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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN VAN BAO ECONOMY, SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF CO DINH VILLAGE (THANH HOA) UNTIL THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Major: History of Vietnam Code: 92 29 013 DOCTORAL THESIS SUMMARY IN HISTORY HA NOI - 2020 The work was completed at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Science instructor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Duc Nhue Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Thesis Assessment Council The meeting will be held at the Graduate Academy of Social Science at …hour …minute, date… month… year… The thesis can be found at libraries: - Graduate Academy of Social Science Library - National Library of Vietnam LIST OF THE AUTHOR’S PUBLISHED RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE THESIS TOPIC Nguyen Van Bao 2017 "Preserve and promote the value of historical monuments including Mount Nua, Nua Temple and Am Tien of Co Dinh village (Tan Ninh Commune, Trieu Son District, Thanh Hoa Province)," in the Proceedings of the Conference Science of Hong Duc University "Research and teach on the topic of Thanh's cultural heritage in the current context," Thanh Hoa, September 2017, pp 5-11 Nguyen Van Bao 2018 "Co Dinh village (Thanh Hoa) with the Lam Son uprising," in the Proceedings of the Scientific Workshop "National hero Le Loi and the Thanh Hoa people with the Lam Son uprising," Thanh Hoa, September 2018, pp 155-163 Nguyen Van Bao 2019 "The competition-examination village of Co Dinh (Thanh Hoa) in the medieval period," in the summary of Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Competition-examination of Confucianism in Vietnam (1075 1919) - A look back at 100 years ago," Hanoi, August 2019, p 23 Nguyen Van Bao 2019 "Relics of Mount Nua, Nua Temple and Am Tien (Thanh Hoa)," Art & Culture Magazine, No 423, September 2019, pp 33-35 Nguyen Van Bao 2019 "Traces of the Hung Vuong Dynasty in Co Dinh Village (Thanh Hoa)," in the Proceedings of the National Scientific Conference "Hung Vuong Dynasty in the process of Vietnamese history," Hanoi, September 2019, pp 527-537 Nguyen Van Bao 2019 "The competition-examination village of Co Dinh in the medieval period," Art & Culture Magazine, No 424, October 2019, pp 96-97 Nguyen Van Bao 2020 "Second-rank doctor Le Bat Tu (15621627)," Past & Present Magazine No 516 (2-2020), February 2020, pp 42-46 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the subject Archaeological discoveries show that from 2,500 to 2,000 years ago, Co Dinh was inhabited by the ancient Vietnamese The names Giap Ca Na, Cha Ke Nua, Co Ninh, Co Dinh evoke an ancient village thousands of years ago In the 3rd century, the land of Co Dinh and the dangerous Mount Nua was chosen by Ba Trieu as a base in the uprising against Ngo invaders in 248; This was also the base of the uprising against the Minh invaders led by Nguyen Chich (early 15th century) Being a village located in the midland plains of Thanh Hoa, but from the Ly, Tran, Le dynasties to the Nguyen dynasty, Co Dinh Village has appeared many talented people, academic scientists, making an important contribution to the country in the fields of politics, military, culture and diplomacy Up to now, Co Dinh Village has preserved many rich tangible and intangible cultural values, reflecting the economic, social and cultural life of the village through historical periods In the current development trend of the country, Vietnamese villages in general and Co Dinh Village, in particular, are facing great challenges between tradition and innovation, ethnicity and modernity Renovating but still preserving the national cultural identity is a very important requirement Therefore, researching Co Dinh Village in economic, social and cultural fields is a necessary task, contributing to the preservation and promotion of cultural values of the village The study of Co Dinh Village not only finds out positive aspects to promote but also realizes shortcomings to overcome, contributing to directing the policy of building new countryside in the current period The results of the thesis also help generations of Co Dinh people to have more understanding and attachment to their homeland, from which to take practical actions to build their homeland and country becomes richer and more beautiful Stemming from the above practical and scientific significance, I decided to choose the topic: Economy, society and culture of Co Dinh Village (Thanh Hoa) until the beginning of the twentieth century as my Doctoral thesis in History Research goals and missions 2.1 Research goals The research goals of the thesis are to clarify the economic, social and cultural characteristics of Co Dinh Village until the early twentieth century Affirming that this is an ancient traditional village of the Vietnamese people with its own characteristics compared to other rural areas in Thanh Hoa, typically cultural, competition-examination and diplomatic traditions as well as the tradition to fight against foreign invaders 2.2 Research missions In order to achieve the set objectives, the research task of the thesis aims to solve the following contents: - The topic clarifies the natural features and the process of forming Co Dinh Village to the beginning of the nineteenth century - Regarding economic activities: analyze and clarify the economic characteristics of Co Dinh Village in the fields of agriculture, handicraft and commerce - Regarding social organization: research to see the village management organization, structure and forms of population gathering of Co Dinh Village, the general characteristics and distinctive features compared to villages in the Ma River Delta - Regarding cultural life: include activities of religion and belief in the communal houses, temples, pagodas, etc.; education, competitionexaminations; Sino - Nom texts and folk compositions Object and scope of the research 3.1 Research objects The research objects of the thesis are economic, social and cultural fields in Co Dinh Village (Thanh Hoa) to the beginning of the twentieth century 3.2 Research scope In terms of space: The thesis is studied in Co Dinh Village, a village with the characteristic of having "one village in one communal" until the early twentieth century Thus, the village has the administrative character equivalent to that of a modern commune-level unit In terms of time: The thesis researches from the first findings of the area of human residence in Co Dinh Village to the early twentieth century More detailedly, from archaeological discoveries about Mount Nua in Co Dinh Village dating from 2500 to 2000 years ago until the establishment of the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1930 Research methodology and methods 4.1 Methodological basis The topic uses the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the basis of research methodology The study of the economy, society and culture of Co Dinh Village (Thanh Hoa) until the beginning of the twentieth century is a case study and a sample study due to the nature of the social sciences and humanities Therefore, the methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the important methodological basis for the author to study the problem comprehensively, objectively and clarify the specific characteristics of Co Dinh Village compared to other villages in the Ma River Delta as well as the North Central Delta region 4.2 Research Methods The main methods used by the author are the historical method and the logical method to reconstruct history through the documents From those methods, coming up with evaluations, analysis, objective synthesis and drawing conclusions In addition, there are methods that are applied when dealing with issues such as the system - structure method; the interdisciplinary and specialized method; the method of analysis, synthesis, comparison; the sociological method combined with the retrospective method by interviewing elders with an understanding of the history and culture of the village to provide additional resources to serve the topic New contributions to the science of the thesis Co Dinh is one of the old villages in the Ma River Delta as well as across the country Thus, the research results of the thesis contribute to clarifying the general features such as the diversity and characteristics of traditional Vietnamese villages The research results of the thesis can be used for researching and learning about Thanh Hoa villages and communes in history The work also contributes to supplementing documents, clarifying the place names of pagodas and “nghe” (a kind of small Temple in Vietnam) as well as the unconfirmed historical figures Thus, serving the compilation of village history and educating traditional history and culture for the locality The dissertation also contributes to supplement local sources for official history From the research results of the thesis, the people of Co Dinh Village are more knowledgeable and proud of the history and cultural values of their homeland Thanks to that, they will have practical actions that contribute to preserving and promoting the good traditional values of their homeland and at the same time realizing the negative limitations to overcome in the construction of a new countryside in the current period The theoretical and practical significance of the thesis Theoretical significance: The dissertation contributes to reinforcing the theoretical aspects, research methods, approaches when researching a specific village in Vietnam in general and Thanh Hoa villages and communes in particular Practical significance: The author's dissertation contributes to helping Co Dinh people and the local authority to better understand the traditional economic, social and cultural characteristics of their villages Thanks to that, they can have orientations to preserve the traditional values of the village and commune as well as promote resources for the economic, social and cultural development of the locality in the current period The structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, Reference, Appendix, the content of the thesis is divided into chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of issue researches Chapter 2: Village establishment process and economic activity Chapter 3: Social organization Chapter 4: Cultural life CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF ISSUE RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE THESIS 1.1 Research situation on Vietnamese villages 1.2.1 The works of foreign authors Research on Vietnamese villages has long attracted the attention of many foreign authors including some typical works such as Histoire du royaume de Tunquin (History of the Kingdom of Tonkin, 1994) by Alexandre de Rhodes, Relation nouvelle et singulère du Royaume de Tunquin (New and unique account of the Kingdom of Tonkin, 2005) by Jean Baptiste Tavernier, The Voyage to Tonquin in 1688 (World Publishers, reprinted in 2011) by Dampier William, A voyage to Cochinchina in the years of 1792 - 1793 by J Barrow, etc From the second half of the nineteenth century to the present, the works such as La commune annamite au Tonkin (The Annamese commune in Tonkin, 1894) by P.Ory, La Cité Annamite (Annamese City, 1909) by C Briffaut, Economie agricole de L'Indochine (Agricultural economics in Indochina, 1832, Ha Noi) by Paul Bernard, etc along with many works and research cooperation programs between Vietnamese people and foreign organizations have contributed to shedding more light on Vietnamese village issues in history 1.1.2 The works of domestic authors From the early twentieth century up to now, there are many studies on Vietnamese villages in general and specific villages across the country in particular that have mentioned many different aspects in economic, social and cultural fields of the villages and communes There are some typical authors including Phan Ke Binh, Dao Duy Anh, Vu Van Hien, Nguyen Hong Phong, Phan Huy Le, Toan Anh, Bui Xuan Dinh, Phan Dai Doan, Vu Ngoc Khanh, Nguyen Quang Ngoc, Vu Duy Men, etc Thanks to the works of the above authors, more materials and new approaches when studying Vietnamese villages have been provided, thereby helping the author to have a solid theoretical basis and to be more aware of the content that needs to be researched in the thesis 1.2 Research situation on Thanh Hoa and Co Dinh Village 1.1.2 The works of foreign authors The researches of foreign scholars on villages in Thanh Hoa so far are not much, in which remarkable ones can be mentioned as Growing rice in Thanh Hoa (1910); Cotton in Thanh Hoa (1910) by M.H Gilbert (published in Indochina economy journal); The crisis and coffee plantations in Thanh Hoa (1932) by Cucherousset; Peytavin, Irrigation system in Thanh Hoa by Petavin; La Province de Thanh Hoa (Thanh Hoa Province, 1918) by H Le Breton; Le Thanh Hoa (Thanh Hoa Province, 1929) by Ch.Robequain 1.2.1 The works of domestic authors Co Dinh Village, to different extents, has been mentioned in many works, such as Thanh Hoa Quan Phong (1973) by Vuong Duy Trinh, Lich Su Thanh Hoa (History of Thanh Hoa, including volumes) edited by Board of Research and Compilation of Thanh Hoa, Dia Chi Thanh Hoa (Thanh Hoa Geography, including volumes, 4th published already) compiled by Provincial Party Committee - People's Committee of Thanh Hoa province, Dia Chi Nong Cong (Nong Cong Geography 1998) by Hoang Anh Nhan & Le Huy Tram, Danh Nhan Trieu Son (Well-known People of Trieu Son 2, 1993) compiled by Board of Research and Compilation of Thanh Hoa, Dia Chi Huyen Trieu Son (Trieu Son Geography, 2020) compiled by District Party Committee - People's Council - People's Committee of Trieu Son District Co Dinh Village has published publications in the form of books, magazines and dissertations that can be mentioned as The Work on Thanh Hoa Celebrity named Le Bat Tu (1562 - 1627), Proceedings of the Seminar organized by the People's Committee of Tan Ninh commune published in 1997, Co Dinh Dat Va Nguoi (Co Dinh Land and People) compiled and published by Le Bat Xuan in 2008, Thang Canh Ngan Nua voi Den Nua va Am Tien Co Tich (Ngan Nua landscapes with Nua Temple and fairy-tale-like Am Tien) published in 2011 and reprinted in 2017, Co Dinh - Tan Ninh lang que van hien (Cultural village of Co Dinh - Tan Ninh, 2017) by Le Dinh Canh (editor) The essays and journal articles such as Do Thi Thu's Master Thesis, Lich su van hoa Co Dinh Ke Nua (xa Tan Ninh, Trieu Son, Thanh Hoa tu lap đen nam 2009 (Cultural History of Co Dinh - Ke Nua, Tan Ninh Commune, Trieu Son, Thanh Hoa from its establishment to 2009, 2009); Dinh Xuan Lam with the article Ke Nua - Nong Cong (Thanh Hoa) dat phat tich cua dong ho Doan lich su dan toc (Ke Nua - Nong Cong Thanh Hoa the original land of the Doan family in the national history) published in Journal of Historical Studies, No 3; Trinh Nang Chung (Institute of Archeology) and Le Thi Sau (University of Culture) with the article Collection of Dong Son bronze recently discovered in Mount Nua, Thanh Hoa printed in the book titled Nhung phat hien moi ve khao co hoc nam 2013 (New archaeological discoveries of the year 2013); Hoang Thi Van and Tran Thi Xuan (Museum of Thanh Hoa Province) with the article Collecting Dong Son cultural artifacts discovered in Mount Nua, Thanh Hoa Province printed in the book titled Nhung phat hien moi ve khao co hoc nam 2014 (New archaeological discoveries of the year 2014) The aforementioned studies have provided many valuable resources, helping the author in the process of implementing the topic 1.3 The content inherited by the thesis and the issues that need to be further studied and solved The content inherited by the thesis: Research on Vietnamese villages and communes is an attractive topic that has attracted the attention of domestic and foreign researchers who have approached from different angles of the economic, social and cultural life of the villages and communes The aforementioned studies on villages and communes have contributed to reinforcing the author's methodology and approach to the problem when researching a specific topic Co Dinh is a typical old village in the Ma River Delta from the first archaeological discoveries of Mount Nua including sword and stone, bronze and iron artifacts in recent decades In recent decades, many researchers have paid more attention to Co Dinh Village The works of books, magazines and research dissertations at different angles on life, economy, culture and society have contributed to clarifying more typical features as well as the process of formation and development of villages and communes The content of the thesis that needs to be further studied and resolved: Particularly, in terms of economics, the thesis needs to clarify the economic characteristics of Co Dinh Village in the fields of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce The social organization includes contents on the organization of the village management apparatus, the way to gather residents, family structure and lineages Those are completely new issues that have not been mentioned by any research work, so the above issues require the author to clarify In the field of content culture that is quite wide, on the basis of inheriting the works ahead of the author, the thesis should focus on dealing with issues of belief, religion, competition-examinations, literature and valuable historical sites in terms of artistic architecture Summary of chapter 1: In recent decades, researches on villages, in general, have been plentiful and diverse, reflecting many aspects of the economic, social and cultural life of traditional Vietnamese rural areas Co Dinh Village is an old village in the Ma River Delta Many landmarks, characters and historical events of the village are recorded by the main history ministries Besides, Co Dinh Village initially had a number of studies on history, geography and landscapes of Trieu Son District, Thanh Hoa Province, referring to the typical landmarks, characters and monuments of the village The published books, dissertations and magazine articles have contributed to clarifying a number of economic, social and cultural issues in Co Dinh Village However, the above studies are still of a single nature and not systematic Many resources in the villages and archival centers have not been exploited Some problems have been raised but not yet resolved Therefore, a comprehensive study of economic, social and cultural fields in Co Dinh Village until the beginning of the twentieth century is a necessary task not only of scientific value but also practical value CHAPTER 2: VILLAGE ESTABLISHMENT PROCESS AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 2.1 Geographic location and natural conditions 2.1.1 Geographic location Co Dinh Village, Tan Ninh Commune, Trieu Son District, Thanh Hoa Province is located nearly km south of the district center, leaning against the majestic Mount Nua On the top of the mountain, there is Am Tien relic 2.3 Economic activities 2.3.1 Agriculture 2.3.1.1 Land situation According to Co Dinh Commune, the total number of private and public fields in the villages and communes of all grades is 742 acres, “sao” (1 “sao” equals to 360 square meters), “thuoc” (1 “thuoc” equals to 33.33 square meters), “tac” (1 “tac” equals to 3.3135 square meters) With the above area, we compare it with some villages of Co Dinh, thereby showing that the size of land area and the proportion of private and public land in Co Dinh Village is much higher than that of villages of the same place 2.3.1.2 Agricultural production According to Co Dinh Commune, the fields in Co Dinh Village included Dong Nui, Dong Trang, Sang Na, transplanting two crops in summer and autumn each year The crop is transplanted in January and harvested in early May, suitable for varieties of “hien” rice, deepwater rice and pot rice The fifth-month rice is transplanted in early June and harvested in early October, suitable for the varieties of white fifth-month rice Besides non-glutinous rice varieties, Nep Nam and Nep Cai hoa vang rice are transplanted in both autumn and summer seasons 2.3.1.3 Gardening economy and breeding Gardening economy and breeding can be compared to a “miniature market” of each family, where have all kinds of necessities from fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, eggs, etc With the main purpose of being self-sufficient, but to some extent when the produce is in surplus, the farmers bring them to the village market to sell and buy essential goods in the family 2.3.2 Crafts and sub-occupations 2.3.2.1 Knitting profession The book of Thanh Hoa province shows that Co Dinh Village mainly knitted bamboo baskets and made batten for the roof In addition, people also weaved other products such as sieve, basket, basket, bushel, fan, curtain, etc Products were sold in Nua market on market days In addition, they also sold them in neighboring villages In general, besides the traditional agricultural economy, the craft of knitting in Co Dinh Village contributes significantly to creating jobs, income and stabilizing people's life 2.3.2.2 Sub-occupations In addition to the agricultural economy, handicrafts, during the offseason, Co Dinh people also worked a number of other sub-occupations 10 such as working as woodmen, making rice cakes, medicine, and winemaking, contributing to creating jobs, increasing income to stabilize the economy of a part of the people in the village 2.3.3 Commerce 2.3.3.1 Nua market Nua market is located in a convenient traffic location connecting mountainous, midland and delta districts of Thanh Hoa, thus becoming a place for trading and transiting goods between localities Within a month, the market held sessions in the morning On the 2nd, the 12th and the 22nd as well as the 4th, 14th, and 24th, there were Xep fairs (the small one) Meanwhile, on the 7th, 17th, and 27th, there were Dai fairs (the big one) During the Middle Ages, this was one of the major markets in the region with a variety of products from localities to trade and exchange 2.3.3.2 Dinh Market of Dai Village This is a quite unique market in Thanh Hoa, meeting only one day a year on the second day of the new year It is a market associated with the village communal house The items sold in the market were quite plentiful, but the most popular are rice cakes, salt, and water dropwort People went to the market at the beginning of the year not for economic purposes but mainly to pray for a year of health, happiness, luck and prosperity The 2nd day fair of the New Year became a traditional cultural beauty of the people of Co Dinh Village Summary of chapter 2: Co Dinh Village is located at the southernmost position of Trieu Son District with semi-mountainous terrain The southeast leans against Mount Nua with many valuable forest products Below the mountain, there is a fertile plain with a river system that is convenient for agricultural production Rich natural conditions, abundant natural resources and convenient transportation are the basis for Co Dinh Village to develop a variety of economic types in agriculture, handicrafts and commerce Archaeological research shows that Co Dinh was the residence of the ancient Vietnamese Through the names Cha Ke Nua, Giap Ca Na, Co Dinh is proven to be one of the few villages of the ancient Vietnamese in the Ma River Delta The agricultural economy played an important role Besides, the village also worked on knitting craft and some sub-occupations such as working as woodmen, making rice cakes, medicine, and winemaking Located on an important transport route connecting the plain and mountainous areas of Thanh Hoa District Thus, commerce in Co Dinh Village has favorable conditions for development with a variety of products 11 CHAPTER 3: SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 3.1 Village and commune management organization 3.1.1 Village and commune management apparatus The village and commune management apparatus under the monarchy of Vietnam was considered a fixed structure and widely applied throughout the country The village and commune management apparatus in Co Dinh under the Nguyen Dynasty is most fully recorded, reflected through the source Co Dinh Commune with the number of positions including “Ly truong” (village mayor), “Pho ly truong” (deputy village mayor), “Cai tong” (canton chief), “Doi truong” (commander), “Huong muc” (officials) and “Trum truong” (the elders) The village and commune management apparatus played an important role in managing tasks assigned by superiors such as tax collection, making roll of taxpayers, and record of field areas 3.1.2 The self-government of the village through the village regulation The first village regulation in Co Dinh Village was compiled by Mr Le Ngoc Quang with over 50 articles The contents focused on teaching, agricultural extension, village relations, hospitality, prevention of thieves, and sexual needs On the basis of the village regulation written by Mr Le Ngoc Quang, in 1935, Baccalaureate cum Hanlin Scholar Le Dinh Ngu and Elderly Bachelor Le Trong Nhi (Le Trong Nhi is the grandchild of Le Ngoc Quang) gave complete additions The content of the village regulation focused on works in the village such as protecting public property, encouraging education, regulating relationships in families, lineages, villages, funeral, wedding customs, etc 3.2 Residential structure 3.2.1 The scholar class The scholar class means people with education in the village, including scholars, teachers, physicians, the ones who had positions in the management apparatus of the village Co Dinh is an academic village The people there had a fondness for learning tradition Therefore, the scholar class was quite big, including those who passed from Ph.D to Baccalaureate, Bachelor, students of Imperial Academy, undergraduates of local examination or people with dignity such as “Ly truong” (village mayor), “Chanh tong” (presiding officers), “Huong muc” (officials), etc 3.2.2 Peasant class 12 The peasant class means the ones who mainly depend on agricultural labor The study of Co Dinh Village shows that agriculture is the main economic base of the village On average, each household head owned 8.3.3.7, which was higher than that of other villages in the region This is the basis to confirm that agriculture played an important role in the economic life of each family in Co Dinh Village 3.2.3 Craftsman and dealer class The craftsmen are the ones who make craft products, and the dealers are the people who trade and circulate goods In chapter 2, we have presented the craft of knitting from which a part of the craftsmen class formed Nua market is a famous traditional market, where goods were traded between the plains, midlands and mountainous areas of Thanh Hoa, thereby forming a part of dealers 3.3 Forms of organization and gathering of residents in villages and communes 3.3.1 Hamlet The hamlet consisted of a group of residents according to the residential space of Co Dinh Village divided into villages of Giap, At, Binh, Dinh with 10 hamlets including Noi Hamlet and Ngoai Hamlet in Giap Village; Tuan Thuong Hamlet and Tri Hamlet in At Village; Dong Hamlet (today is Nua market) and Dai Hamlet in Binh Village; Ngu Thuong Hamlet, Ha Hamlet, Dong Hamlet and Ben Hamlet in Dinh Village 3.3.2 Giap “Giap” was a form of social organization in the villages and communes of the traditional Vietnamese Co Dinh Village had a living form according to “giap” (also called as villages) which is strictly regulated, based on criteria of age, education level and dignity Co Dinh Village institution clearly stipulated criteria for dividing the population into villages, including Lao village, Vien village, Van village, Vo village, Ly village and Ho village 3.3.3 Club The study of Co Dinh Village shows that the Lao village club and the Van village club are more unique than many other villages Co Dinh Village institution clearly stipulated that you could enter Lao village at the age of 60 or older; meanwhile, Van village is a gathering of people with educated and wise men from pupil to Poinsettia 3.4 Family and clan structure 3.4.1 Family 13 Research on Co Dinh Village shows that there were mainly nuclear families consisting of fathers, mothers and children Through statistics and analysis of genealogies of the lineages, the marriages mainly had one husband and one wife As for married families with two wives, they mainly focused on families with dignities In addition, there were also cases where the wife died prematurely or the eldest wife could not give birth to a son Statistics on the number of children in families and lineages also show that there was still a strong preference for having many children, as well as the notion of women are inferior to men, in the village 3.4.2 Lineage Based on the funeral oration in Nghe Giap, those who were credited with clearing land and establishing Co Dinh Village at first had 10 people belonging to families of Le, Hua, Nguyen, Hoang, Doan, Phan, Ngo and Trinh Statistics from Co Dinh Commune area show that up to the nineteenth century, there were families including Le, Nguyen, Hua, Doan, Dang and Ngoc The lineages in Co Dinh Village have a long history with residence characteristics in certain areas, often associated with hamlets In the village, there were clans with scholarly and social traditions like Doan and Le families Summary of chapter 3: The state managed the villages through the administrative apparatus Thus, the officials in the village had an important role, representing the state in running all the affairs of the village In addition to the state management apparatus, Co Dinh Village also had an autonomous apparatus through the village regulation and institution in order to regulate social relationships in the village community Residence characteristics in Co Dinh Village were divided into two adjacent areas bordering Mount Nua In the middle of the village, there was Lang Giang River, residents living along the river banks The population structure was divided into classes including the following classes of scholars, peasants, craftsmen and dealers Giap village was considered as a social organization of men classified by age, rank and seating position when there were meetings or cults Especially, Co Dinh Village also had Van village and Lao village which played an important role and were more unique than other studied villages Co Dinh Village mainly consisted of nuclear families consisting of two generations of parents and children Marriage mostly included one wife and one husband The case where the husband married from two wives or more accounted for a low percentage There was still a strong preference for having many children, as well as the notion of women are inferior to men, in the 14 village The resident characteristic of the lineages in Co Dinh Village was quite unique Each of the lineages often lived in an area or neighborhood This was the place to consolidate and maintain social relationships and nurture the tradition of fondness for learning CHAPTER 4: CULTURAL LIFE 4.1 Religious beliefs 4.1.1 Ancestor worship Like many other traditional villages, the custom of ancestor worship in Co Dinh Village became a popular and deep belief in people's life This was also an act to show the morality and gratitude of children and grandchildren to the parents Thus, Co Dinh people attach great importance to ancestor worship In each family, the family altar, whether big or small, was also placed in the most solemn position 4.1.2 Village communal house with the beliefs of worship of Tutelary God Tutelary God worship is a custom of the Vietnamese people In each traditional village, there are communal houses, which are places to worship Tutelary God and conduct activities of village communities In Co Dinh Village, there were ten hamlets and each hamlet has one communal house including Dai village communal house, Noi village communal house, Ngoai village communal house, Tuan Thuong village communal house, Thuong village communal house, Ha village communal house, Dong village communal house, Ben village communal house, Dong village communal house and Tri village communal house (also called Thanh Tri) The characters worshiped at the communal houses of Co Dinh Village were the human gods who have contributed to the land reclamation to establish the village, including 10 people from families of Le, Hua, Nguyen, Hoang, Doan, Phan, Ngo and Trinh 4.1.3 Village pagodas with Buddhist activities Through field surveys and learning sources, it is known that the village has pagodas including Am Tien Pagoda, Ca Pagoda (Hung Phuc), Le Pagoda, Phuc Bon Pagoda, Gieng Quan Pagoda, Vang Pagoda, Bai Chon Pagoda, Lim Temple and Hoai Cam Pagoda The dense system of monuments there shows that Buddhism was present, developed and had a profound influence on the life of the people of Co Dinh from a very early age 4.1.4 Taoism Through records in historical sources, documents about Mount Nua, Am Tien cave, Taoism in Co Dinh Village was associated with the story of a hermit 15 in Ho Dynasty or legendary stories such as The Tale of Nhot Fairy, The Story of meeting the fairies playing chess at Hop pond, etc evidencing that Taoism soon appeared in Mount Nua There are few traces of Taoism in the field Artifacts, places and legends that can identify Mount Nua and Am Tien cave are one of the major Taoist cultivation centers not only of Co Dinh Village but also in the Ma River Delta 4.1.5 Confucianism Since when Confucianism introduced into Co Dinh Village is unknown But it can be seen that the Confucian teachings had a very profound influence on people's life The influence of Confucianism on Co Dinh Village was also reflected in Co Dinh Confucian temple, which was a place of worshiping Confucius and the successful people of Co Dinh 4.2 Confucian education and examination 4.2.1 The ones who passed pre-Court competition-examination Statistics from the Confucian exams in Thanh Hoa Province, there were 206 people passing PhDs Trieu Son District had 16 people passing PhDs In particular, Co Dinh Village, according to our research, had people passing the exam, showing that this was a village with a tradition of academic fondness of Thanh Hoa 4.2.2 The ones who passed the Middle and Small competition-examination In addition to those who passed Ph.D., in Co Dinh Village, through statistics from the old scientific works, there were people who passed the first-degree examination (under Le Trung Hung Dynasty), Bachelor (under the Nguyen Dynasty), and Baccalaureate The examination results showed that Co Dinh was one of the most prestigious academic villages in ancient Nong Cong District, now is Trieu Son District After passing examinations, many people became mandarins and made contributions to the country in the fields of politics, culture and diplomacy 4.3 Sino - Nom text and folk compositions 4.3.1 Sino - Nom text Through surveys in Co Dinh Village, a number of Sino - Nom texts are still preserved, such as epitaphs, friezes, parallel sentences at Nua Temple, Le Than Temple, Am Tien Pagoda, Hoai Cam Pagoda and Nghe Giap In addition, the Chinese genealogy of the Le Dinh family which was compiled in 1860, the Chinese genealogies of the Le Dang family, the genealogies of the Han family, etc have provided many valuable resources when studying characters, historical events, economic, social and cultural life in Co Dinh Village 16 4.3.2 Folk compositions Folk compositions in Co Dinh Village are quite plentiful, diverse and considered a local specialty with genres such as folk tales, proverbs, folk songs, rhymes and local language The content focused on the process of establishing the village, the people's labor and production experiences and their rich cultural life 4.4 Typical architectural, cultural and historical monuments 4.4.1 Monuments of Mount Nua - Nua Temple and Am Tien Mount Nua: is a Nom name that people often call, and the word name recorded by historical sources is Na Son Mount Nua area is a sacred and mysterious land, an ancient land with beautiful scenery This was the meeting place of the writers, they came here to get inspiration to write poems to express their feelings The official histories record Mount Nua with Taoism, the hermit of the Ho Dynasty, the story about the woodcutter of Mount Na Nua Temple: The literal name is Na Son Tu, is the temple to Ba Trieu (i.e Le Hai Ba Vuong, which is commonly known as Emperor Temple or Chua Ngan Nua), who led the people against the Ngo invaders in the early third century 4.4.2 Temple to second-rank doctor Le Bat Tu The architecture of Temple to second-rank doctor Le Bat Tu now consists of tiled pavilions in an area of 550 square meters In front of the forecourt is an ancient stele (黎 相 公 祠 碑 - Compassionate General Le) The temple still retains many ancient artifacts such as old "Sap Hoi dong" (a kind of carved traditional Vietnamese bed placed in the living room, piece); large radios (2 pieces); medium radios (2 pieces); small radios (3 pieces); betel and wine containers (1 piece); round stone incense burner (1 piece); square incense burner (1 piece); incense burner with a long round neck (1 piece), etc 4.4.3 Nghe Giap Nghe Giap is the name of Nghe in Giap village, a relic that played an important role in the cultural and spiritual life of Co Dinh villagers This is the place to worship the fairies who have contributed to the founding of the village and “Duc Thanh luong” (Le Huu), historical figures with meritorious services to the country associated with the village Am Tien Pagoda has been presented in section 4.3.1 so the author does not show it here 17 4.4.4 Temple to the Le Clan meritorious official (The country's meritorious founder Lê Lôi) Lê Lôi, the character participating in the Lam Son uprising initiated by Lê Lợi During the uprising, he established many great achievements So he was granted the king's surname by the court Co Dinh people admired his patriotism and set up a temple 4.4.5 Tao Son hau Temple (Quan Tao Temple) Quan Cao Son was the mandarin of the Le Trung Hung Dynasty He was assigned ten thousand royal guards to protect the king Trinh Kiem was unable to bribe him many times, so he tried to poison him to kill him Loving the heart of Quan Cao Son, King Le set up a temple in Co Dinh Village and granted him the Lucky God of 10 hamlets It is said that this place is very sacred At night, tigers usually come 4.4.6 Temple to Law imperial duke Le Than Le Than was the district's first person to pass the first exam, he served as a mandarin for the Tran Dynasty during the period where the country was prosperous and peaceful Therefore, he had many conditions to promote his mentality and talent for the country After Le Than died, the people built a temple His grave was placed in Vang field in Vinh Duyen Village, where he was given 4.4.7 The ancestral house of Le Si family The ancestral house of Le Si family in At Village, Tan Ninh Commune is the place to worship the ancestors and the successful people of the family line, those making many contributions to the homeland and the country At present, the ancestral house still retains two headstones writing about the behavior of Mr Le Ngoc Quang and Mr Le Trong Toan, valuable for researching the history of the lineages and the education tradition in Co Dinh Village Summary of chapter 4: Co Dinh Village with the belief of ancestor worship in each family and lineage together with the worship of village Tutelary God as well as people who had merit in reclaiming the land to establish the village is a traditional cultural beauty that still maintains in the village Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism left a deep mark on the land of Co Dinh reflecting the people's religious life Co Dinh Village is one of the villages with a traditional fondness for learning and academic excellence of Thanh Hoa Many people became mandarins, contributing to the country in the fields of politics, military, culture and diplomacy Sino - Nom texts and folk compositions of Co Dinh Village are rich and diverse, it is the precious heritage of the village community 18 accumulated from generation to generation They are the precious legacy of the village community accumulated from generation to generation They are manifested through the system of epitaphs, diaphragms, parallel sentences, genealogies of the lineages to folk tales, folk songs and tales Co Dinh Village is also a place to keep many unique physical cultural heritage Currently, the village has relics ranked at the national and provincial levels with architectural and artistic value, reflecting the economic and cultural life of the village through historical periods CONCLUSION Researching on the economy, society and culture of Co Dinh Village (Thanh Hoa) to the beginning of the twentieth century, the author draws some comments and conclusions as follows: Through archaeological artifacts discovered in Mount Nua such as bronze daggers, bronze spears, bronze big jars and stone tools dating back to the latest from 2500 to 2000 years ago It can be affirmed that from the time of Hung Vuong, Co Dinh Village was the residence of the ancient Vietnamese people Through the names, Cha Ke Nua, Ca Na Giap, Co Na huong, Co Ninh Commune, Co Dinh Commune, Tan Ninh Commune, Co Dinh Village, it is shown to have a long-term history of establishment and development for thousands of years This shows that this is one of the oldest Vietnamese villages in the Ma River Delta The village has a natural feature with “semi-mountainous.” In the East, it borders on Mount Nua, which is the main mountain in Thanh Hoa Mount Nua has many kinds of precious forest products that can be exploited all year round, especially cork which is the raw material to form the craft of knitting Below Mount Nua, there is a residential area with fertile fields with a convenient river system supplying water for the dry season, draining water in the flood season and serving agricultural production Co Dinh Village is located in a location with a natural route connecting the delta, midland and mountainous districts of Thanh Hoa's districts Therefore, this is a favorable condition for goods trade between regions In general, Co Dinh is not only an ancient Vietnamese village in the Ma River Delta but also a land with natural conditions of land, rivers and convenient traffic, which is the basis for the village to develop the economy in a diversified way, including agriculture, handicraft and commerce Regarding economic activities: Co Dinh Village had a relatively harmonious combination between agriculture, handicrafts and commerce In 19 terms of the agricultural economy, the data show that Co Dinh Village had a large area of land There were 30.9% of householders owning from to 10 acres, on average each head of household in Co Dinh Village owns 8.3.3.7 land Comparison of average land ownership in Co Dinh Village with villages in the same Co Dinh area such as An Dinh Commune, Co Doi Commune, Tuy An Commune and some typical villages such as Hoang Loc (Thanh Hoa), Coi Tri Village (Ninh Binh), Van Village (Bac Giang), and Duc Tu Village (Bac Ninh) show that the average land ownership of the household head in Co Dinh Village was much higher than in other villages The area of agricultural land was large, so in Co Dinh Village, there was no phenomenon of people invading farming in other villages On the contrary, the locals also said that there was the phenomenon of people in the villages of Hoa An, Tao Lam, and Yen Dinh coming there to the farming with an area of 77.1.6.6, mainly grade-3 land and abandoned land This shows that agriculture played an important role in the economic life of the village On the basis of residential land, Co Dinh developed an agricultural economy, growing rice, combining with the gardening economy, husbandry and cultivation, contributing to stabilizing people's lives Research on knitting craft and sub-occupations in Co Dinh Village shows us that this profession played an important role in economic life in Co Dinh Village, besides traditional agriculture Handicrafts with natural material sources of neohouzeaua in Mount Nua were exploited to serve the knitting profession Through the division of labor among family members with skillful hands, Co Dinh people make many products of high aesthetic value along with a variety of categories such as sieve, batten for the roof, bushel, jar, etc to serve the needs of the people Besides the craft of knitting, a part of the people, while off-season, also worked in other sub-occupations such as woodmen, making rice cakes, medicine, and winemaking In general, handicrafts and secondary jobs in Co Dinh Village without bringing high income However, it is a regular source of income that not all villages can have, contributing to increase income and stabilize economic life for people In the economic structure of Co Dinh Village in the medieval period, market exchange activities played an important role Nua market was located in a convenient traffic location, next to the natural road, connecting midland, delta and mountainous districts of Nong Cong, Nhu Thanh, Nhu Xuan, Dong Son So the trade of goods in The village and surrounding areas were convenient The goods traded in the market were quite diverse from agricultural products to handicrafts and other local products were also brought for exchange, making the commodity trading activities here become crowded Every month, the market had 20 sessions On the 2nd, the 4th, the 12th, the 14th, the 22nd and the 24th, there were Xep markets On the 7th, 17th and 27th, there were main markets In particular, Co Dinh Village also has Dinh market of Dai Village, which was held only one day a year on the second day of the new year, a rare form of market in the Ma River Delta Visitors came to the market mainly to get prosperity and luck, enriching the cultural and spiritual life of the people Looking at the activities of Nua market and Dinh market of Dai Village, we can see the economic and cultural life of the Co Dinh people as well as seeing the cultural beauty of a countryside with traditional culture and “Sacred land with extraordinary people.” Regarding social organization: The village management apparatus under the medieval period was seen as a fixed structure, so Co Dinh Village was like other villages across the country The country managed each individual, forcing individuals to implement the country's policies through the village administrative apparatus At the same time, the officials in the village were the representatives for the people to communicate with their superiors The management apparatus of Co Dinh Village at the beginning of the nineteenth century is known to include dignitaries such as “Ly truong” (village mayor), “Pho ly truong” (deputy village mayor), “Huong muc” (officials) and “Trum truong” (the elders) There were a total of 11 people In the village, in addition to the administrative system of law, Co Dinh Village also has village regulations and rules that played an important role to regulate relationships in the village community At the same time, it also shows the autonomy of the village and is the basis to distinguish one village's custom from another People normally call it “Custom rules the law.” Co Dinh Village's population structure was divided into four classes, including scholars, peasants, craftsmen and dealers In particular, the scholar class was respected by the village because those were people with good education and good results in examinations, many people worked as mandarins for the court and some participated in the management of the village Behind the scholar class is the peasant class This division was essentially based on social status But in fact, the peasant class was in large numbers and also played an important role in the economic life of Co Dinh Village After the scholar and peasant classes, Co Dinh Village also had craftsmen and dealers, they were less appreciated, but in fact, they played the role of contributing to the economic stability of the village In general, the above-mentioned division of the four classes is only relative Because in a traditional rural village, a 21 person can belong to many economic sectors and these economic sectors sometimes have reciprocal effects Hamlets or clusters are considered as a way of gathering people according to geographical location and residence space Based on topography and natural characteristics, Co Dinh Village had a population along the two banks of Lang Giang River The residential hamlets were arranged in a herringbone shape, in which the main axis was the two banks of Lang Giang River Along the riverbank, there were bridges crossing the river At each end of the bridge, there was the main road leading to the hamlets from which it is divided into many alleys and connected together like a chessboard A rather unique feature in Co Dinh Village is that the lineages resided according to the geographical area Each family often lived in clusters so it makes the relationship of the village stronger In the village, Giap is seen as a social organization exclusively for men Based on the criteria of age, education and dignities, Co Dinh Village was divided into villages including Lao village, Vien village, Van village, Vo village, Ly village and Ho village In which, Lao village played an important role because of the tradition of respecting the elderly Van village is considered to be a more unique feature than other villages Because it only had in the village with the academic tradition and competition-examinations On the other hand, educated and successful people often gained respect from the village In addition to the social relations in the village, there is also the relationship between family and lineages Co Dinh village statistics had families, of which the Le family accounted for 70.7% and the Nguyen, Hua, Doan, Dang and Ngoc families accounted for 29.3% In the village, monogamy was still dominant The case where the husband had wives or more took up the low proportion But there was a strong preference for having many children, as well as the notion of women are inferior to men This is also the common cultural feature of the traditional village In the families and lineages, the education of descendants was the sacred duty of grandparents and parents The success of the descendants or their behavior of respecting the elders was the happiness of the family, the honor of the whole lineage It was from families and lineages that nurtured the will of members to study successfully, thereby contributing to forming cultural traditions of the village The rich and diverse cultural life of Co Dinh Village reflects the unique characteristics of a traditional old village It is rare for a village in the middle ages to have 10 communal houses where the village's cultural activities 22 are conducted and to worship the village's Tutelary God as well as the ancestors who were credited with reclaiming the land to establish the village Buddhism has a profound influence on the cultural life of Co Dinh Village The study shows that there are pagodas in the village, of which Am Tien Pagoda and Hoai Cam Pagoda are recorded by many sources as being used to be the Buddhist center of a region Through records in the official histories and traces as well as places on the field, it shows that the mount Nua area in the medieval period was one of the major Taoist cultivation centers in the Ma River Delta Confucianism, reflected in Co Dinh Village Literature, is a place of worshiping Confucius, honoring the successful people in the General Co Dinh, and is a spiritual expression that encourages learning among people The influence of Confucianism on Co Dinh Village is also reflected in Co Dinh Confucian temple, which is a place of worshiping Confucius and the successful people of Co Dinh It is also a spiritual expression that encourages learning among people In general, through historical periods, the imprint on the forms of religious and belief activities in Co Dinh Village is quite bold compared to other villages in the region With a tradition of competition-examinations for more than 600 years, Co Dinh Village has people with Ph.D., people with “Huong cong” degree, Bachelors, and Baccalaureates The statistics of those who passed above are certainly not complete, but the aforementioned examination results are very proud for a village in the midlands Comparing with the villages in Trieu Son District, it shows that Co Dinh was one of the most competition-examination villages and one of the academic villages of Thanh Hoa in the Middle Ages From the Confucian competition-examination, a class of intellectuals was formed in the village Many people were reported winning the position of officials, making important contributions in the fields of politics, military, culture and diplomacy The composition of Sino - Nom texts in Co Dinh was also the product of Confucian intellectuals, expressed through epitaphs, diaphragms, parallel sentences at temples, communal houses, pagodas and genealogies of the lineages Folk compositions are considered a specialty in Co Dinh Village From a cultural land with a long history of development with many legendary mountain and river landmarks, which witnessed many important events of the country, the people summarized it into folk tales and legends, reflecting the process of founding the village or associated with landmarks and historical events Proverbs, folk songs, rhymes, and proverbs in Co Dinh Village are not only rich but also reflect the production experience, the ability to observe nature and praise the cultural traditions of the village 23 Compared with other villages in the Ma River Delta, Co Dinh is also one of the few villages with many relics systems from communal houses, temples, pagodas, “nghe, ” shrines and “am” with a history of hundreds of years Among the above relics, there are relics ranked by the State at the provincial and national levels Those are not only places of worship for people with meritorious services to the village and country but also valuable when studying the art of architecture, sculpture, at the same time reflecting the economic, social, cultural, religious and religious life of Co Dinh Village through historical periods Research on Co Dinh Village until the early twentieth century, many problems raised have been solved by the author, confirming that this is a comprehensive research in economic, social and cultural fields However, due to the limited conditions on the resources, some issues still have to be studied and clarify specifically: Some people who have passed PhDs in Co Dinh Village are recorded in epitaphs and genealogies of the lineages but not recorded in the competition-examination works so it should be researched and clarified, to supplement the sources of documents for the official history During the middle ages, Co Dinh Village was located on a natural road connecting the plain districts and mountainous midlands of Thanh Hoa Province, this was a favorable condition for the people in the village to develop their economy as well as interacting and exchanging culture with the outside Therefore, in the study of the economic and cultural relationship between Co Dinh Village and other villages and lands in this thesis, we have not had the conditions to submit carefully and in detail Hopefully, in the near future, the author will continue to return to research to clarify the problems! 24 ... Cucherousset; Peytavin, Irrigation system in Thanh Hoa by Petavin; La Province de Thanh Hoa (Thanh Hoa Province, 1918) by H Le Breton; Le Thanh Hoa (Thanh Hoa Province, 1929) by Ch.Robequain 1.2.1... as Thanh Hoa Quan Phong (1973) by Vuong Duy Trinh, Lich Su Thanh Hoa (History of Thanh Hoa, including volumes) edited by Board of Research and Compilation of Thanh Hoa, Dia Chi Thanh Hoa (Thanh. .. compiled by Provincial Party Committee - People's Committee of Thanh Hoa province, Dia Chi Nong Cong (Nong Cong Geography 1998) by Hoang Anh Nhan & Le Huy Tram, Danh Nhan Trieu Son (Well-known People