiidi b a t h a n h tcf ddi sd'ng thd'ng khd t r e n t r i n g i a n len t h i e n difdng v i n h ciiu Va t r o n g thiic te, chi cd b a n g hi vgng vao sii den d a p d t h e gidi ben mdi cc t h e n a n g tit sii tif bo t h e gidi t h e e t h u y e t k h a c ki cua Phi-leng va chu n g h i a c a m d u e l e n t h a n h m e t t r o n g n h i i n g Vien truang Vien Nghien ciiu Tan giap the giai (Trung Quo'c)
3 Trac Tan Binh [J gidi Ton gido NXB MN 2007 tr
19, 20 (Ngirdi dich: Tran NghTa Phuang) 4 Ve tdn gido, NXB KHXH, HN 1994,''t I, tr 239 5 V.I.Lenin Ve thdi ciia Ddng Cdng nhdn ddi
vdi tdn gido Trong V.I.Lenin Toan tap NXB Tien
bp Matxcm'a 1979, T 17, tr 524
6 Vien Nghien ct'ru Ton giao va Tin nguang Li ludn
ve Tf'ni gido vd chinh sdch ton gido a \ lei Nam
(3).14 Nghien cuu ion giao i^o lu - /.Kjuy
nguyen tac dao diic cd ban cua ten giad the gidi, mdi cd kha nang cuo'n hiit quan chiing nhan dan bi ap biic"'"
Theo each nhin ciia cac nha kmh dien chtic nang quan trgng nhat ciia tdn giao la chiic nang den bu hif ao Triidc cuoc song cd nhieu khd khan, may nii bat cong, tdn giad an ui, vd ve eon ngrfdi, xda diu bdt ndi dau tran the, Sii den bii bif ao cua ton giao, nhu'ng lai cd tac dung hien thiic, bdi nhd cd nd ma ngifdi nhiing liic khd dau tuyet vgng nha't van difdc an lii va van nudi mgt hi vgng vifdt qua, ban che diidc nhiing hanh vi vd nghia hoac tai hai cho ddng loai
2 Vai t r o x a h o i ciia t o n giao
Khi phan tich va danh gia vai trd xa hgi ciia ton giao, cac nha sang lap chii nghia Mac - Lenin da neu each xem xet van de tdn giao theo quan diem cu the va xuat phat tii thiic te sinh dgng ciia cuoc sdng Vi the vai trd xa hgi ciia tdn giao difdc C.Mac va Ph.Angghen nhin nhan treng nhiing dieu kien lich sd nha't dinh va nhiing hinh thai xa hdi cu the Treng bg Tii ban C Mac da chi r i n g neu treng thdi cd Hy Lap chinh tri ddng vai trd chii yeu thi trai lai thdi ki Trung cd dao Kitd lai ddng vai trd chii yeu Theo C.Mac chi cd the c i t nghia difdc dieu dd b i n g each phan tfch nhiing dieu kien kinh te xa hgi Ph.Angghen cung ndi rd thdi Trung cd vai trd xa hgi ciia tdn giao the hien d sii chi phdi cua nd ddi vdl cac binh thiic khac ciia he tif tifdng va sii tac dgng ciia nd ddi vdi cac phong trao xa hgi chfnh tri "nd huge cac phong trao xa hgi va chinh tri phai mang hinh thiic t h i n hgc" Ph.Angghen k h i n g dmh vai trd ciia tdn giao cac cudc khdi nghia ndng dan thdi Trung cd va vai
tre ciia cac cuoc cai each ton giao, nha't la cudc cai each ciia giao hgi Can vanh ddi vdi sii phat trien cua Chii nghia tii ban Dieu dd chiing td r i n g , dng da thiia nhan nhiing dieu kien lich sii nha't dinh, tdn giao ciing cd m a t tich eiic va sii tac dgng ciia nd doi vdi xa hgi ciing cd mgt t i m quan trgng dang ke""
C.Mac neu rd tac pham Gdp
phdn phe phdn triet hgc phdp quyen ciia Heghen Lin ndi ddu: "Nha nifdc ay, xa
hgi ay san sinh tdn giao, tiic the gitdi
quan Idn ngiidc, vi ban than chiing la the gif% Ion ngiCgc Tdn giao la If luan chung
ciia the gidi ay, la cifdng yeu bach khoa cua nd la logic diidi hinh thiic phd cap ciia nd, la van de danh dii linh luan cua nd, la nhiet tinh cua nd, la sii chuin y ve mat dao diic ciia nd, la sii bd sung trang nghiem eiia nd, la can cii phd bien ma nd diia vao de an lii va bien hg "'^'
Ph.Angghen da viet; "Trong tay bgn giao si, chinh tri va luat hgc, ciing nhd ta't ca nhuing khoa hgc khac van chi la nhiing nganh ciia khoa t h i n hgc va nhiing nguyen If thd'ng tri t h i n hgc ciing diidc ap dung cho chfnh tri va luat hgc Nhiing giao If ciia giao hgi ddng thdi ciing la nhiing dinh Ii chfnh tri, va nhiing doan Kinh T h a n h ciing cd hieu liic trifdc mgi tda an nhii la luat phap Va sii thdng tri tdi cao ay ciia t h i n hgc tat ca cac linh viic boat dgng tinh t h i n ddng thdi ciing la hau qua t a t yeu ciia cai vi tri 7 Ph Angghen Bdn ve lich sir dao Ca Ddc sa ki C.Mac -Ph Angghen Toan tap, Nxb CTQG HN, 1995 tap 22 tr 687,
8 PCS Nguyen Dure Sir Mdc Angghen Lenin hdn
ve tdn gido NXB Ton giao HN 2001 tr 11 - 16
9 C.Mac Gdp phdn phe phdn trie! hoc phdp qiiven
ciia Heghen Ldi ndi ddn C.Mac - Ph
(4)Nguyen Khac Dire Tifticang ciia C Mdc 15
ma giao hgi d a chiem vdi tfnh each la sii tdng hdp c h u n g n h a t va sii p h e c h u I n c h u n g n h a t ciia che p h o n g kien hien tdn"'""
O n g k h a n g d i n h ve vai trd ciia hgc t h u y e t C a n v a n h vdi cac cudc each m a n g tii san: "Vdi t i n h c h a t s i c xac dac biet P h a p , C a n v a n h da lam ndi b a t t i n h c h a t tu" s a n ciia cudc Cai each, da cdng hda hda va d a n chii h d a n h a thd T r d n g k h i cucc cai each cua L u - t h e d Diic d a t h e a i hda va da difa d a t niidc d e n chd dieu t a n t h i cuoc cai each ciia C a n v a n h da trd t h a n h la cd cho n h i i n g ngiidi cdng hda d Gidnevd, d H a L a n va Xcc'tlen, da giai p h d n g Ha L a n khdi ach thd'ng t r i ciia T a y B a n N h a va ciia de che Difc, va da cung cap mgt bg ad tif tiidng cho m a n thii h a i ciia cuoc each m a n g tii s a n dien r a d Anh day chii n g h i a C a n v a n h td r a la mgt sii thiic nguy t r a n g chd ldi ich cua giai cap tif san hdi dd b a n g bg ao tdn giad, n e n ne khdng difdc thira n h a n h d a n toan k h i each m a n g 1689 k e t thiic b i n g sii t h d a hiep giiia mgt bg p h a n ciia quy tgc va giai cap tif s a n " " " Ndi tdi vai trd xa hgi ciia ton giao, cac n h a s a n g lap chii n g h i a Mac - Lenin ciing da lifu y den k h i a c a n h tdn giao la n h u c i u ciia mgt bg p h a n n h a n dan, n h u c i u ciia sii p h a t t r i e n xa hgi t r o n g n h i i n g thdi ki lich sii n h a t d i n h P h A n g g h e n n e u ro: "Chi cai viec la 250 n a m s a u k h i r a ddi, dad Cd Dd'c da trd t h a n h mgt qud'c giac, cung du chiing m m h r i n g nd la tdn giad thich hdp vdl h o a n c i n h cua thdi dai T r d n g thdi ki T r u n g cd dad Cd Ddc ciing p h a t tne'n t h e e sii p h a t t r i e n ciia che dg p h o n g kien m a trd t h a n h tdn giao phii hdp vdi che dg ay, va cd mgt ton ti phong kien tiidng ting Va k h i t i n g ldp t h i d a n r a ddi thi di giad Tin liinb, ddi lap vdi dao
T h i e n chiia p h o n g kien, p h a t trien triidc h e t t r o n g n h i i n g ngiidi Anbi d mien n a m nifdc P h a p , t r o n g thdi ki p h d n t h i n h n h a t cua cac dd t h i d m i e n dd"'''^'
O n g cho r a n g tdn giao ngiidi s a n g tad ra, b a n t h a n n h i i n g ngiidi cam t h a y diidc n h u c i u c i n phai cc tdn giao va hg h i e u difdc n h i i n g n h u c i u c i n Cd tdn giad ciia q u i n chung"'"
P h A n g g h e n cdn chi ro sii x u a t hien cua dao Kito d La Ma cd dai da dap iing yeu cau ciia q u i n chiing nd le va ap biic mong mud'n difdc giai phdng, nhifng lai k h o n g CO each nao giai p h d n g cuoc sd'ng h i e n thiic h d n niia cdn dap iing ca sii h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n ciia b a n t h a n de che cd tfnh c h a t t h e gidi t h i phai cd mgt ton giao t h e gidi phii hdp vdi nd Theo P h A n g g h e n , t r o n g thdi T r u n g cc dad Kitd da td r a la mgt ton giao phii hdp vdi thdi dai, phii hdp vdi che b i e n h a n h
Ton giao la n h u c i u t i n h cam vo'n cd t r o n g ngifdi, dieu m a C Mac da thifa n h a n : "Neu t r o n g t r a i t i m ngifdi, cc mgt t i n h cam xa la vdi ta't ca so' lai cua cac loai dgng vat mgt t i n h cam cii t a i sinh lai mai dii cho vi t r i ciia ngifdi d dau, p h a i c h a n g diing t i n h cam dd la mgt quy l u a t cd b a n cua b a n c h a t cdn ngifdi 10 Ph.Angghen Chien tranh ndng ddn d Difc C.Mac - Ph.Angghen Toan tap N.xb CTQG, HN
1993, tap 7, tr 476
11 Ph Angghen Liitvich Plioiabdc vd su cdo chung
ciiu triet hgc cd dien Difc C Mac - Ph
Angghen Toan tap, NXB CTQG, HN 1995 tap 21 tr 447-448
12 Ph Angghen Liitvich Plioiabdc vd sit cdo chung
ciia triet hoc cd dien Dire, C Mac - Ph
Angghen Toan tap Nxb CTQG HN, 1995, tap 21 tr 446
13 Ph Angghen Briiiw Sana vd dao Ca Dd'c khdi
•thiiy C Mac - Ph Angghen Toan tap, Nxb
(5)Nghien cuu ion giao So lO - 2(yt/y
Theo c h u n g tdi dd la Linh c a m t d n
gi.ao""''
3 V a i t r d c h i n h t r i - x a h o i
Mac va A n g g h e n cho r a n g , tdn giao thuoc kien triic thu'dng t i n g n h a m b i d ve cd sd k i n h te - xa hgi Ve b a n c h a t , t e n giao la cdng cu m a giai c a p t h d n g t r i d i m g de giii gin t r a t tii thd'ng t r i c u a m i n h M a t khac d n h i i n g giai d o a n d a c biet tdn giao ciing du'dc n h a n d a n bi a p biic sii d u n g d e tien b a n h cudc d a u t r a n h p h a n k h a n g
T r d n g tac p h a m I^ut vich Phoi O bdc vd
si/ cdo chung cua triet hgc cd dien Ddc,
Ph.Angghen n e u rd mdi giai c a p thd'ng t r i deu su' d u n g tdn giao p h u hdp vdi m i n h de tri dia vi t h d n g t r i : qu5' tgc dia c h u su' d u n g dao Tin L a n h chinh thdng; t u san tii c h u n g h i a va c a p tien sii d u n g chii nghia d u y li O n g ciing chd r a n g dad Cd Dd'c d a trd t h a n h v a t sd hiiu dgc q u y e n cua cac giai c a p t h d n g t r i "Tinh k h d n g the tieu diet dugc c u a di giao T i n L a n h la phu hop vdi tfnh vd dich c u a giai c a p t h i drin d a n g len; giai c a p t h i d a n l y d a dii Idn m a n h t h i cudc d a u t r a n h ciia nd chdng qui tgc p h o n g k i e n m g t cugc d a u t r a n h v.an h o a n t o a n cd t i n h c h a t d i a phu'dng bat d a u cd q u y md d a n tgc
Xhu vay la d a o Cd Dd'c d a d a t tdi giai doan cudi c u n g c u a nd D a o ay k h d n g cdn du k h i n a n g de tiep t u c du'dc d u n g l a m nguy t r a n g t u tu'dng cho n h i i n g hoai b a o cua b a t cii m g t giai c a p t i e n bg n a o dd; nd cang trd t h a n h v a t sd h d u dgc quyen cua cac giai c a p thd'ng t r i chiing d u n g nd lam phu'dng tien cai tri ddn gian n h i m d a n a p cac giai c a p ldp du'di Hdn niia, mdi giai c a p t h d n g t r i d e u sii d u n g ton giao p h u h d p vdi m i n h ; q u y tgc d i a chu sii d u n g d d n g T e n h a y d a o T i n L a n h cbinh thd'ng; bgn tu' s a n t u chii n g h i a
va c a p tien sii d u n g c h u n g h i a If: """"
L e n i n , t r o n g t a c p h a m Thdi cua cdc
giai cap ud cdc ddng phdi ddi u(9i tdn gido vd gido h(5i n e u rd; "Mudn d u y t r i n h a n
d a n diidi c h e nd le t i n h t h i n , t h i giao hdi p h a i lien m i n h c h a t c h e nha't vdi bgn T r a m d e n : d a y la y kien c u a bgn dia chii d a m a n v a ciia bgn b a o ngiidc cd 16 diidc p h a t b i e u r a q u a ciia m i e n g Puriskevfch T h i i a cac n g a i cac ngai l i m roi -bgn t u s a n p h a n each m a n g cai lai qua ciia m i e n g Ca-ra-u-ld'p: vdi n h i i n g phifdng p h a p n h u v a y cac ngai chi l a m difdc cai viec la t a c h n h a n d a n h e a n t o a n khdi tdn g i a o C b i cd h a n h d g n g n h i i vay chung mdi cd t h e Ida p h i n h dugc dii chi la mgt bg p h a n n h i i n g cdng n h a n lac h a u va n h a t la n h i i n g ngiidi tieu tii s a n va nong d a n c h u n g mdi cd t h e g i u p dd mgt giao hgi ddi mdi de nd h d a n t h a n h "sif m a n g to Idn va t h a n h t h i n " e u a m i n h la tri c h e nd le t i n h t h i n ddi vdi q u i n chiing n h a n dan""'''
Ve cd b a n l u a n d e t r e n d a y ciia chii n g h i a M a c t h a t k h d p h a n p h a n bac va den n a y nd v a n cdn n g u y e n gia t r i Sau d a y la h a i c a u trich d a n tieu bieu:
" T r o n g cai ggi la n h a nudc Cd Ddc giao cai cd y n g h i a thiic sii k h d n g phai la
ngddi m a la sii tha him ciia nd Xgifdi
n h a t cd y n g h i a ddc vua la mgt ngu'di k h a c b i e t m g t e a c h d a c t h u vdi t a t
14 Tap chi Nghien cUu Tdn gido so 4-2000 tr 52 15 Ph .Angghen L/Jr vich Piimahdc vd su cdo cluing
cua triet hoc cd dien Difc C Mac - Ph
Angghen Toan tap NXB CTQG IIN 1995 tap 21 tr 447 - 449
16 V.I Lennin Tlicd dp cua cdc giai cap vd ciia cdc
ddng phdi ddi vdi tdn gido vd gido hoi
(6)Nguyen Khac Due Tiriudng ciia C M ac 17 ca mgi ngifdi khac, hdn n u a cdn la ingt
Cdn ngu'di du'dc tdn giao lam cho trd nen t h i e n g lieng triic tiep g a n vdi t h i e n gidi, vdi C h u a " " ' '
"Tat ca cac giai cap a]3 biic deu c i n den hai chiic n a n g xa hgi, de giii gin nen thdng tri cua ininb: chifc n a n g dao p h u va chiic n a n g giao si Dao phii p h a i dep t a n sti p h a n k h a n g va sii cam p h a n ciia nhiing ngiidi bi ap biic Giad si p h a i an lii nbting ngiidi hi a p biic, vach r a cho hg t h a y trien vgng ""''*',
Tuy n h i e n , ton giao ciing difdc n h a n dan hi ap bifc sii d u n g de tien h a n h cugc dau t r a n h p h a n khang"'", Thi du tieu bieu cho van de n a y la viec Ph.Angghen so s a n h p h o n g t r a o cdng n h a n hien dai vdi lich sii cua Cd Doc giao sd ki Ong da chi re t r d n g thdi ki lich sti co dai "nhu cau dau t r a n h va ddc tin tdn giao k h o n g k h a c n h a u ve can ban"
T r o n g tac p h a m Chien tranh nong ddn
g Ddc, ong Viet: "Vdi b a n dich kinh t h a n h
L u t h e da dem lai cho phong trao binh dan moL vu k h i m a n h me Thdng qua kinh Lhanh dng ta da dem dad Cd Dd'c k h i e m idn cua n b t i n g the ki d i u tien dci lap vdi dao Cd Dd'c da phdng kien hda thdi dng ta d e m biic t r a n h met xa hgi chifa be biet den ton ti t r a t tii p h o n g kien
r a t phrfc t a p va gia tao doi lap vdi mgt xa hgi phong kien d a n g t a n Xoiiti' dan da sii d u n g vii k h i ve mgi m a t de chong lai cac vifdng cong quy tgc va t a n g lii"''''"
X h u vay t h o n g q u a mgt so tac p h a m k m h dieii Lieu bieu, C.Mac, Ph.Angghen va V.I.Lenin cho tha'y ton gi.io cd tac dgng tich ciic n h a t d i n h xa hgi Xd an ui, dgng vien ngifdi trifdc cugc song cdn nhieu kho k h a n bat trac Ton giao la n h u c i u tinh t h i n cua mgt bg p h a n n h a n dan Doi vdi giai cap thd'ng tri c h u n g luon ludn sif d u n g ton giao de bao ve tri dia vi va ldi ich cua m i n h Thiic te cac ong chifa nhin n h a n d i y du ve chifc n a n g nhieu m a t ciia tdn giao, ciing nhif cac khia canh van boa, dao difc, t a m li, v.v ciia ton giao Tuy n h i e n khong vi vay ma p h u n h a n n h i i n g n g h i e n ciiu cua cac ong ve chtic n a n g ton giao nhu' the la k h o n g d u n g vdi sii t h a i lich sif./
17 C.Mdc - Ph.Angghen Todn tdp NXB CTQG MN 1995 T l.lr544
18 V.l Lenin Su phd sdn ciia Qudc te IL V.l Lenm Toitn tap NXB lien bo Matxcova 1980 T 26 tr 293
19 Do Quang Mirng Vdn de ton gido cdch
iiiaiig \ tet Nam Li ludn vd thifc tien Nxb Cl'QG HN
2005 tr 135 - 140
20 Ph Angghen Chidn tranh ndng ddn d Difc C Mac - Ph Angghen Toan tap Nxb CIQG HN
tap7.tr 486