chd'ng thflc dan Phap, mac dfl cdn nhieu phfldng dien can phai tie'p tuc nghien cflu, nhflng theo chung tdi cd the coi la mdt trong nhflng giai doan tieu bieu, tap trung nhflng sac t[r]
(1)Nghien cihi Ton giao So - 2010
TON GIAO - VAN OE LJ LUAN VA THlTC TIEN
C O N G G I A O V A CACH M A N G (1945 - 1954):
BAI HOC LICH S ^ VA Y NGHIA CUA NO
N h a p d e
Khi ban ve moi quan he giiia Cong, giao va Cach mang, Cong giao va Cong san hay noi each khac nda la moi quan he giiia Cong giao vdi Chi'nh phti Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa dUdng nhU da c6 mot nhan thdc rat chung la, day la mgt giai doan v6i cong dong Cong giao Viet Nam ddng trUdc nhdng thach do, nhflng nghich If mang nhieu ye'u to bi kich nha't Khai quat tinh trang do, nhieu ngfldi chung ta cung thfldng chia se vdi nhan dinh ciia Linh muc Trdn Tam Tinh mot cuon sach rat noi tieng ctla ong: "Ngfldi Cong giao bi ket vao gifla hai cflc, tie'n thoai Ifldng nan: hoac hdp tac v6i Viet Minh cong san (thflc ra, noi chiu sfl lanh dao ctia Cong san thi dung hdn) thi c6 nguy cd phan Giao hoi, vao thdi Giao hoang Pio XII ma chii nghia cho'ng cong dfldc coi nhfl la mot tin dieu; hoac la lien hiep vdi Phap, dd phan boi td quo'c lan nfla Nhieu ye'u to' da xo day ho tdi mot chon lfla bi dat vfla muon trung vdi (jiao hoi vfla muon trung vdi To quoc Viet Nam"'"
Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, ndi ve tinh hinh Cong giao Viet Nam sau Cach mang thang Tam 1945, cay but Pham The Hflng, mot ngfldi quan If cong tac lau nam ciia chinh phii cung cd nhan dinh rdng, nhflng dieu kien chu quan va khach quan rat phflc tap sau Chfnh
DO QUANG HIING'*' phii Hd Chi Minh len cam quyen ke tfl 2-9-1945: "Trong Cong giao Viet Nam xua't hien hai bo mat: yeu nflde -chdng lai dan toe Hai bo mat dd xung khac nhau, cang chuyen hda qua trinh khang chien gian kho'""'
Cho den thflc chung ta chfla cd nhieu dip de ban ki Ifldng ve giai doan lich sfl dac biet Nhflng nam gan day cd mot sd cdng trinh ciia cac hoc gia nflde ngoai lai tha'y xua't hien nhflng each danh gia, sfl cat nghia ve nhflng sfl kien, "ta'm tham kich" ma ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam da trai qua dd cd nhflng y kie'n rat dang de chung ta suy nghi, nhflng cung khdng ft nhflng y kien khd cd the chap nhan*""
* GS.T.S Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan van Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi
1 Xem: Linh muc Tran Tam Tinh Tli(ip ^ici vii lii'tJi
giravi Nxb Tre TP HCM tr 84-83
2 Pham The Hung Hieii hici vc Cdn^ i;i(io d \'iet
Nam Nxb I'on giao tr 325
3 Tieu bieu nhat co le la cong trinh Luan an Tien ,s7 aia Iran Tlii Lien Co/ii; dong Cong gido \ iet Nam cuoc cliich
gidnh doc lap - Cliinh sdcli tdi cliicm lliiioc did ciia Plidp vd CHOC klidng cliic'ii ciia Met Minh Paiis 1997 1170 trang
nguyen b;in tieiig Pliap Cling tac gia xem bai: Nln'mg
ngudi Cdng gido vd Cliinh phii Viet Nam Ddn Chii Cong hda (19-15-1954): Mot tie'p can ve tieu sir ngtiycn \'an tieng
Pliap cuon Sif ndy suili moi Nhd nirdc - Ddng \ iel Nam
tir 1945 C Go.scha va B Treglode (chii bien) Paris 2004 tr
253-276 Ngoai co the' tham kliao mot so cong U'liih ciia P Cihedo Thien Chiia gido vd Phdt gido d \ 'iel Nam tie'ng Ptiap Paj-is 1970: ciia B Fail \'iei Minh 1945-1961) cung tieiig IMp, Piuis 1960: R Girardet vk P Assoiiline, Tit
(2)Nghien ciiu Ton giao Sf) - 2010
Bai viet ciia chung toi mudn trd lai van de tren phfldng dien:
Thic nhdt, hfldng tdi mot cai nhin toan
dien hdn ve nhflng dieu kien ben va ben ngoai ctia cdng dong Cdng giao Viet Nam sau Cach mang thang Tam, dac biet la nhflng khuynh hfldng tfl tfldng trfldc he't gidi chflc s^c giao si va nhflng bie'n chuyen ctia cac khuynh hfldng ay tie'n trinh ciia cuoc khang chie'n chdng thflc dan Phap xoay quanh true cd ban la: thai cua cong dong Cdng giao Viet Nam trfldc cuoc khang chie'n ctia thflc dan Phap va cudc khang chie'n cua dan toe
Thic hai qua dd cd the rut nhflng
bai hoc lich sii quan trgng cd y nghia lau dai viec giai quyet mdi quan he gifla Cdng giao va dan toe, Cdng giao va Cong san cung nhfl mo'i quan he gifla Cdng giao va Nha nflde
Trong ddng chay ldn cua nhflng sfl kien phflc tap nhfl the hien tfldng Lmh muc Pham Ba Trflc ma chflng ta trao ddi hdm - thflc chi la mot nhflng trfldng hdp tieu bieu nhfl the - van ludn cd gia tri ve tinh cam (thai sdng
dgo mot each dung dan va dung cam ctia
mot ngfldi Cdng giao d nhflng thdi diem ngat ngheo); va gia tri ve nhgn thitc tdn giao cflng nhfl xa hdi ctia Giao hdi Cdng giao vdi Nha nflde mot nhan thflc ma de'n viin cd y nghia thdi sfl
Dfldi day chung tdi xin di vao cac van de cu the
I GIAO HOI CONG GIAO VIET NAM SAU CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945: CO CAU Ll/C LU'ONG VA
N H C T N G KHUYNH HTJ^NG
1 Vao thdi diem nam 1945, Giao hdi
Cdng giao Viet Nam, mac du van chfla dfldc coi la mot Giao hgi dia phfldng thflc thu nhflng yeu td dan tdc Giao hoi da dfldc tang len rd ret Vdi sd' tin khoang 1.6 trieu, dfldc phan bd 15 dia phan, ndi dung hdn la dia phgn gidm
qudn Tong toa (Vicariat), dfldi sfl cai
quan ciia cac ddng tu ngoai qudc khac nhau, dd cd dia phan cac giao si Thfla sai Phap dieu hanh (Ha Ngi, Vmh Hflng Hda, Hue, Quy Nhdn, Thanh Hda, Sai Gdn va Kon Tum), mdt dia phan duj' nhat la Lang Sdn va Cao Bang thuoc cac giao si ddng Da Minh chi Lion (Phap) dieu hanh, Ngoai ra, cd dia phan van thudc cac giao si ddng Da Minh Tay Ban Nha coi sde la: Hai Phdng, Thai Binh va Bac Ninh Dac biet da cd dia phan la Bfli Chu, Phat Diem va Vinh Long hoan toan cac giao si Viet Nam cai quan'""
Hang giao si mac du v^n cd tdi 330 linh muc ngoai qudc, nhflng sd' linh muc Viet Nam cflng da tdi 1,400 ngfldi, Tai dia phan cac giam muc Viet Nam cai quan cd khoang 285 hnh muc thi deu la ngfldi Viet, Hdn the nfla dgi ngu cac thdy
gidng, ti le ngfldi Viet cung chie'm da so',
Ti le cac nfl tu cung dat khoang 5.000 ngfldi Viet/350 nfl tu ngoai qud'c''" Vai so' lieu tren cho chung ta tha'y khuynh hfldng ban dia hda da cang ldn manh Giao hoi Cdng giao Viet Nam Dieu de hieu la cac dia phan ma chu chan la cac giam muc ngfldi Viet se la Giam muc Nguyen Ba Tong (Phat Diem) Giain muc H6 Ngpc Ciin (Bui Chu): Giam muc Ngo Dinh Thuc (VTnh Long)
5 Tham khao nhung so lieu Tap chi
Nlulng vd'n de truyen gido A Chdu so 39, thang
(3)D6 Quang Hung Cong gicio vet Cdch mgng
nhflng dia diem sdi d d n g n h a t s a u k h i b a n T u y e n ngdn dgc l a p r a ddi 2-9-1945, t h a m chf b a t d a u sdi d g n g sdm h d n k h i dien r a cudc dao c h i n h N h a t - P h a p 9-3-1945
Dieu n a y cd nhflng n g u o n gdc s a u xa lich sii h i n h t h a n h Giao hdi Cdng giao Viet N a m , Mot m a t , h a n che b a m sinh ve t h a n hgc, trfldc Cdng ddng Vatican 11 (1962-1965), Giao hdi vAn tri mot md h i n h nha't t h e che, tfl t h a n hoc den ddi song dao, t r o n g dd Tda T h a n h chfla bao gid thfla n h a n cac gia tri, cac dac diem d a n tgc b e n c a n h "tfnh Cdng giao" (pho q u a t va nha't) Hdn the nfla, ft n h a t k e tfl k h i thie't l a p che dgi
dien tong toa tfl niia s a u t h e ki XVII cac
Giao hoi b a n xfl ludn ludn dfldc c h a n sde bdi cac giao si P h a p va Phfldng Tay Khi chii n g h i a thflc d a n trflc tie'p x a m Ifldc Viet N a m thi dfl la mdt "tinh cd d a u ddn" noi bo Giao hoi lai xua't h i e n cang r5 h d n "mot thfl chii n g h i a thflc d a n trong dao" ( T r a n T a m T i n h , Thgp gid vd
ludi giCdm., sdd)
M a t k h a c , q u a sfl p h a t trien ciia p h o n g t r a o d a n tdc, cflng nhfl k e tfl t h e ki XX t h a p kl 30 k h i xua't h i e n nhflng dia p h a n b a n xfl thuoc q u y e n cai q u a n ciia cac giao si ngfldi Viet, t r o n g giai d o a n 1946-1954, cac giao p h a n n a y da cd t h e m dia p h a n nfla dfldC cai q u a n bdi cac dai dien tdng tda ngfldi Viet, t r o n g dd cd dia p h a n q u a n t r o n g la H a Noi va H a i P h d n g thi khdng nhflng t i n h c a m d a n tdc ma mot k h u y n h hfldng ciia chii n g h i a d a n tdc (la d i m e n s i o n n a t i o n a l i s t e ) c u n g thflc sfl trdi day t r o n g cong dong Cdng giao Viet N a m ,
2 Vi t h e Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m qua thflc cd sflc h a p d a n xao ddng n h a n thflc
va t i n h cam cua ngfldi Cdng giao, N h a e lai nhflng n g a y N a m Bp k h a n g chien, n g a y tai Sai Gdn trfldc n a m 1975, GS, Ly C h a n h T r u n g viet: "Trong t h a n g t a m dd lich sii nhfl ngon t r i e u d a n g dfla c h u n g tdi ve vdi d a n toe, Ca mot d a n toe dflng len va c h u n g tdi chflng k i e n c a n h dd.,, Gid day, dfl d d a u , lam gi, chac chan k h d n g dfla nao t r o n g c h u n g tdi (da hoc d Trfldng t h a y Ddng, trfldng Thy), quen dfldc mfla t h u n a m ay""" C u n g can ndi rd t h e m r a n g trfldc n a m 1945, ngfldi Cdng giao Viet N a m k h d n g de d a n g gi the hien ldng j'eu nflde ctia m i n h , vi t h e sfl ha'p dan ciia " t h a n g T a m v a n g sao" la mot sfl kien " s a n g k h o a i " ctia c h u n g h i a qudc gia lau v a n an chfla t r o n g d a u dc va t r a i tim nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao c h a n chinh,
Hdn the nfla p h a i p h a n tich t h e m r a n g so' ddng ngfldi Cdng giao trfldc n a m 1945 ludn bi mot mac cam ciia sfl "bat t r u n g " va "ngd vflc": cdng dong Cdng giao thieu so' k h d n g chi ddn t h u d n bi budc tdi theo c h a n mot tdn giao ngoai lai Tay Dfldng, chd'ng lai he tho'ng chinh tri Nho giao chfnh tho'ng m a cdn bi coi la mot nhflng n g u y e n n h a n m a t nfldc'^'
V a n de Cdng giao tfl d&u Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m cdn q u a n d chd, mac dfl ho la mot cdng dong thieu sd nhflng lai thudc so' lflc Ifldng xa hoi tdn giao q u a n t r o n g t r o n g md'i q u a n h e vdi 6 Ly Chanh Trung Tim ve ddn ldc N.xb Trinh bay, Sai Gon, 1957.tr 43
7 Trong bai viet moi day: Cdng gido vdi vdn de lodii
cdu lida tren Nguyet san Ton giao va Dan tpc so
(4)Nghien cuu Ton giao So -2010 Phfldng Tay, trfldc het vdi ban than nflde
Phap, Phan ti'ch dieu cd y kien cho rang: "Cong dong Cdng giao thieu so' dflng "ben le" dd'i dien vdi Chi'nh phti Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda nhflng nd lai la mgt thieu so' dfldc thieng hda, trd mot vat the chfnh tri quan trong"*"',
Nhieu sfl kien quan da chflng minh cho dieu Ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam, lan dau tien qua bao chf Cdng giao nhfl td Da Minh phat hanh tai Ha Noi nhflng so'thang 9, thang 10/1945 da the hien sfl ho hdi cua minh vdi Cach mang thang Tam ma nhflng dang bac dai dien cho ca Giao hgi ngay 23-9-1945 da ldi keu goi nhflng ngfldi Kito hflu tren the gidi ring ho nen doc lap ctia Viet Nam, dac biet cdn giii thfl cho Giao hoang Pid XII, bat chap sfl im lang ciia Kham sfl Tda Drapier, khan cau viec cdng nhan Chi'nh phii Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda'^',
Thdi diem Cach mang thang Tam cdng lai cung la thdi diem dac biet ciia cue dien qudc te: sau chii nghia phat xit sup dd, cung vdi viec hinh phe xa hpi chii nghia, lap tflc xua't hien sfl dd'i dau gifla hai he thdng Tfl ban chii nghia va Xa hdi chii nghia ma ngfldi ta quen gpi la thdi ky chien tranh lanh, Sfl dd'i dau cang sau sac gifla hai he thdng lan sang ca linh vflc tdn giao, Tfl Pid XI trfldc chie'n tranh The gidi thfl II de'n Pid XII sau da lfla chpn thai dp dd'i dau vdi Chii nghia Cpng san mdt each sau sac va toan dien, Cac the lflc de qudc thflc dan da ldi dung triet de thai dp ay va ldi keo nd vao nhflng hanh ddng chdng Cdng san thflc tien de'n mflc nhieu
hpc gia Cong giao da cd nhan dinh rang: "Chii nghia chd'ng cdng d Viet Nam la san pham dc giao dieu Kito giao va ctia nganh tuyen truyen Phap"
Mdt nghich If nfla lai xuat hien vi chfla hieu ban chat ciia Cach mang thang Tam, lai bi dau ddc bdi sfl tuyen truyen chi'nh tri ndi tren, khong it ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam sau gid phut ho hdi he't minh vdi Cach mang thang Tam da dflng trfldc ban khoan rang neu Viet Minh la Cpng san, neu nen ddc lap vfla gianh dfldc chi la sfl md d&u cho sfl thiet lap chii nghia Cdng san d Viet Nam thi nd khd cd the dfldc sfl chap nhan ciia khdng it ngfldi Cdng giao, Nhieu hpc gia Phfldng Tay cho de'n phan tfch ve Nha nflde Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda tfl thang 9-1945 van cho rang dd la mpt nha nflde "cd tinh lap Id, nhap nh&ng" (L ambiguite) gifla mdt chie'n Ifldc ve sfl lien hiep dan tdc va dfldng hfldng "chi'nh tho'ng" ciia chii nghia cdng san""', Mdt nhflng thu doan ciia thflc dan Phap luc dd la, chung cd' gang chflng minh du Dang Cdng san Ddng Dfldng tuyen bd' tfl giai tan cud'i thang 11-1945 thi Mat tran Viet Minh thflc chat cung la cdng san vd 8 Xem: Tran liii Lien Nhung ngitcyi Cdng gido vd
Chinli phii \ie! Nam Ddn dui Cdng hda (1945-1954).sdd.xr.213
9 Loi keu gpi noi tren ciia giam muc Nguydn Ba
Tong Ho Ngpc Cain, Phan Dinh Phiing va Ngo Dinh Thuc Toan van ldi keu gpi ay dupc dang tai tren to Da Minh sd 159 (ngay 5-11-1945), Ngoai Giam muc Nguyen Ba Tong nhan danh hang giao sT Viet Nam giri la tlur noi tren cho Giao hoang Pio XII cung La thir roi vao sir iin lang ctia Kham sii Toa Thanh d Ha Npi tai nhien cung nhu Vatican nhimg la mpt sir kien rai co y nghTa,
10 Xem: C Goscha \'e chinh sach ngoai giao ciui
Chinh phii Vict Nam Ddn chii Cong hda Tap
(5)D Quang Hung Cong gicio va Cdch mgng 7 than de ldi keo so' ddng ngfldi Cdng giao
dang dao ddng
Cho de'n toan qud'c khang chie'n bung nd dai the ngfldi ta thfldng nha'n manh den hai xu hfldng chinh sfl sfl phan hda ndi bd gidi Cdng giao tao nen "hai bd mat" dd'i lap nhfl chung ta da phan tfch d phan tren Dac diem ciia sfl xung dot va chuyen hda ciia hai khuynh hfldng gidi Cdng giao la, nhflng ngfldi yeu nflde, tfl giao dan den giao si deu khdng he cd chii trfldng phan liet, hp van mudn gan bd vdi Giao hpi Sfl "phan liet" neu cd thi chii ye'u la vdi each mang va hanh ddng tai xam Ifldc ciia thflc dan Phap
Thflc nghien cflu ki cac khuynh hfldng ciia ngfldi Cdng giao khang chien chd'ng Phap chung tdi tha'y cung khong ddn gian la chi cd "hai bd mat" nhfl the cdng dong Cdng giao Ve dai the theo chung tdi cd the cd khuynh hfldng khac nhau:
Khuynh hfldng thfl nhat, khdng ddng dao nhflng ludn cd y nghia tfch cflc dac biet dd'i vdi cue dien ciia cupc khang chie'n chd'ng thflc dan Phap la xu hfldng ciia nhflng giao si va kha ddng cac tin yeu nflde, gan bd vdi Chfnh phii cudc khang chie'n bao ve nen ddc lap dan tpc
Thfl hai, khuynh hfldng ciia nhflng-chflc sac cd vi the Giao hdi, cudn theo mdt lflc Ifldng khdng nhd cac giao dan cdng tac, nga ve vdi thflc dan Phap de "chd'ng cdng va gifl dao"
Thfl ba, khuynh hfldng khdng rdng ldn ve lflc Ifldng va be noi nhflng cung thu hut dfldc mpt bp phan nhflng giao dan, tri thflc va mdt sd chflc sac thudc nhdm flu
tfl, tao nen mdt khuynh hfldng "Cdng giao tfl tri", cd the hdp tac nha't dinh vdi Chinh phu nhflng ddc lap khdng phu thupc ke ca dd'i vdi thflc dan Phap,
Dd'i vdi khuynh hfldng thfl nha't va thfl hai da cd rat nhieu cdng trinh ngoai nflde ndi den Phan trinh bay tie'p theo ciia chung tdi dfldi day mudn ndi rd them d khuynh hfldng thfl ba ma chinh sd'phan ciia nd cung nhflng bai hpc lich sii ma nd gdi den van cd y nghia thdi sfl II SU CHUYEN BIEN CUA CAC KHUYNH H l / d N G TU TUOiNG CHINH TRI TRONG CONG DONG NGUOI CONG GlAO VIET NAM (1946-1954)
1, TrvCcic h e t c h i i n g ta, m g t lan nijfa, n h a n d i e n lai va k h a n g d i n h nhijfng d o n g gop to ldn ciia nhufng ngv^di "Cong giao k h a n g chien"
Can ndi rang lflc Ifldng kha ddng dao, da dang ve phan
cong dong ddn Chua Bd phan giao dan
lai noi len nhflng gfldng mat ma thflc sfl hp da trd thanh" nhflng "nhan vat-lich s\i" ciia cupc khang chie'n, va cung la nhflng nhan vat, nhflng tri thflc Cdng giao flu tu ciia Giao hdi,
(6)Nghien cuu Ton giao So - 2010
Chii tich Cdng giao Cflu qud'c N a m Bp; T r a n Cdng Chi'nh, Bf thfl Cdng giao Cflu qud'c T r u n g fldng; N h a Cdng thfldng Ngd Tii H a , Bp trfldng Bd thfldng binh
H i n h a n h ngfldi giao d a n t r o n g cudc k h a n g chie'n chd'ng P h a p cdn dfldc in da'u r a t o a n h liet t r o n g n h i e u cd sd k h a n g chien chd'ng P h a p diet te d chie'n trfldng Bac Bd nhfl Dpi du kich X u a n Thiiy, Hai H a u , N a m D i n h t r o n g nhflng n a m 1952-1953
Ve nhflng n h a n v a t Cdng giao k h a n g chie'n vd'n t h u p c h a n g giao si, trfldc he't p h a i ke tdi n h a n v a t m a c h u n g t a t r a o ddi hdm n a y la L i n h m u c P h a m Ba Trflc, tie'n Sl t h a n h p c " " , Uy vien B a n thfldng trflc Qud'c hdi (11-1946), P h d Chii tich Uy b a n Lien Viet t o a n qud'c (1951)"-'
- N g u y e n Ba L u a t cha sd n h a thd H u y e n Sy, hi s i n h t r o n g k h a n g chie'n chd'ng P h a p
- Gabriel T h p cha sd d Hdc Mdn, Sai Gdn cflng hi s i n h t r o n g k h a n g chien chd'ng P h a p
- Vfl X u a n Ky, Chii tich iiy b a n lien lac Cdng giao yeu nflde Lien k h u III, Chii tich Uy b a n Lien lac T o a n qud'c nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao Viet N a m yeu Td qudc yeu hda binh
- N g u y d n Ta't Tien Phd Chii tich Uy b a n Lien lac T o a n qud'c Nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao Viet N a m yeu Td qud'c yeu hda binh
- H o a n g Q u a n g Tfl, Phd Chii tich Uy b a n Lien lac Cdng giao yeu nflde Lien k h u III
Va h a n g chuc linh m u c yeu nflde k h a c , so'ddng da q u a ddi
T r o n g so' nhflng l i n h m u c k i e n cfldng b a t k h u a t nay, t a c a n ghi n h d dng, b a t c h a p sfl de dga, n g a n c a m ctia be t r e n tfl hflng bien k h a n g chie'n d a t a p ke't r a Bac Roi mot dng t r d lai m i e n N a m c u n g dong bao chd'ng My, Dd la:
- T r a n Q u a n g N g h i e m , U y vien U y b a n Lien lac Cdng giao T o a n qud'c (ve N a m t h a m gia chd'ng My)
- Ho T h a n h Bien, Chii tich Uy b a n Lien lac Cdng giao T o a n qudc
- Lfldng M i n h Ky, U y vien Uy b a n Lien lac C d n g giao T o a n qud'c
- Vd T h a n h T n n h , Chii tich Uy b a n Doan ke't nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao yeu nflde Viet N a m (ke thfla U y vien Uy b a n lien lac Cdng giao t o a n qud'c),
- N g u y e n Hie'u Le, Uy vien Uy b a n Lien lac Cdng giao T o a n qud'c"'^'
Cd mdt n h a n v a t d a c biet k h a c m a b a n dpe it dfldc tha'y la trfldng hdp P h a m Ngpc T h u a n ngfldi m a s a u t h a n g 9-1945 da trd t h a n h Phd Chii tich U y b a n K h a n g chien H a n h chfnh N a m Bd La ngfldi Cdng giao t h u p c gia d i n h tfl s a n giau cd d N a m Ky d a n h a p qud'c tich P h a p , t h a m gia p h o n g t r a o y e u nflde tfl 1943 t r o n g td chflc T h a n h n i e n T i e n p h o n g , dng da d a n t r d t h a n h m d t t r o n g n h f l n g ngfldi l a n h 11 Co tai lieu noi rang: "Sau nam hpc d La-ma, d6 3 bang tien sT Triet hpc, Luat hpc va Tliiin hpc, luc \-i nirdc Cu dirpc cir di nom nhiSu nha tho", xem cuon: /,;/(/; muc Pham Bd Tri/c Kinh Chiia yi'ii nu'dc
dodn kei gido lirong Uy ban Lien Viet toan tjuoc
xuat ban, 1954, tr
12 Xem ciioii: Linh muc Pham Bd Trite sdd, tr, Co tai lieu khac khang dinh Cu la Pho Trirdng ban Thirong trirc Quoc hpi khoa I
13 Xem: Pham Hie Hmig Hieu biei ve Cdng gido c'l
(7)D6 Quang Hung Cong gido vd Cdch mgng 9
dad ndi tie'ng d Nam Bd ben canh nhflng Tran Van Giau, Pham Van Bach, Ung Van Khiem, Nguyin Thanh Vmh va dac biet ngfldi em huyen thoai ciia dng la Dai ta Pham Ngpc Thao gdp them mdt hinh anh ddc dao ciia ngfldi Cdng giao Nam Bp khang chien chd'ng Phap
Ddng gdp ciia nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao theo khuynh hfldng that ldn lao va cd nhieu y nghia Trong Ldi dieu Cu Phgm
Bd TrUc, Pho TrUdng ban Thiidng trite Qudc hgi, thang 10-1954, Chii tich Ho
Chl Minh cd ndi: "Tfl nhan dan' tin cay cii Cu la dai bieu Qud'c hdi, va Qud'c hpi cii Cu vao Ban thfldng trflc, Cu da dfla he't tinh th^n va lflc Ifldng giup Chinh phii, mpi van de quan trpng Trong mpi viec, cu da ket hdp dao dflc bac theo ldi Chfla day, vdi tinh than ndng nan yeu nflde ciia ngfldi dai bieu chan chi'nh cho nhan dan Viet Nam""'"
Nhfl vay la ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam cupc khang chie'n chd'ng thflc dan Phap, du vdi tfl each mpt td chflc nhfl Cong
gido Citu qudc d B^c va Trung Bd, Cong gido khdng ehien Nam Bg d phfa Nam; hay
vdi tfl each ca nhan cac td chflc khang chie'n khac da thflc sfl ddng gdp cho cdng cudc khang chien ciia dan tpc Tfl gdc dp nha viet sii Cdng giao, tfl nam 1972, Linh muc Trfldng Ba C&n tfl Paris da cd nhan xet: "Do nhflng sfl dfla day ciia lich sii, ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam tfl trfldc tdi hi don vao nhieu the ket: ket vdi thflc dan Phap the chd'ng dd'i vdi Trieu dinh nha Nguyen, ket vdi de qud'c Hoa Ky the chd'ng cpng san vd than
Tfl nhflng the ket lich sii dd, ngfldi ta : cd cam tfldng rang ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam khdng the hda minh dfldc vdi nhflng : trao Iflu ldn ciia dan tdc
Nhflng xet cho cflng, tfl ban chat, ngfldi Cdng giao cflng la nhflng ngfldi dan Viet Nam thie't tha yeu nflde, Khi dfldc giai tda, ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam cung da ddng dao dflng len khang chien chd'ng Phap, ngfldi Cdng giao cung se cd the dflng len chd'ng My cflu nflde""",
Khi ndi nhflng ddng gdp ciia ngfldi Cdng giao khang chie'n chung ta khdng chi ghi nhan sfl ddng gdp nhan tai vat lflc tham chf ca sinh mang ciia minh ma cdn phai ghi nhan nhflng ddng gdp quy bau cfla hp nhan thflc tfl tfldng Rat nhieu cac ta'm gfldng bat chap sfl de dpa "phat va tuyet thdng" (dac biet sau Kham sfl Tda da cdng bd' Thfl chung chd'ng cdng ndi tie'ng thang 11-1951), Trfldng hpp Tong giam muc Nguyen Van Binh dd cdn la giao sfl Chiing vien Sai Gdn la mdt vf du Trong budi cam phdng, giam muc Caissaigne da hdi thai ciia nhflng ngfldi tham dfl vdi cac linh muc di theo khang chien, Giam muc Nguyen Van Binh da tra ldi: "Hp di la vi Ifldng tam ciia hp, Dia la Ifldng tam thi phai tdn trpng", Vi the phai Cu da hi tru dap, bi day di lam cha sd d cac xfl dao xa Sai Gdn, Nhflng cflng phai ndi rang ki luat ciia Giao hpi dia gay nhflng tam tfl, day dflt vdi nhieu giao si "vfla mud'n tham gia khang chien vfla mudn gifl dao",
O mdt phfldng dien khac, ddng gdp ctia Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc ve mat tinh thdn, nhan thflc dao cflng rat ldn, Trong Ldi keu ggi nguy hinh Cong gido 1-6-1951, Cu viet: "Anh em tran 14 Xem cudn: /.-//(/(imtc Pluiiii Bd Trifc sdd, tr 12 15 Xem: Le TiiSn Giang Cdng gido khdng chien
Nam Bd 1945-54 hdi ky, Cong giao dan tpc Paris,
(8)10 Nghien cu"u Ton giao So - 2010
chi lam dip cho quan thflc dan an cfldp, hai ddng bao noi da nau thit, lam dip cho toan dan nguyert riia vi trfldc thflc dan da ldi dung Dao ma cfldp nflde ta, lai ldi dung Dad ma mong cfldp lai mdt lan nfla Song lan dfl nd ldi dung Dao, nhd My the nao cung that bai,
Vay hdi anh em nguy binh Cdng giao, anh em hiiy nhd ldi Thanh Paulo bao ta phai vang phuc chinh quyen nflde ta la Chi'nh phii khang chie'n Ho Chf Minh, mau mau doan ket trd lai vdi Td qud'c de ta se toan thang dudi quan cfldp nflde di, lam cho To qud'c dipc lap thdng nha't, sfl Dao se tfl va md mang, dong bao ta se rd ldi Chfla bao "eiia Xe-da phai tra cho Xe-da!""'^
2, Ve k h u y n h hifdng "chong cong san giuf Dao"
Khuynh hfldng dfldc dien ta b§ng nhieu hinh tinh nhfl "cudc chie'n" hay "thap gia chd'ng vang", Chflng ta da ndi den nhan xet chii nghia chd'ng cdng nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao d Viet Nam luc dd la chii nghia giao dieu Kito giao va tuyen truyen Phap Sau Cach mang thang Tam cdng mdt bd phan nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao da hinh mdt dfldng ldi If thuye't "vfla chd'ng thflc dan vfla chd'ng cdng san", mdi cd the dam bao cho cdng dong Cdng giao thieu sd ctia minh cd vi the' ciia mpt "vat the chinh tri" Thai dp budi dau ciia nhflng nhan vat nhfl Le Hflu Tfl tieu bic'u cho khuynh hfldng nay, mot mat hp ldi dung vi the to ldn cfla cudc each mang de tang cfldng lflc Ifldng "ddc lap" ciia Giao hdi, Tfl nam 1947, mpt mat Le Hflu Tfl ldi dung Chinh phii lid Chf Minh da "nhfldng viec quan If Thi tra'n Phat Diem"
(mdt be km va be km) de bie'n nd "khu an toan" tao nen mdt cfl diem chd'ng Chfnh phii, mat khac ldi dung sfl ling hd ciia giam muc Chaize dia phan Ha Ndi, giam muc Artaraz dia phan Bac Ninh, Gomes dia phan Hai Phong,,, va ca ciia Kham mang Tda la Giam muc Drapier, Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl da quyet dinh vfl trang cho giao hflu ciia minh
Khuynh hfldng chd'ng cdng san cang tang len sau Cach mang Trung Qud'c cdng nam 1949, chien thang Bien gidi Thu Ddng nam 1950 cflng nhfl viec thflc dan Phap bat dau thflc hien "giai phap Bao Dai", Nam 1949, quan dpi Phap nhay dfl xud'ng P h a t Diem la nhflng nam thang khd khan va phflc tap nha't ciia mdi quan he gifla Cdng san va Cdng giao Vdi cac the lflc chd'ng cdng hang ngfl Cdng giao thi day lai la cd hpi tdt cho hp Ldi dung vi the cua mpt "vat the chinh tri", hp cang nd lflc keo dai cudc thii nghiem tfl tri tren mpi phfldng dien hanh chi'nh va quan sfl, Thfl chung 9-11-1951 ndi tren cang thuc day thai dp nguy hiem ciia hp""
Tfl nam 1950 nhieu lang Cdng giao d vflng Ddng bang Bac Bd da dfldc vfl trang bang sung d'ng va sfl chi huy trflc tiep ciia
(9)D6 Quang Hung Cong gido vd Cdch mgng
cac linh muc va si quan Phap Dpi quan vu trang ciia P h a t Diem gdm 10 ngan ngfldi dfldi sfl chi huy ciia Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl, dpi quan Bui Chu Giam muc Pham Ngpc Chi dieu khien, d Nam Dinh Linh muc Hoang Quynh cflng ndi len nhfl mpt Td'ng tfl lenh dpi quan Cdng giao va hp gay khdng ft khd khan cho khang chie'n
Mac dfl vay, thang ldi ciia cudc khang chien chd'ng Phap mdt khang dinh 1952-1953 cflng vdi cupc phan cdng toan dien tren chien trfldng chfnh, hinh anh cac "giao xfl - ddn bd't" thupc cac dia phan Phat Diem, Bfli Chu, Thai Binh va Hai Phdng bi thu hep hoac tai cac trung tam nhfl Bui Chu, Phat Diem thi, quan Phap cung chi kiem soat ban ngay, cdn ban dem Viet Minh lam chii Ta't nhien sau chien thang lich sii Dien Bien Phii thi ke't cue ciia khuynh hfldng chfnh tri phan ddng da ro rang Dieu dd chac han khdng gidng nhfl y kie'n ciia mpt sd' ngfldi nghien cflu nflde ngoai rang sd phan ciia Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl la: "cai ngd cut ciia chfnh sach hdp tac vdi Viet Mmh""''*'
3, Ve k h u y n h hvidng thii ba, k h u y n h htfdng t i m k i e m m g t m o h i n h Giao hgi ttf t r i , co t h e c h u n g song vdi c h e c o n g s a n va n h a
nxidc d o n g thdfi k h o n g p h u t h u o c vao
thi^c dan v a G i a o h g i P h a p
Khuynh hfldng dac biet nay, nhfl da phan tfch d phan tren phan anh nhflng khao khat ve tinh cam dan tdc (Le Sentiment national) ciia cdng ddng giao dan cung nhfl cac giao si Viet Nam tfl lau, tham chf nd da tao nen mpt thfl "khuynh hfldng qud'c gia" (la dimension nationaliste) ciia ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam
Nhflng nhan vat tieu bieu cho khuynh hfldng nhfl Pham Ngpc ThuSn dac biet la Nguyen Manh Ha cflng nhfl td chflc Lien doan Cdng giao Viet Nam
Nhflng ddng gdp ciia khuynh hfldng cd nhieu net dac biet vdi khang chie'n va each mang Nhflng ngfldi nhfl Pham Ngpc Thuan va Nguyen Manh Ha thfldng cd vi tri dac biet quan he gifla chfnh phii Hd Chi Minh vdi chi'nh phii Phap va Tda Thanh Rieng Nguyen Manh Ha dau each mang dng khdng chi la mdt Bd trfldng Chi'nh phu lam thdi ma cdn dfldc Chii tich Hd Chf Minh giao cho nhflng nhiem vu dac biet nhfl J Lacouture da ke lai: "Ong Hd da bd sung chien Ifldc ciia minh bang mdt cii chi vdi Tda Thanh Vatican Dau thang 3-1946, dng phai dng Nguyen Manh Ha vao Hue nghien cflu viec chuyen chd gao d mien Nam Bac, Pldi dd, Tda Thanh cd dat Kham sfl (Delegation apostolique) d Hue Hd Chi Minh giao cho dng Ha mot la thfl de gap dflc cha Drapier va tham dd y ciia vi dai dien cua Giao hoang trfldc ldi mdi Ngai tham Ha Npi ciia Chi'nh phu va cd the mdi dng ta ban Bac Viet de d""'"
Nhflng hoat dpng ciia nhflng nhan viit nhfl Nguydn Manh Ha that da dang La mpt nhflng thii ITnh ndi tieng cfla
Phong trdo Cong gido tie'n hdnh (ngfldi
sang lap td chflc Thanh lao Cong, gpi tat la JOC), dng cflng la mdt nhflng ngfldi sang lap td chflc Lien doan Cdng giao Viet Nam, mdt td chflc ma sau bi nhflng ngfldi nhfl Giam muc Le Hflu Tfl 18 Xem cuoii: Su sinh nidi Nhd nUdc - Ddng
Viet Nam tit 1945 C Goscha va B Treglode (chii
bien) Pans, 2004, lieng Phap, tr 265
(10)12 Nghien ciru Ton giao So - 2010 ldi cud'n vao dfldng chd'ng Cdng san,
khac vdi chii dfch ban dau ctia nd Day la mpt sfl kien phflc tap cdn phai dfldc nghien cflu them'""'
Nhflng y tfldng cd phan hdp If va dflng dan ciia khuynh hfldng ve khach quan cd nhieu diem phfl hdp vdi dfldng ldi dai doan ket dan tpc va tdn giao ciia Chi'nh phii ta va ciia chinh Chii tich Hd Chf Minh Chfla tha'y nhieu tai lieu ndi len mdi lien he ciia Bac Hd vdi nhflng nhan vat chii ehd't ciia khuynh hfldng nay, nhflng theo chung tdi y tfldng ciia Bac ve mdt "Giao hpi ddc lap va tfl tri" chinh dang ciia Ngfldi dfl khdng thflc hien dfldc dau 1946 cung ft nhieu lien he de'n khuynh hfldng chi'nh tri - tdn giao dac biet nay'^"
Ve lflc Ifldng khuynh hfldng thfl ba ra't han che va nd cung chfla cd anh hfldng sau rdng giao dan vi the khd cd sflc sdng lau ben Khi cudc khang chien da d giai doan quyet liet, Nguyen Manh Ha, ngfldi van kien tri dfldng Id'i van dpng chfnh gidi Phap thfldng thuyet vdi chfnh phii Hd Chf Minh nhflng da hi chi'nh tfldng De Lattre de Tassigny true xua't khdi Viet Nam nam 1951
Mpt so' nha nghien cflu nflde ngoai cflng cho rang nhflng nhan vat Cdng giao ndi tie'ng khac nhfl Ngd Dinh Diem hoac Nguyen De cung dfldc coi nhfl nhflng nhan vat tieu bieu cho nhflng chieu kfch khac ciia khuynh hfldng Nhflng theo chflng tdi chac chan cflng khd tim thay diem chung that sfl gifla nhflng nhan vat nhfl Ngd Dinh Diem vdi Nguyen Manh Ha hoac Pham Ngpc Thuan
III Y NGHIA VA BAI HOC LICH StT
1, Va'n de Cdng giao khang chie'n
chd'ng thflc dan Phap, mac dfl cdn nhieu phfldng dien can phai tie'p tuc nghien cflu, nhflng theo chung tdi cd the coi la mdt nhflng giai doan tieu bieu, tap trung nhflng sac thai, nhflng va'n de cd ban nha't ciia Cdng giao Viet Nam thdi hien dai, Cac mdi quan he ldn ciia Cdng giao nhfl Cdng giao vdi Dan tpc, Cdng giao vdi Nha nflde, hoac Giao hdi Cdng giao Viet Nam vdi Tda Thanh va nhflng va'n de ngi bp cua minh ,, khong gian rdng ldn ciia cupc khang chien vi dai cua dan tdc cflng nhfl khung canh qud'c te' phflc tap luc dd, da chfla dflng tang tang ldp ldp nhflng nhan vat, nhflng sfl kien lich sii ma ngfldi Cdng giao cung nhfl ngoai Cdng giao deu cd the chiem nghiem va rut nhflng ket luan can thiet cho ban than minh,
2 Nhan vat trung tam ma chung ta trao ddi hdm nay, Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc la mpt nhflng nhan vat tieu bieu nha't cho khuynh hfldng xda bd mpi mac cam ciia qua khfl, kien quyet di vdi each mang va khang chien, tim lai vi trf chd dflng ciia tdn giao minh cdng 20, Thai dp ciia Toa Thanh va Bp Truyen giao vdi Giao hpi Cong giao Viet Nam sau thang 9-1945 rat phiic tap, Mpt mat, Toa Thanh phe chuan pham vi tir tri rpng rai hon cho Giao hpi giir thai dp can trpng quan he voi Chfnh phu H6 Chf Minh, nhung lai cong nhan "Chfnh phu Bao Dai" Rieng ve van Ai Lien doan Cong giao Viet Nam, thu cua Bp Truyta giao 31-5-1945 id vi!ra iing hp vira doi hdi td chiic phai dira vao sir "khon kheo ciia hang giao pham Dong Duong" viec hai hoa giCra muc tieu nghla vu yeu nuoc va can tfnh Kito giao
(11)D6 Quang Hung Coizg gido vd Cdch mgng 13
ddng dan tdc nhfl Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da khai quat, dfldng hfldng "Kfnh Chua yeu nflde"
Sfl lfla chpn dflt khoat va cd y nghia "tien tri" cua Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc d vao thdi diem nhay cam va quyet liet, cdng ddng Cdng giao Viet Nam dang dflng gifla hai ddng thac la cupc khang chie'n cua dan tdc va cudc chie'n tranh xam Ifldc lan thfl hai ciia thflc dan Phap ddi vdi nflde ta Cupc ddi ngan ngiii da khong cho Linh muc Pham Ba Trflc dfldc chflng kie'n va dan than vao nhflng sfl lfla chpn gay gat hdn nfla gifla dao va ddi, gifla dflc tin va cac If tfldng xa hdi khac, nhflng cupc ddi chfnh tri xa hdi va tdn giao ciia Cu van xflng dang la mpt nhflng mau mflc cua sfl lfla chpn dung dan ciia ngfldi Cdng giao Viet Nam hdm qua va hdm
3 Khdng phai mpi ngfldi yeu nflde luc dd deu cd sfl lfla chpn, hanh xii viec ddi nhfl Pham Ba Trflc Cd nhflng ngfldi Cong giao yeu nflde d thdi diem ay da cd sfl lfla chpn cd phan khac hdn Dd la khuynh hfldng ciia nhflng ngfldi Cdng giao yeu nflde nhflng trfldc he't mud'n hfldng tdi mdt Giao hdi tfl tri, mdt Giao
hdi van gifl dfldc nhflng can tfnh dan tdc, ddng thdi cd vi the ddc lap tfl chii ve chfnh tri, ton giao vdi nha nflde, vdi cac the lflc thflc dan va vdi ca Giao hdi Phap
Mac dfl cd nhflng hat nhan hdp If sfl lfla chpn ay, nhflng ro rang khuynh hfldng cung thie'u da't sd'ng Cudc khang chien vi dai ciia dan tdc, khung canh phflc tap ciia thdi ky chie'n tranh lanh cung nhfl nhflng phan flng quyet liet ctia chii nghia thflc dan dang d hdi ke't da tao nen nhflng thach dd' ma khuynh hfldng tren khdng the vflpt qua Ta't nhien, chung ta khdng quen tam tham kich ma khuynh hfldng "chd'ng Cpng gifl Dao" da gay nen giai doan lich sii Du khuynh hfldng lich sii da khep lai
1957.tr.