BÀI GIẢNG CÁC CHIẾN LƯỢC DỊCH

SESSION 3: THE STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION About language Words Talk unchangeabl e meaning Syntax Idiolect Respect own order of words - Personal - Depend on age, sex, mood, About language Dialects - Regional variation of a language - Define a dialects: decide when two tongues are to be classified as separate language instead of one being a dialects of the other - There is a rule of thumb, which states that two dialects become different languages when they are mutually unintelligible, when people of one language group can no longer understand members of the other group Slang Creates new forms by combining existing words, giving new meaning to words or introducing completely new words into the language About language Jargon Special words and phrases that are used by particular group of people, especially in their work Idioms - Single or compound words - Can not be inferred by the individual words Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level Translation by a more specific word - This strategy might lead to over interpretation of the source language meaning - it may be appropriate or necessary to use a more specific word to translate an English word into Vietnamese Eg: Almost a quarter of people in the UK not wear sunscreen to protect themselves from the sun's rays  Gần phần tư người dân Anh quốc không thoa kem chống nắng để bảo vệ da khỏi tia từ mặt trời During Tet holiday, a number of villages in northern and central Vietnam hold rice cooking contest => Trong dịp Tết, số làng miền Bắc miền Trung Việt Nam tổ chức thi nấu cơm Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level Translation by a more general word Using a superordinate is one of the popular strategies for dealing with many types of non-equivalence It works equally well in most, if not all, languages, since the hierarchical structure of semantic fields is not language-specific Under certain circumstances, it may be appropriate to use a more general word to translate an English word with no specific Vietnamese equivalent Eg: - …meaning can not be completely determined within the historical, geographical, and cultural milieu without consideration of social aspects = …ngữ nghĩa khơng thể xác người dịch khơng quan tâm tới khía cạnh xã hội mà dựa môi trường lịch sử, địa lí, văn hóa - The English words “paw”, “foot”, or “leg” may all be translated by the Vietnamese word ‘‘chân’’ Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level Translation by cultural substitution Each nation's culture is different However, because of respect for the original text, translators will often keep its meaning in the translated text but rarely change according to the culture of the target language Eg: The baby weights pounds -> Em bé nặng cân anh = Em bé nặng 2,7 kg => although the content can be kept, translated text can not be effectively communicated to the reader This is a burden of translators, commissioners and editors In addition, filed testing of documents will elicit useful feedback on cultural appropriateness Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level Translation using a loan word plus explanation • Loan English words are familiar to Vietnamese people such as names of medicines and names of diseases Eg: HIV, AIDs, Alzheimer's, , berberin, cloxite, • Because these loanwords are widely used in Vietnam, they are used without footnotes • Less common words include an explanation such as ORS (muối bù nước) Strategy 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at word level Translation Translation by by paraphrase: paraphrase: 1 Teenagers Teenagers should should not not drink drink alcohol alcohol A A Trẻ Trẻ vị vị thành thành niên niên không không nên nên uống uống rượu rượu B B Trẻ Trẻ vị vị thành thành niên niên không không nên nên uống uống rượu rượu bia bia C C Trẻ Trẻ vị vị thành thành niên niên không không nên nên uống uống các chất kích thích The The meaning meaning of of aa “hot” “hot” phrase phrase among among Vietnamese Vietnamese youth: youth: What What importance importance is is your your attitude attitude ++ Raw Raw translation translation :: Quan Quan trọng trọng là thái thái độ độ ++ Flexible Flexible paraphase paraphase :: Quan Quan trọng trọng là thần thần thái thái Alcohol Alcohol mentions mentions both both beer beer and and wine, wine, so so the the Vietnamese Vietnamese translator translator should should add add both both of of them them in in text text to to reflect reflect all all clear clear and and full full the the meaning meaning of of the the sentence sentence Attitude Attitude means means vibe vibe and and atmosphere atmosphere someone someone bring bring to to situation, situation, but but “thần “thần thái” thái” is is your your confidence, confidence, how how you you manage manage yourself yourself ► ► It It must must be be unpacked unpacked for for better better understanding understanding and and can`t can`t account account for for full full and and clear clear meaning meaning * The definition of translation by paraphrase : Translation by paraphrase is the way to translate an English word or concept that does not exist in Vietnamese or when the Vietnamese term does not decribe all the meanings conveyed by the English term for the same concept 10 Strategy 2: How to deal with idioms and fixed expression Translation by omission - In certain situations, idioms may be omitted from the target text The reason may be that they cannot be easily paraphrased, they not have a close match in the target language, or because of stylistic considerations - The use of this strategy may be considered reasonablely, if omission is to avoid lengthy explanations and the omission of idioms does not affect the full meaning of the text  This is the least used strategy Eg: Now Rachel was absentmindedly rubbing her index finger back and forth over her upper lip, her brow slightly furrowed.” = Bây Rachel vơ thức xoa ngón trỏ qua mơi trên, lơng mày ta nhíu lại 15 Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, numbers, person VOICE: The passive voice is used very frequently in English and poses some problem for translation into Vietnamese Passive voice can be translated from English into Vietnamese in the following aways English : A to be done (by B) Vietnamese: (i) A + V + (bởi B) (positive meaning) (ii) A bị + V( B) (negative meaning A bị + (B) + V English : A to be done Vietnamese: (i) A + V (positive meaning) (ii) A bị + V (negative meaning) (iii) Người ta/ + V + A Examples - He was found in the forest by the police Anh cảnh sát tìm thấy rừng - Tom was attacked by a stranger last night Tom bị kẻ lạ mặt công tối hôm qua - Tom has been promoted recently Tom đề bạt gần - The bank robbers are caught Những kẻ cướp ngân hàng bị bắt - The CD has been broken Ai làm vỡ CD 16 Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, numbers, person NUMBER - Though both languages have similar notions of number and countability, each language expresses this in very different ways In Vietnamese, number is often not expressed at all In English, number is expressed as a grammartical category, that is, there were different grammartical forms for the singular and pural nouns In Vietnames, no such distinction is made grammartically Eg: Phụ nữ = can mean either woman or women - In Vietnamese, some plural makers such as “các”, “những”, “tất cả”, “mọi”, “mỗi”… can be used in addition to be noun Note: Some word that can be countable in Vietnamese but are uncountalbe in English For example: Information, equipment, furniture, advice, potential… 17 Strategy 3: How to deal with voice, numbers, person PERSON Participants roles and forms of address are expressed in Vienamese through a very complicated system of personal pronouns based largely on kinship terms Unlike their English counterparts, Vietnamese pronouns convey many different distinctions, depending on relationship within the family, familiarity, social status and even one’s paricular mood or attitude in a given situation Eg: A manual on health care contains sections written specifically for children and adults In the section for children, “you” is translated as “em” or “cac em” In the section for adults, “you” should be translated as “chúng ta”, which is the inclusive “we” – that is, the speaker is including the listen in a group with him/herself, and in different contexts, “we” can be translated as “chúng tôi” meaning “ other people and I, but not you or “ chúng ta” meaning “you and I” + Note: In English, age is often not important in the addressing system And there is no distinction between the relatives of mother’s side or father’s side Hai anh em = two brother Hai chị em = two sisters  18 Strategy 4: How to deal with proper names A proper name is a noun or noun phrase that designates a particular person, place or object Personal name Geographical names Names of unique objects Names of unique animals Names of institutions and facilities Names of books, musical pieces, paintings or sculptures Names of newspapers, magazines and their headlines Names of single events 19 Strategy 4: How to deal with proper names Geographical terms Names of organizations - Translate into another word in Vietnamese - Translate phonologically (“s” becomes “x”) - Remaine unchanged Singapore = singapore/Xingapore Australia = Ốt-strây-li-a Socialist = Xã hội chủ nghĩa Indonasia = Inđônêysia People’s = Nhân dân - Translate into Vietnamese or unchanged - Translate only translatable parts are translated - Add the words “Công ty”, “Hãng”, “Tổ chức” ABC company = công ty ABC The Beatles = nhóm nhạc the beatles UNESCO = tổ chức UNESCO Oxford dictionary = Từ điển Oxford 20 Strategy 4: How to deal with proper names Vietnamese to English - Often using the reverse order or adjective + noun or noun + preposition + noun “Bộ”, “Sở” = Ministry of …, Department of… “Ngân hàng” = Bank for …, or Adjective + Bank “Tổng công ty” = Corporation In medical texts - Tests, symptoms, diseases, syndromes, parts of the body are named after one 'scientist' in one language community and a different one, are given a more general term, in another Check the spelling of all proper names - this is where misprints are most common 21 Strategy 5: How to deal with non-subject sentences In Vietnamese-written passages, some non-subject sentences are In Vietnamese-written passages, some non-subject sentences are often come across In this case, the following techniques of translation often come across In this case, the following techniques of translation can be used: can be used: - Passive voice - Passive voice - It + to be + adjective + to somthing - It + to be + adjective + to somthing - Therer is/ are - Therer is/ are - V-ing (s) + V + O - V-ing (s) + V + O - Put in the real subject that is often found in the previous sentence(s) - Put in the real subject that is often found in the previous sentence(s) Examples Examples - Khơng có cách khỏi ngơi nhà kinh dị  There is no way to escape that horror house - Tập thể dục quan trọng  It’s important to exercise  Doing exercise is important 22 Strategy 6: How to deal with newspaper headlines Some main characteristics of newspaper headlines: - Present tense = past tense Eg: The forest fire in Australia = vụ cháy rừng xảy Austraylia - Present participle = event in progress Eg: Goverment improving people’s living standard = Chính phủ nâng cao đời sống người dân - To + infinitive = future events Eg: Stranger star to crush? = Hành tinh lạ va chạm - Past participle = passive voice Eg: The Monalisa portrait stole last night = Bức họa Monalisa bị đáng cắp đêm qua - Nouns: Eg: oil industry = ngành dầu khí - Verb + Noun Eg: take care your children = chăm sóc lũ trẻ bạn 23 24 s e m i t e Practis 25 Ex1: So sánh gốc dịch vài chiến lược dịch thuật sử dụng.  Trong đầm đẹp sen Lá xanh trắng lại chen nhị vàng Nhị vàng trắng xanh Gần bùn mà chẳng hôi mùi bùn      Hoa sen luôn tượng trưng cho cao, cho sức sống diệu kỳ, mạnh mẽ, cho ý chí bền bỉ vươn lên Từ thẳm sâu bùn đất vượt lên căng tràn sức sống, sáng ngời ngợi ánh mặt trời Chính mà từ ngàn xưa hoa sen thường chọn đưa vào điêu khắc, chạm trổ, thêu, nơi cao quý thiêng liêng, có giá trị bền vững Với ý nghĩa thế, lần hoa sen lại chọn cách điệu tạo hình mềm mại, cứng cáp, uy nghi Rất đặc sắc đại cấu hình xử lý dệt kỹ thuật công nghệ cao chất liệu tơ tằm cao cấp => TRANSLATION: To bloom with beauty in the pond is only Lotus, With green leaves, white petals and yellow carpel Yellow, white, and green focus,  Shining and undefiled by the mud it emerged from (Vietnamese folk chant)      Lotus symbolises purity, amazing life with great will It grows from the bottom of the dirty mud moving towards the light on the surface of the water to blossom in the sun The lotus flower symbol has been introduced into sculpture, carving, embroider… offered to worship in holy places And now, the deepest symbol of Lotus is chosen to create a shape of an artistic product - graceful, unbreakable and formal Specially designed and hi-tech weaved on high-quality silk 26 Ex1: So sánh gốc dịch vài chiến lược dịch thuật sử dụng.  Trong đầm đẹp sen Lá xanh trắng lại chen nhị vàng Nhị vàng trắng xanh Gần bùn mà chẳng hôi mùi bùn      Hoa sen luôn tượng trưng cho cao, cho sức sống diệu kỳ, mạnh mẽ, cho ý chí bền bỉ vươn lên Từ thẳm sâu bùn đất vượt lên căng tràn sức sống, sáng ngời ngợi ánh mặt trời Chính mà từ ngàn xưa hoa sen thường chọn đưa vào điêu khắc, chạm trổ, thêu, nơi cao quý thiêng liêng, có giá trị bền vững Với ý nghĩa thế, lần hoa sen lại chọn cách điệu tạo hình mềm mại, cứng cáp, uy nghi Rất đặc sắc đại cấu hình xử lý dệt kỹ thuật công nghệ cao chất liệu tơ tằm cao cấp => TRANSLATION: To bloom with beauty in the pond is only Lotus, With green leaves, white petals and yellow carpel Yellow, white, and green focus,  Shining and undefiled by the mud it emerged from (Vietnamese folk chant)      Lotus symbolises purity, amazing life with great will It grows from the bottom of the dirty mud moving towards the light on the surface of the water to blossom in the sun The lotus flower symbol has been introduced into sculpture, carving, embroider… offered to worship in holy places And now, the deepest symbol of Lotus is chosen to create a shape of an artistic product - graceful, unbreakable and formal Specially designed and hi-tech weaved on high-quality silk 27 Ex2: Translate the idioms below Under the weather = Trái gió trở trời Rain or shine = để điều chắn xảy dù mưa hay nắng (dùng theo nghĩa đen) Get into deep water =  Gặp rắc rối.  Go with the flow = Thuyền đến cầu thẳng/ Nơi có nước chảy, hình thành dịng chảy Stab someone in the back =  đâm sau lưng = phản bội bí mật với người gần gũi, tin tưởng When pigs fly = điều khơng xảy A piece of cake = chuyện nhỏ thỏ / dễ ăn bánh Im lặng vàng  = Silence is golden Xa mặt cách lòng  = Far from eye, far from heart 10 Được voi, đòi tiên = Give him an inch, and he will take a yard 28 THANK YOU!!! 29 ... care your children = chăm sóc lũ trẻ bạn 23 24 s e m i t e Practis 25 Ex1: So sánh gốc dịch vài chiến lược dịch thuật sử dụng.  Trong đầm đẹp sen Lá xanh bơng trắng lại chen nhị vàng Nhị vàng trắng... formal Specially designed and hi-tech weaved on high-quality silk 26 Ex1: So sánh gốc dịch vài chiến lược dịch thuật sử dụng.  Trong đầm đẹp sen Lá xanh trắng lại chen nhị vàng Nhị vàng trắng... lessons lessons before before class class = = Với Với tư tư cách cách là những sinh sinh viên viên mới, mới, chúng ta phải phải học học bài trước trước khi đến lớp khi đến lớp học học ► ► The The