Bài viết phân tích những hướng dẫn của Liên Hợp quốc về tư pháp phục hồi, đánh giá quy định pháp luật của Việt Nam về các biện pháp giám sát, giáo dục người dưới 18 tuổi và đề xuất một số biện pháp cải thiện.
LUAT T TVNG HINH Sy" HOAN THIEN QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH Sir NAM 2015 VE CAC BEEN PHAP GIAM SAT, GIAO DUC NGl/Ofl DU^6l 18 TUOl TREN CO S d H U ' N G DAN CUA LIEN HOP QUOC W TU* PHAP PHUC H I Lt HUYNH TAN DUY* Tdm tdt Tuphdp phgc hoi xudt hiin tren the gi&i vdo khodng nhimg ndm 1990 vd nhanh chong nhgn du(fc stf chdp nhgn rpng rdi cua cdc quoc gia tien tien vi nhiing dgc diem vd mgc dich tdt d^p cua no Lien hgp qudc cung dd nghien cuu vd ban hdnh van bdn phdp lugt tdi li^u hu&ng ddn ve vi^csudung tuphdpphgc hoi linh vuc hinh sye tren ca s&phdn tich, ddnh gid cdc chuang trinh dd vd dang duac dp dgng b&i cdc quoc gia thdnh vien Tham khdo md hinh cua mgt so nu&c vd difa tren huong ddn cua Lien hap qudc, ca quan Igp phdp cua Vi$t Nam da ghi nhgn cdc bien phdp mang dgc diim c^a tuphdpphgc hdi BQ ludt Hinh su nam 2015 vd B$ ludt To tgng hinh su ndm 2015 vai ten goi Id "bi?n phdp gidm sdt gido dgc ngu&i du&i 18 tudi phgm tgi duac mien trdch nhifm hinh syc" Trong bdi viit, tdc gid tgp trung phdn tich nhiing hu&ng ddn ciia Lien h{^ quoc ve tuphdp phuc hoi; ddnh gid quy djnh cua phdp ludt VietNam vi cdc bien phdp gidm sdt, gido dgc ngu&i du&i 18 tudi; di xudt mgt sd lain nghi cu thi gdp phdn hodn thifn phdp lugt Vi$t Nam ve cdc biin phdp ndy Tie khda: tuphdp phuc hdi, ngu&i du&i 18 tudi bi^nphdpgidm sdt, gido dgc, Liin hap qudc, BQ lugt Hinh su ndm 2015, Bg lugt To ttfng hinh stf ndm 2015 Abstract Restorative justice has appeared in 1990s and has been widely applied by developed countries because of its significant features and goals The United Nations (UN) has already adopted legislation, documents guiding the use of restorative jttstice in criminal matters based upon analyses and evaluations of programmes which have been operating in its Member States Studying other jurisdictions' models and the UN guidance, Vietnamese legislature has introduced measures similar to restorative justice programmes in the 2015 Penal Code and the 2015 Criminal Procedure Code named "supervisory, educative measures applicable to offenders under 18 years old who are exempted from penal liability" This paper focuses on analysing guidelines of the UN on restorative justice; evaluating Vietnamese legislation governing supervisory, educative measures applicable to offenders under 18 years old and providing recommendations to improve these measures Keywords: restorative justice, persons under 18 years old, supervisory and educative measures, the United Nations, the 2015 Penal Code, the 2015 Criminal Procedure Code Hudng dan cua Lidn hop quIc vl tv phdp mang tinh lien he {relational justice), phap phyc hIi tu phdp khdc phyc (reparative justice), tu 1.1 Khai nifmta phdp phuc hoi phdp cgng ddng {community justice).^ Hien Td trudc din da cd nhidu cdng trinh nay, feugt ngu "restoative justice" dugc sd nghien ciiu vl tu phdp phyc hdi Tuy ntiidn dyng phi bidn ban cd IChdi nidm chhfe xdc vdn chua ed sy feing rfedt vd khdi ni^m cda vd tu phdp phuc hIi cung khdng dugc tim tu p h ^ phyc hoi Moi qudc gia ed cdch gidi feay khung phdp ly cua Lidn hgp quoc thich ciing nhu sd dyng cdc thugt ngii Idiac (LHQ) Thay vao dd, Hgi ding Kinh tl vd d% dac tdn cho md hinh tu phdp ndy Xa hOi da ban hdnh Nghi quylt 2002/12 vd nhu: tir phdp tich cue (positive justice), tu Nhiing nguydn tdc co bdn cda vi^c sd dung * TS, giing vien Khoa Lugt Hinh sif, Tmimg DH Lugt TP H i Chi Minh i UNODC, Sdch hu&ng ddn vi cdc chuang trinh tu phdp phyc hdi, 2006, ti T ^ CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO 06 (109)/20I7 hg thdng tu phdp hinh sy chinh thing va nhiing hdu qud midt thi {stigmatizing effects) ciia nd ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi; - MOt cdch thdc tidp can ed fei dugc sd dung cdng vdi hinh phat vd qud trinh tu ptidp hmh su truyen thdng; - Mdt cdch fedc tilp cgn kit hgp xd ly vdn dd vd gidi quyet nhung nguydn nhdn cdt loi eua mdu feudn; - MOt cdch thdc tidp cdn gidp gidi quylt nhiing thidt hgi vd nhu cau eua n ^ nhdn; - MOt cdch thdc tilp cdn khuyin khich ngudi pham tgi nhdn feuc sdu sdc vl nguyen nhdn vd hgu qud cua hdnh vi cua minh va feuc hidn trdch nhidm mdt each cd y nghia; - Mgt each fedc tidp cgn da dgng vd uyin chuyin cd fed feieh ngtii vdi ede tinh hudng, truydn fedng phdp lugt, nguydn tac vd ca sd tridt hgc ciia cdc he fedng tu phdp hhfe sy qudc gia da dugc thiet tgp; - Mdt cdch fedc tilp edn phd hgp vdi v i ^ 1.2 Dgc diem cua ttrphdpphifc hoi Nghidn cdu cua Van phdng LHQ vd ma tiiy xd ly nhidu logi tdi phgm vd ngudi phgm tdi va tOi pham (UNODC) cho fedy cdc chuang khdc nhau, bao gom cd tdi phgm rdt nghifim trinh tu phdp phuc hdi ed nhiing dgc didm trgng; chung sau day:'' - Mdt cdch thdc xd ly tdi pham dae biet - Mdt each xd ly linh hogt ddi vdi eac tinh ttiich hgp cho nhung vy dn cd hen quan ddn hulng pham tdi, ngudi pham tgi vd nan nhdn, ngudi chua feanh nien pligm tOi vdi mgt muc cho phep mdi doi tugng dugc xem xet mdt tidu quan trgng Id gido dye ngudi phgm tgi nhiing ky nang vd gid tri mdi; each ridng bidt; - Mgt cdch xd ly tgi phgm tdn trgng phdm - MOt cdch fedc xd ly feiia nhan vai tro cua gid vd sy binh dang eua mdi ngudi, xdy dung edng ddng nhu mdt eo sd quan trgng hang vd feuc day sy hda hgp xa hgi fedng qua vide ddu vide phdng chdng tOi phgm vd su han gan cda ngn nhdn, ngudi phgm tgi vd mdt trgt ty xa hOi cdng ddng; L3 Muc dick ciia tuphdpphtfc hoi - M d t p h u o n g fedc c d fee s u d y n g t r o n g Cd nhidu cdeh didn dgt khdc vd muc mOt sd t r u d n g h g p n h d t djnh n h d m feay fei dich cua tu phdp phyc hdi nhung xet vl bdn chit, tu phdp phyc hdi bao gom nhiing muc ^ Muc phan I Ket qua phuc hIi la mgt thda thugn dich sau:^ dat dugc tii qua trinh phyc hdi bao gdm c4c each thiic - Ung hO nan nhdn, cho hg tidng noi, xii ly va chuong trinh nhu sira chiia, bii Ihudug vk dich vu cdng ddng vdi myc tidu hda bgp nhu c ^ ca khuyin khich hg trinh bay ve nhu cdu, cho nhSn va nhu cau chung vdi trach nhi^m ciia cac bdn, phep hg tham gia vdo tiln tiinh tim phuong dong thdi hoAn thinh viec tai hda nhSp ciia nan nhan, dn gidi quylt vd cung cap su hd trg cho hg; ngudi phjun tgi (muc phlin I) - Sua chua nhung moi quan he bj gdy thi^t ^ Muc phin I Hda giii viSn \k mgt ngudi c6 vai hai bdi tOi phgm, mOt phdn bdng each dgt trd t^o didu kien mgt each vd tu va cdng bling cho s\r dugc sy ddng feugn vl phuong an tdt nhat ttiam gia ciia cic ben mdt qua trinh phyc hIi dd xd ly; (myc phin I) chuang tiirfe tu phdp phyc hoi ddi vdi cdc vdn de hinh sy {Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters) Vdn bdn dua hai khdi nidm hen quan ddn tu phdp phyc hdi Thd ntidt Id khdi nidm "chuong trinh tuphdp phuc hoi" {restorative justice programme): '"bdt ky chuang trinh ndo su dgng cdc qud trinh phi^c hoi vd mong mudn dgt dugrc nhimg kit qud phyic hdi"} Thd hai la khdi nidm "^ua trinh phuc hoi" {restorative process): "bdt k^' qua trinh ndo dd nan nhdn, ngudi phgm tdi va feich hgp, cac cd nhdn hoac fednh vidn khde cua cgng ding b j dnh hudng bdi mgt tdi pham cung tich cue tham gia vao vide gidi quydt cdc vdn dd phdt sinh tu tdi phgm, fedng feudng vdi sy giup cua m0t hda giai vidn".^ Ddy cd fee dugc coi la nhiing khdi ni?m phdp ly chinh fedc ddu tien vd gdn gui nhdt vd tu phap phuc hdi * UNODC, chti thich sd 01, ti 7-8 ^ UNODC, chil thich sd 01, tr 9-11 LUAT T TUNG HJNH SV - Len dn hdnh vi phgm tgi Id khdng fed chap nhgn dugc vd cung e l eac gid tri cdng ddng; - Khuyen khich vide feuc bidn trdch nhidm bdi tdt ed cdc bdn cd lidn quan, dgc bi^t la ngudi phgm tdi; - Xdc djnh nhiing kit qud mang tinh phyc hdi duge mong dgi; - Gidm tinh trgng tdi phgm bdng each khuydn khich sy feay ddi cua tiing cd nhdn phgm tdi vd tgo didu kidn feudn lgi cho vide tdi hda nhdp cgng ddng; - Xdc djnh nhiing ydu td ddn ddn tdi pham va truydn tdi den eac ea quan cd trdeh nhidm vgch chidn luge ban chd tgi pham 1.4 Nguyin tac cda viic ôôã dung cdc chirang trinh tuphdpph^c hoi ^^ec su dyng chuang trinh tu phap phue hIi ndn tudn feu feeo cde nguyen tac dugc quy djnh tgi P h ^ II (td myc ddn mue 10) Nhirng nguydn tdc ea bdn eua viec sd dyng edc chuang trinh tu phdp phyc hdi lufe vuc hinh sy cua ECOSOC, bao gdm: Thu nhdt, chuong trinh tu phdp phuc hoi CO thd dugc sd dyng d bat ky giai doan ndo cua qua trinh to tyng hinh sy (TTHS) (tuy thugc vdo quy dinh cua phap ludt qudc gia) Thu hai, chuang trinh ndy chi nen dugc dp dyng cd ddy du chdng cd dd kdt tgi bj cdo va cd su ty do, tu nguydn ddng y cua nan nhdn vd ngudi pham tdi Ngn nhdn vd ngudi pham tdi cd fed rut lgi sy ddng y dd vdo bdt ky thdi dilm ndo cda qua trinh Nhung feda thugn phdi dgt dugc tren co sd ty nguydn va chi bao gdm cae nghia vu hgp ly, tuang xiing Thu ba, nan nhdn vd ngudi pham tgi fedng feudng phai ddng y vd nhiing dii kien co ban cua mOt vy an 1dm co sd cho sy tham gia eua hg qua trinh phyc hdi Su tham gia eua ngudi phgm tdi khdng duge sd dung nhu chiing cd nhdn tdi qua trinh td tung sau ndy Thu tu, nhung khdc bidt dan den sy khdng cdn bdng vd quydn lye, nhiing khdc bidt v l vwx hda gifta cac bdn ndn dugc xem xet 39 quydt dinh chuyin vu an ddn va feuc hidn tiln trinh phyc hdi Thu ndm, su an todn cua cdc bdn ndn dugc xem xet quydt dinh chuyin vy dn den vd feye hidn tidn trinh phue hdi Thu sdu, qud trinh phue hdi khdng thieh hgp hoac khdng fee dp dyng, vy dn ndn dugc chuydn den eac co quan ed fedm quydn cua hd fedng tu phdp hinh sy vd ndn dua mOt quyet djnh ve vide lam fei ndo de tidp tuc gidi quylt vy an ma khdng phdi tri hoan Trong nhiing trudng hgp nhu vdy, nhiing ngudi tiln hanh td tung ndn cd gdng ddng vien ngudi pham tdi feue hidn trdch nhiOm ddi vdi ngn nhan, cdng ddng hi dnh hudng, ung hg sy tdi hda nhdp eOng ddng cua nan nhdn va ngudi pham tdi 1.5 Cdc chuang trinh tuphdp phuc hoi Hidn nay, cd rat nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu ve cac chuang trinh tu phap phyc hdi nhdm phdn tich, danh gid uu nhugc diem dd td dd cd thd tim duge mdt md hinh thich hgp cho tiing nude, hay ndi diing hon Id tung dia phuang, cdng ddng ey fee cdp dd qudc gia, mOt nhimg edng trmh ndi bgt da dugc thyc hien bdi Gordon Bazemore (Dai hgc Florida Atlantic) vd Mark Umbreit (Dai hgc Minnesota) vdo nam 1998 dd chudn bj cho de an co tdn ggi Id Tu phdp cdn bdng vd phuc hoi, dugc tdi trg bdi Van phdng tu phdp vd phdng ngda tdi phgm chua feanh nidn feudc Co quan tu phdp cua My O cdp dd khu vuc, HOI ddng chdu Au da thdnh Igp mOt uy ban chuydn gia vao nam 1995 dd ddnh gia vd phdn tich vide sd dung hinh thue hda gidi thu tuc TTHS cda edc nude thdife vidn D i n giua nam 1996 vd nam 1999, uy ban da ggp gd vd xem xet bdo cdo tii cac qudc gia c6 kinh nghidm vide sd dung hoa gidi dii vdi ede van de hinh su vd xem xet cd nhiing de xudt ndo dugc dua bay khdng Phu lue cua bdo cao da dua khdi niem cua hda giai va ghi nhdn 34 nguyen tac cho cdc nude thdnh vidn tiln hdnh thu tyc cdc vy dn hinh sy Vdo fedng 09/1999, Uy ban Cdc bO trudng da ban hdnh kiln nghj cy fee ve vdn 40 T^P CHi KHOA HQC PHAP L * S 06 (109)/2017 d l ndy.* cdp dO qudc tl, LHQ ciing da td chdc nhidu hdi nghj, feyc hidn nhidu dy dn vd nghidn eiiu vd tu phdp phyc hdi Kdt qud eua nhiing nd lye trdn Id vide UNODC hodn fednh Sdch gi&i thi$u ve cdc chuang trinh tuphdp phy.c hoi {Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes) vd xudt bdn vdo ndm 2006 UNODC cho rang hidn cd rdt nhidu chuang trinh tu phdp phyc hdi khac dang dugc vgn hdnh d ede nude tren the gidi Tuy rfeidn, feeo co quan ndy co rfeiing dang chuong trinh chinh sau ddy:' - Hda gidi giua ngn nhdn vd ngudi phgm tdi {victim offender mediation); Hgp nhdm gia dinh vd cOng ddng {community andfamily group conferencing); - Kit an vdng trdn {circle sentencing); - Vdng trdn hda gidi (peacemaking circles); - Ban cgng dong vd giam sdt mang tinh khac phyc {reparative probation and community boards and panels) Nhu da dd cap, chuong trinh tu phdp phue hdi ed fed duge dp dyng tgi bdt ky giai dogn ndo cua qud trinh t l tung binh su Ve eo ban, cd 04 fedi didm chinh: didu tra (police level), tmy t l (prosecution level), xdt xd {court level), va thi hdnh dn (corrections) (nhu mOt bidn phap feay fed cho hinh phgt td; Id mdt phdn hogc kem feeo hinh phgt khdng giam giii hoac qud trinh giam gju hogc sau dugc fed khdi ifea td) a Hoa gidi giira ngn nhdn vd ngudi phgm tof Ddy la mdt tirong nhung chuang tiinh tu phdp phyc bdi xudt tiidn sdm nhdt Chuong trinh cd nhirng dgc dilm co bdn sau: - Thdm quyin feue hi|n: canh sdt, cdng td vidn, Tda dn, hoac van phdng gidm sat (probation office) - Didu kidn dp dyng hda gidi tryc tidp: (1) ngudi phgm tgi phdi chdp nhgn hogc khdng tit chdi trdch ntii?m ddi vdi tdi pham; (2) ngudi pligm tOi vd ngn nhdn ddng y vd (3) cdm tlidy an todn feam gia hda gidi - Thaife plidn tliam gia: hda gidi vidn, ngudi phgm tdi, nan nhdn, ban bd vd nhiing ngudi ung hd hai bdn (feudng khdng feam gia) - Kit qud: thda feugn giiia hai ben (cd fei bao gdm vdn dd khac phuc vd bii feudng thi$t hgi eho ngn ntian) NOi dung cua feda feugn cd thd duge dua vdo ban an hoac la mgt didu kidn quydt djnh dp dung dn tieo b Hop nhom gia dinh vd CQng don^ Trong sd ede md hmh tu phdp phye hdi, hgp nhdm gia ffinh vd cpng ddng mang tinh fed chd he fedng eao nhdt (da duge quy djnh lugt phdp cda New Zealand dp dyng eho tu phdp ngudi chua feanh nidn tii nam 1989) Md hiife ndy cd ngudn gdc td tiuydn feIng gidi quydt tranh chdp eua ngudi Maori (nhdm ngudi bdn dia New Zealand) vd hien duge dp dyng dudi nhilu biln fee nhu mOt tiinh thue xd ly chuydn hudng cua cdnh sat tai Nam Uc, Nam Phi, Ireland, Lesofeo vd tgi cde feanh phd d mdt sd bang eua My nhu Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Montana Hgp nhdm gia dinh vd cOng ding mang nhftng dac didm CO bdn sau: - Tham quyen ^ dung: canh sdt bode Tda dn - Thdnh phdn feam gia: hda gidi vien {convenor), ngudi phgm tdi, ngn nhdn, gia - Thdi didm dp dyng: tdt cd ede giai doan dinh, bgn be, feanh vidn cgng ddng (giao vidn, ngudi su dung lao dOng ) eua qud triife td tyng va thi hdnh dn - Hmh feue hda gidi: trye tidp (ngn nhdn vd - Mue dieh dp dung: bat budc ngudi phgm ngudi phgm tOi true tilp ggp nhau) hoac gian tdi ddi didn vdi hgu qua eua tdi pham, dua tilp (hoa gidi vien gap cdc bdn ridng bi$t) mdt ke hoach khac phuc, vd ti:ong nhiing - Thdm quyin dp dyng: cdnh sdt, cdng trudng hgp nghidm trgng hon xdc djnh nhu td vidn, Tda dn, hogc vdn phdng gidm sat cdu cho vi^c giam gid, gidm sat nghidm khac hon (probation office) So vdi hinh feiic hda gidi giua ngn nhdn * Paul McCold, Bdi thuyet trinh vi Tu phdp phgcvd ngudi phgm tOi thi hgp nhdm gia dmh va AoVvdiffg, slide 13 cgng dong ed myc dich rdng hon, feu hut sy ' UNODC, chu thich sd I, tr 14-15 «Nhutren,tr 17-18 »UNODC, chd thich sd 01, tr 20-21 LUAT T T V N G HJNH SV feam gia cda cOng dong vdo qud trinh tim phuang dn gidi quyet, dong fedi xdc djnh trdch nhidm ciia cOng ding vide gidm sdt, giup ngudi phgm tgi d l feyc hidn cdc bien phap khde phyc ciing nhu tdi hda nhdp nhu da xdc dinh feda feugn c Ket dn vdng trdn^° Md hinh ndy dugc su dyng tgi mOt s i cgng ddng ngudi bdn dja d Canada, Id mgt vi dy dien hinh cho tu phdp khuyin khich su feam gia tryc tidp ciia cde fednh vidn cOng ddng tiong vi0c xd l