Một số vấn đề về sự phát triển của tiếng Việt trong thế kỷ XX : Đề tài NCKH. QG97.13

DAI HPC QUOC GIA HA NOI MOT VAN DE VE -T •> PHAT TRIEN CUA TIENG VIET TRONG THE KY XX ( Bao cao tong ket) De lai dac biet :QSr 97.13 NgirM cliii tri : GS PTS ^f)inh rOan 'f)m Khoa : Ngon ngff hoc Trirtyng : Dai hoc KH & NV OAt HOC a u C C GIA H - MOi '• TRUNGTAMTHCMuTiN.TliUVi^M! No C I Ila Noi, 1999 k DAI HOC QU6C GIA HA NOI ^^fal CONG HOA XA H O I CHU NCJHlA Vltl NAM NCKH Q ^ Doc l$p - Tir - Hanh phuc • -».•' ^' * • • jk MOT SO VAN OE VE Sir phat trien cua tieng Viet the ky XX A MUC DfCH NGHlftN CUU The ky XX la Ihe ky dac biel cua xa hoi Viel nam Noi dung ca han cua the ky la cuoc da'u tranh gianh doc \Ap thong nha't va chong ngheo nan lac hflu cua dan toe ta Tieng Viet, vc'^i ta each la cong cu giao tifi'p quan nhAl, da tham gia tich circ vao sir v(in dong ciia doi song xa hoi, va chfnh no, da co sir pluil tri^n virot bac , Tieng Viet so vcfi hoi dau the ky da khac xa tren phircmg dien lo chiJc, each su dung va pham vi sir dung Mo ta dien mao tieng Viet qua lirng ihiti ky the ky 6i tien t(3fi so sanh nham dimg nen mot biic tranh loan canh ve sir phat trie'n cua tieng Viet la mot viec lam rat can thie't va bd ich cua gioi ViCi ngu hoc nudc ta Lich su phat Irien ciia tieng me de mot the ky, nhal la the ky XX, \i\ mot va'n d^ rat rong \an khong ihc? lam mot luc duoc DC (ai moi chi dam hu6ng tdi mot phan cua muc tieu v^i d(5 cho cong viec co duoc kcl qua mni each thuc te, de lai se giai han lai Irong mot so dinh huong nghien cuu, cu the' la : a) Trudc het, nen c^n tap trung vao nghien cihi cac biS'n ddi ciia tieng Viei nua d^u M ky XX vi day la giai doan r^t quan va rat dac biOl b) Hudng cac nghidn cuu vao phuctng dien : 1/ Mot so bien ddi Irong didm dia hat tir vung , 2/ Nhutig diin bien nhan dien duoc tren bmh dien cu phap , 3/ Sir md rong chirc nang xa hoi ciia lia'ng Viet c) Vdi ba dia hat nay, de tai dua vao ngudn cac van ban viet lam ngon lieu chinh 6i mo la va khao sat B NOI I)UN(; NGHlftN COU Neu phan doan sir phat tridn cua tieng Viet the ky XX theo thdi gian, can cur vao cac nghien ciru hien co, ta ed thd chia nd ba thdi ky: - Tir d^u the ky XX de'n het chien tranh thg'gidi l^n thu nha't ( 1918 ) - TiT sau chien tranh the gidi thu nha't den het chien tranh the gidi thu hai ( 1945 ) Cai mdc quan nha^t d thdi ky la cuoc each mang thang Tam nam 1945 - Tir sau chien tranh the gidi thu hai de'n Tinh hinh thuc te cho tha'y nira dau the ky XX la mot giai doan ban le sir phat trien cua tieng Viet, nd tirng budc cd duoc nhung lien de phat trien ngdn ngit va tiem tang nhung kha nang nhay vol d giai doan sau dd (luc la nua cudi the ky XX) Nhu da ndi, de tai da lira chon ba mang de uu tien n^zhicn ciru Nhfrng noi dung dd thiioc binh dien ca'u true va chuc nang ciia ngon ngu Neu khao sal ky chiing ta se cd dieu kien hieu duoc cac xu hudng va quy tac cua su bien ddi Ndi den diin tie'n eiia mot ngon ngO khong thd khong tim hidu sir phat tridn ciia cSfu true ngon ngir C^u true tieng Viet hoi d^u the' ky so vdi da khac r^t xa tren cac mat tir vung va ngff phap Day la hai mat tieu bidu c^n quan tam Tuy nhien, khuon khd cua de tai nay, khdng thd de cap den moi khia canh ma c^n chon vai ba tieu didm dd khao sat: a) Vdi ngu* phap se tap trung vao cac bien ddi cii phap, b) Vdi ttr vung se dd cap den sir hinh va phat tridn ciia Thuat ngi? khoa hoc, viec bd sung cac tir ngir mdi cho cho ngon ngu van hoc, bao ehi 3/ Viec su dung tieng Viet giai doan cung da cd nhidu bien ddi theo hudng va md rdng churc nang xa hoi Tie'ng Viet cd kha nang cang cao giao tiep xa hoi va giao due dao tao mac dii bi o bC' bdi tie'ng Phap va chfnh sach cua chfnh quyen thuc dan Sir da dang hoa chuc nang xa hdi cung la mdt didm dang luu f ciia tieng Viet Di lai cung danh mot mang dd khao sal nhung V'in di lien quan den giao due ngdn ngu", cac dich vu thdng tin ngdn ngfr (bao chf, tjuydn thdng, thdng tin, quang cao) va dac biet chii y tdi su phat tridn ciia van hoc ddng hanh vdi ngdn ngir loan dan Trong ta't ca cac va'n de dat ra, mdi noi dung nghien ciru deu gang tra Idi nhihig cau hdi xac dinh, vf du: ThiJ nha't, van de cu phap, cac quan tam cu thd la: Dien mao cii phap tieng Viet nua dau the ky XX qua cac van ban van xudi duong thdi, nhirng dac didm gi cd thd coi la dac trung ciia budi giao thdi Nhffng each tan gi cac nha van dua lai, nhirng each tan gi cd duoc sir liep xiic CU phap giira tieng Viet va cac ngon ngff chau Au ? Thir hai, Irong van de tir virng, quan tSm cu thd UM6C het tap trung vao mang Thuat ngi? vdi cac noi dung: Sir hinh va xuat hien cua khai niem Tliuat ngu tieng Viet Sir tang tien cua cac the he thuat ngfr theo huong mo rong da nganh, da ITnh virc Dong gop ndi bat cua cong trinh " Danh tir Khoa h(.)c " Ciia Hoang Xuan Han (1943) viec xay dung Thuat ngir tieng Viet Cling \6\ Thuat ngxi, nua d^u the ky XX la thdi ky tiep xuc manh me gifra tieng Viet va tieng Phap ma ket qua la von tir vimg tiS'ng Viet da xuat hien mot bo phan tir goc Phap Day la mot hien tuong dac thii cua giai doan cSn phai dirdc khao sat ThiJ ba, vSin de phat tridn chuc nang xa hoi cua tieng Viet cac qii;in tam cu Ihi tap trung vao ba phuong dien : Tieng Viet duoc giang day nhu the nao mure cao tha'p, tac dung va anh hudng cua cong viSc nay? Sir phat tridn ciia ngon ngi? bao chi dong thdi vdi sir tang tiirc'^ng cua bao chf Sir phat trien cua ngdn ngu van hoc, sir phat tridn cua cac thd loai ngdn ngCr qua cac phong trao van hoc mdi, van xudi mdi, thd mdi ) Nhung ndi dung nghidn cuu tren day duoc thirc hitn tr6n cac tu lieu phii hop cd lira chon, kinh qua thdng ke, phan tfch, nhan xet va danh gia da dua tdi nhfrng nhan dinh cd c(J sd ve nhirng dac didm cua mot giai doan phat trien nhat dinh ciia tieng ta C QUA TRINH TRI|5N KHAI I Hl/C HIpN f)fi lAI Sau Chu nhiem de tai bao cao hdi ddng khoa hoc Khoa Ngon ngu vd viec tiep nhan va thirc hien de tai, Hoi ddng da : a) Di nghi de tai tap trung nghien cuu sir phat trien ciia tieng ViOi mia d^u the ky XX nhir la budc thir nha't (pha 1) b) De nghi mdi ta't ca cac thiiy Khoa tham gia nghien cuu c) i Cho phep sir dung mot bo phan sinh vien nam thir tu K.39 ciing Iham gia thirc hien cdng trinh ciing vdi cac th^y giao va mdi them mdt \m thay giao d ngoai khoa (PCS PTS Ma Giang Lan, PTS Trinh Hd Khoa) iham gia vao cac nh('>m de tai De tai GS Dinh Van Due chu tri chung duoc chia nhdm cong lac 1/ Nhdm nghien cUu cac van de ngu phap GS Dinh Van Due phu liach 2/ Nhdm nghien ciru cac vafn de tir vung GS Nguyen Minh Thuyel phu trach 3/ Nhdm nghien ciru cac va'n dd phat tridn chuc nang xa hdi cua ngon ngfr tlo GS Doan Thien Thuat phu trach Can ciJ vao nhiem vu cua de tai chung, mdi ngudi phu Irach nhdm dd tai da phac thao mot he cac de tai cu thd, thdng qua nhdm lam viec, sau dd mdi cac can bo khoa va ngoai khoa (Neu c^n) tham gia Ddng thdi mdi ngudi phu trach tmc tiep thuc hien mot hoac mot vai de muc Cac sinh vien tham gia de tai cac th^y true tie'p tuydn chon va hudng dSn thuc hien Tuy chia nhdm chu de nhung cac cdng trinh cu thd cd thd dan xen \\\ hd tra cho nhau, va cd nhung de muc duoc thuc hien bdi mot nhdm lac gia Thang nam 1998 ta't ca cac cdng trinh thudc danh muc vdi cac de muc cu thd da duoc hoan thanh, cac nhdm lam viec td chiJc danh gia va sau Chu nhiem de tai da td chuc nghiem thu tiing dd muc d ca'p khoa Nhan dinh chung cua Hdi ddng nghiem thu la cac cdng tiinh vdi cac dd muc cu thd da duoc thuc hien ra't nghiem tuc, cd chat luong dang tin cay, cd ddng gdp rat cu thd, mot so dat Un muc xua't sac I) KHOI LUONG VA QUY MO C()N(J TRINH 1/ PhiTdng phap Muc tieu ciia cdng trinh la nghien ciru md la ddng dai mot giai doan phat tiidn cua tieng Viet dd tir dd riit nhiJng nhan xet danh gia cac dac trung c ua ^\S bien ddi va phat tridn Cach nha't de dat tdi ket qua la phai quy nap bfmg each mieu ta cac hien tuc^ng lir ngdn lieu cu ihe Ban chi dao de lai da thdng nha't coi vide thu thap cac ngir lieu va md ta la cdng viec cd ban Mdi de tai nhd se ihuc hian bang nhij-ng thu phap rieng cua phuong phap md ta ddng dai, sau da thu thap du tu lieu va se rut cac ket luan rieng theo yeu c^u cu th^ cua cong Irinh Cac ket luan dd se la nhirng mang mau ddng gdp cho birc tranh chung Il/Tifljeu i G^n mot nua thdi luong thuc hien cdng trinh da duoc danh cho cdng tac tu lieu Bdn muoi chuyen luan da hoan nhd mot khdi luong Idn cac mSu dieu tra duoc chon (khoang 15.000 - 20.000 phieu) g^n 30 dieu tra vien Ihuc hien Chuyen luan it nha't cd 500 phieu, nhidu nh^t cd 2.000 phieu Ngu lieu diroc chon tiT da tac gia, da phong each ngdn ngiJ van hoc va ngdn ngu bao chf Rieng ngu lieu tir vung duoc la'y tu cac tir didn ductng thdi so sanh vdi cac tu didn hien Viec la'y tu lieu cho de tai la mdt cdng viec kha phuc lap, ngoai cac van ban bao chf va tac pham van hoc cd thd tra c\ru d cac thu vien, mot so lac pham, bao chf cu da trd nen rat hiem hoi, mot so van ban ihudc dien luu Iru hao lang khong dc dang duoc liep can vi phai qua mot he thdng quan ly nhieu dau mdi Ill/ Danh muc cac cong trinh nghien curu cu the da difdc n g h i e m thu (ed van ban kem theo d dudi day) ^ 00 VO o C/5 III" o o tr o PI- ^ o o p> CO X o '-^ OP p>/ o PN o t-* c g> o OP p o "I KB-' oq o> P ^ o j ^ cr P jO o o E?N o O cr f^ pN P' O p pN PN < a p>/ p o o VO p P OP ST o o Pp 00 ! g , p P OQ p o O o* o o o p( pN OP a B fe P ' p> p o o p o o 4^ Ux p o o pN pN O O pN OQ o p- o P r p cr O E- o IP Si* 0P o h^OP p s Qsr p p OP OP ^ p • O DP P OP § p P P ? p p OP p tT]>/ H >' OP o o p OP p OP O ST o tr B- p OP < p( •p 212; Z i z n: ^;3 FS ^ fS §' V - 3O ^ i ^0>i N< P p p OP bH p H m> Si p o o P' O»0P p^ p p C3 < p' p- cr O C- P ' p q o tr < PN o r-f o o o O P OP n C/5 VO PN p p DP VO Op P>x o 0* o^ P i D VO VO VO Ux o o p O cu fcfP^ D* 0>s pN iOP^ p' ^^ • c/3 t— o p; < o p- pP ^ ft>o tr ^ • : VO to B: o O o O B: ằ-ôã OQ o o ^ i!z; o o o P o o p\i p- pN to! 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P p P c » o>» o >> p u X W p H OP p OQ PN < p/ p o p^ P OP to L/1 ' PN ON to to P i^T* 3t o a P- p P^ p ^ - ? o" 'B a •p OQ p o < P/ P piog p OP < p- P X r-^ < P P' < o P 5-OQ -J ^i < pN p/ o P OP 00 OP p- p- a o> r to p r ^ P OP c/i to VO : p(v fO>^ '-»• DP < P' LU O iC3 < ^ Ire grjp'op P' LU p> ^ D P pN tr- P^ c p OQ O/ p 00 Ux VO 00 -J c^ o 4iUx LU c^ -J VO L^ 00 00 4^ 00 -o chf Viet nam: hanh van mdi, gon gang, ft dung tir Han, each trinh bay tan ky, ha'p din hon han cac bao tnrdc day Thuoc loai bao chfnh trj la mot sd luang bao kha 16n, g6m ea bao tien bo lan bao phan dong Co th^ ki mot sd vai nhirng xu hudng khac Rang dong tap chf (cua Tr^n Huy Lieu) nham ph6 bien nhirng tu tuang m(?i Kich trudng binh luan chfnh tri, cong kfch chinh sach cua Phap d Ddng duang ca tung tam dan chu nghia cua Tdn Dat Tien Tan the^kv mudn phuc nen Qudc hoc, kinh cac nha qudc, khinh bi bon tay sai ban nudc Th^n chung bi^u Id y thirc qudc gia dan toe va tinh th^n chdng chinh quyin thuc dan Ben canh nhffng bao tren cd td bao xa'u Dd la : Thanh Nghe tinh tan van vdi khuynh hudng chdng cdng san rd ret Blnh phu tan van, td bao chdng cdng manh nha't So luong nhiJng bao nhu the khdng nhieu Nguac lai, nhieu han la bao chf each mang Nguyen Qudc da cho xuS't ban td Thanh nien, td CdnR ndnu, Tf1ng cdng hdi BSe ky cho td Lao ddng, Ddng duang ceong san cho td H^m md, Dan cay Bai viet tren cac bao thudng ngan gon, ldi van sang, de hidu 3/Giai doan 1930-1945 la giai doan bao chi VN trudng ve moi mat Y thu'c chfnh trj, van hoc phat trien manh, ky thuat lam bao da dat duac mot budc tie'n quan trong, bao chf each mang xua't hien nhieu Neu nhu sd dau bao d thdi ky dau la 21 thi d thdi ky len tdi 209 Phong hoa va Ngay la hai Id bao cd anh hudng to Idn vdi xa hdi, gAn vdi nhfmg cay but sang chdi duang thdi nhu Hoang Dao, Khai Hung, TTie LiJ, TIJ Md Tidu thuyet thu bay, vdi chuyen ngan, truyen dai, Tri tan chuyen khao ciru ve nhung va'n de qua khit, Thanh Nghi lai hmjfng ve tuang lai, chuyen nghien cuu khoa hoc vdi nhdm hoc gia nhu Hoang Xuan Han, nhdm cd cdng Idn vice xay clung cho nudc nha mot he thuat ngii tieng Viet duac thu thach va chfnh nhung thu thach ma nd k ^ manh 30 Tieng Viet duoc dung nhutig bao chi chuyen nganh, nhu id Tir Bi Am, Dudc Chan ly Dudc Tue, Vien Am ve Phat giao, Thanh kinh bao Hv vonu va Thien chua giao, va cac td Y hoc tan chi Ve ndng bao Ndng-Cdng-thuonti Bfic kv thd thao, Phap luat cdva^n i i Khi Mat Iran blnh dan len nam chfnh quydn d Phap bao ehi lai cang phat tridn Hang loat td bao xuS^t hien nhu Tin tire, C^p tien, Qudc gia, Cd giai phdng, Binh dang, Dan mdi, Dan nguyen, Bao chf each mang thdi ky dac biet phong phu : Tap chf cd dd, Tranh da'u, Cd vd san Tap chf Cdng san, v.v Khdng the liet ke ddy du va phan tfch anh hudng cua tirng td bao hoac tap chf, song, mot sd ddu bao tren day dii la can cir cho viec nhan dinh vd viec sir dung tieng viet tren bao chf No da duac diing dd tiuyen dat, thao luan du eae van de tien khap cac linh vuc khac Chfnh qua trinh tieng Viet da duac Iran ddi tfch cue, ngdn ngiJ van hoc duac hoan thien Chuyen luan dd cap den sir phat tridn cac dd muc trang bao Tac gia da so sanh noi dung cua ciing mot td bao xua't ban vao nhung nam each nhau, khdng ngoai muc dfch tim sir phat tridn cua tieng Viet Qua cac dd muc cd thd tha'y sir phat tridn cua bao chf, va nhd vay tie'ng Viet cung duac phat trien, nd len Idi vao cac mat cua ddi sdng xa hdi, cac nganh khoa hoc, (xem tr.33 ciia chuyen lufln) Trong bao chf ben canh nhiJng bai khao cuu, ndi dung chfnh van la nhung thdng tin, phan anh nhutig va'n dd thdi sir Tieng Viet duac su dung thdng tintdc bao chf-va sang tac van hoc Cd mot thd loai trung gian giira bao chf va van hoc, dd la phdng sir Ndi den bao chf ma khdng ndi den phdng su se la mot thieu sdt Idn C T i e n g Viet vol p h o n g sir Cd mot chuyen luan vd va'n de day 69 Uang Cd nhffng sang tac duac goi la tidu thuyet phdng sir nhu: Tat den, Ldu chdng, Bi vd, 31 nhimg phai ndi rang da goi la phdng su thi hdu het ddu dang tren bao, cd thd dai, ngin khdng chirng Tac gia da khao sat 164 phdng sir (cd danh sach cu thd) cua 94 tac gia, dang tren 29 td bao khoang tir 1923 de'n 1945 (t^t c^ ddu duac liet ke nhung danh sach cho d phdn phu luc) - Mot thj bidu dien sir phat tridn cua phdng sir qua tirng nam cho Iha'y nhiJng nam cd nhieu phdng sir han ca la 1939, 1941 va 1945 - Chi tir 1930, vdi sir biing n6 ciia bao chf, phdng sir mclfi phat tridn manh Nam 1935 sd phdng sir tang ga'p ddi nam 1934, va cd thd nc)i giai doan 19351939 la thdi ky rue rd nhat cua phdng su Tam lang 1932 viet Tdi keo Bat ddu tir dd phdng sir di vao quy dao Vu Trong Phung vie't Cam bdy ngudi (1933) va mdt loat phdng sir khac Trong sd cac bao thi Phong hoa va Ngay cd nhidu phdng sir nha't Do sd bao Phong hoa khdng tim duac ddy du nen khdng (Jam doan chac, edn thi da cd tdi 36 phdng sir, chiem 23,1% tdng so phdng sir tim duac Nhu'ng cay hiit chii ye'u Phong hoa va Ngay la Le Ta (but danh khac cua The Lfr), Nguyen Hdng, Nhi Linh (Khai Hung), Thach Lam, Tii Md Trong Lang la mot tay chuyen phdng su Bao Mai, nam 1936 cd 10 phdng sir, Ngay nam 1938 ed 16 phdng su va Tin mdi van chuang nam 1941 cd 12 phdng sir Di tai cua phdng sir ra't phong phu, chu yeu ndi den dan ngheo Ihi, ncM khd d ndng thcin, cac te nan xa hdi, bon luu manh trdm cdp, nhirng ke lira bip, dd cd ca nhiJng thdy lang Phdng sir cijng phan anh tinh canh cua nhung chie'n sT each mang: nguc Komtum, Vuat nguc, Van dd dan cay,v.v la nhung bang chirng Cac phdng sir bao Mai cd ngdn ngu' ngdn gon id rang Do phan anh cudc sc)ng tuc thi va tiung thuc nen phting sir da dem vao van viet ha\ thd ciia cudc sdng Ngdn ngi? d day khdng bi bd hep bidn che Tir \arng Irong phdng su c uc 32 ky phong phu sinh dong nd thau nap nhieu tir vav muan nudc ngo^i, va ca tieng ndng Tieng Viet diing phdng sir phat tridn manh me cung vdi su \an manh ciia thd loai phdng sir ma ta da cd dip kidm lai tinh hinh nhu da ndi d tren D Tieng Viet vol quang cao tren bao chi Tim hidu tieng Viet tren bao chf, ta da chu y den mot thd loai dac thii ciia bao chf, song cung edn mdt hinh thu'c thdng tin nu'a rdt quan tam tren bao chf la Quang cao VSfn dd cung cd mdt chuyen luan ddy 54 trang khao sat kha tha'u dao, tir sd bao ddu tien 1896 (mac dii Gia dinh bao xua't ban tif 1865) den so bao cudi ciing (1949) cua nira ddu the ky XX-bao Ha Ndi Tan van, edn luu trir tai Ihu vien Qudc gia dudi dang microfiche Trong Gia dimh bao dd la nhiJng ldi rao, ldi le dai ddng cho nhiing thdng tin, vf du ve viec ban nha, viec tuydn dung thdng ngcm Den Ddng dirang tap chf tinh hinh da khac Phdn quang cao duac xep vao trang rieng Ldi le da ngdn gon han Cac mat hang quang cao rdt da dang, nhung kha nhieu vdn la sach bao Sach duac quang cao uen Trung Bdc chu nhat nam 1942 tang 85% sovdi 1941 Ngoai la du cac mat hang tir gidy dep, hang det, thudc chua benh (thudc cung rSft nhieu) Tuy nhien va mot nhan xet kha rd cd thd rut la ta't ca cac quang cao thdi ky khdng gidng ft ndi den chdt luang, khdng ndi den tfch di lam tang them uy tfn Tieng Viet quang cao la khau ngu* cd nhieu tir nude ngoai (khdng phien am ma ghi dung tu dang ciia tieng Phap, vf du slip, maillot de bain, ao laine) cd nhieu ten rieng nirdc ngoai, vf du : Bastos, mu Imperial, den hieu Coleman 33 Nhin chung, ta tha:y tieng Viet sir dung tren bao chf khdng chi dd chuydn tai nhihig thdng tin vd kinh te , chfnh tri, xa hdi xay hang ngay, khdng chi trinh bay nhiJng v^n de vd khoa hoc, triet ly, ma da duac dung thd loai phdng su va quang cao Tuy nhien cung can th^y ro rang vao nira ddu the' ky XX hay cc)n cd su Idn Idn giii'a thdng tin va quang cao Song didu ma nhdm dd tai dang quan tam, vdn la chiJc nang xa hdi ciia ti^ng Viet, cd thd k^t luan rang cudi the ky XIX da cd bao, nhung thuc su phai sang the ky XX bao chf Viet nam mdi hinh cung vdi sir phd bien chu Qudc ngiJ Tieng Viet da duac diing bao chf vdi du cac thd loai Nhii'ng so lieu thdng ke ndi len sir phat tridn cua bao chf, sir Idn manh cua phdng su nhdm ndi len viec sir dung tieng Viet ITnh vuc cang md rong Chii^c nang xa hdi cua nd md rdng ngoai pham vi ngam vinh thu tac ma huac vao mdt pham vi mdi, chua tdn tai d nu6c ta truclfc the ky nay, va cang cang duac hoan thien, lam tidn dd cho mdt ndn van xudi sang tac nghe thuat D/ Tieng Viet \6\ sang tac van hoc, nghe thuat 1/ Tieng Viet van xuoi: Vao nhutig nam ddu the ky nay, chfnh sach khai thac thudc dia cua Phap, xa hdi Viet nam cd nhidu bien ddi Cac dd thi moc len, tdng Idp Ihi dan iheo dd ma phat tridn Tir ddu the ky XX, nhat la tir thap ky 30 trd di, den Cach mang thang Tam, van hoc chu yeu la ciia cdng chiing dd ihi Ho ddng vai trd chii chdt ddi sc)ng van hoc va la nhan td thiic day nhanh qua tiinh ddi mdi van hoc 34 Anh hudng cua van hoc Phap duac day nha tmcmg, anh hudng cua sach bao Phap du nhap vao nudc ta cang nhidu, cdng vc^i ldi sdng dd thi hoa la nguyen nhan thuc ddy y thiJc ca nhan phat tridn, trudc het la d tdng Idp Irf thuc Tay hoc Ho cd nhu cdu mdi vd ddi sdng tinh thdn, van hoa nghe thuat Th^y duac nhihig dieu vira kd tren mdi hidu duac sir ddi cua mdt nen van hoc mdi b nudc ta, trudc het la van xudi Ddng gdp vao sir ddi mtlfi van hoc phai kd den mdt sd trf thuc vdn hoc chi? Han nhung chiu anh hudng cua ldi sd'ng dd thi cua van hoa phuang Tay nhu Nguydn Ba Hoc, Tan Da, Ngd T^t Td, Ho Bidu Chanh Gifra ho va nhung trf ihuc Tay hoc hoan toan nhu Nha't Linh, Khai Hung va cac nha van khac, ducmg nhien cung cd sir khac rd ret tiJ ky thuat den sang tac cho den ngdn tir Di tha'y duac sir khac viec su dung tie'ng Viet giita nhiing nha van theky XX (vao nhiJng nam XX) va the he 1932-1945) da cd chuyen luan So sanh ngdn ngiJ tidu thuyet ciia hai nha van Hd Bidu Chanh va Nhgft Linh, cu thd qua tac pham Cha nghia nang va tac phdm Ddi ban, mdt ciia van gia Nam Bd, mot thudc van dan mien Bdc Chuyen luan day 45 trang - So sanh ngdn ngir cac tac phdm cua Nguydn Ba Hoc, Tan Da vdi ciia Ngd Ta^t Td, Nam Cao, cu thd qua tac phdm Cau chuyen mdt tdi ciia ngudi ban tan hdn (Nguyen Ba Hoc), Giai sdu (Tan Da), nhiJng tidu phdm ciia Ngd Tdt To va chuyen ngdn Mdt dam cudi (Nam Cao), chuyen luan day 62 trang So sanh ngdn ngfr hai tac pham, ban dich Tuyet hdng le sir va Hdn budm ma tien Chuyen luan day 87 trang Mot so nhan dinh cu the rut nhu sau : a)Van hoc Viet nam tmde the ky XX chu yeu la van vdn^'\ tnrdc cung da cd van xudi, nhung vdi sd luang lac pham ft di Den the ky XX tieng Viet mdduac sijr dung dd sang tac van xudi, va viec sir dung cang idng rai, chung ciJ la so luctng tac pham cang nhieu Tnrot cung da co van xu6i, nhung v6i s6 iu^g (ac ph;1m (i 6i 35 b)Trong qua trinh duac dung dd sang tac van xudi, tieng Viet cang duac trau chudt, cd kha nang dien dat nhihig sdc thai tinh te nhdt ta canh, la tinh nhihig tien bd ^y duac tha'y ro so sanh cac tac pham xudt hien d nhirng thdi ky khac c) nhihig nha van thdi ky can dai, hoc chi? Han , nhung chiu anh hudng Tay hoc, ben canh nhihig cau tieng Viet nhu ldi ndi hang - tiJc khdu ngir, da cd nhiJng cau theo cgfu tiuc ngiJ phap hien dai Trong tac phdm cua ho edn cd nhidu tir Han, didn tfch, nhii'ng cau Bidn ngdu Ldi hanh van cd ve bdng bdy, xa xdi, nhung cung chfnh vi the ma nhidu trd mdn, lam giam di chat lieu thuc sinh ddng mieu ta d)Nhuac didm thir hai la tieng Viet d tac phdm ciia cac nha van Iren la d dang tu nhien, thd cap ciia khdu ngiJ chua duac chon loc, trau chudt, nhieu cau dai ddng, khdng mach lac lam giam sir sang, ro rang dien dat d) The he nha van 1932 - 1946 da khdc phuc duac nhfrng nhuac didm tren Didn tfch hdu nhu vdng bdng Neu cd thi dd la mdt thu phap nghe thuat nhdm ne tranh ludi keo kidm duyet hay sir trirng phat cua thuc dan Phap e) Tir Han duac han che den mire tdi da, chi duac diing tiirdng hap thai edn thiet mudn didn ta y trang Trong tdn chi ciia Tu lire van doan cd ghi rd: "Diing mot ldi van gian di, dd hidu, ft chiJ nho, mdt ldi van that cd tfnh each An Nam" g) Nhihig cau van bidn ngdu hoan toan vdng bdng h) Khdng nhung chi khdc phuc nhirng nhuac didm ciia the he tnrdc, cac nha van the he 32 da cd nhihig ddng gdp tfch cue vao sir phat tridn tieng Viet, each sir dung tinh te ngdn ngiJ me de Ho da lam giau them tir ngi? ta canh, ta tinh Cau van ciia ho gidu nhac dieu, giau hinh anh Ngdn ngiJ cua Ngd Tdt Td, Nam Cao dat den trinh ca thd hoa sdc viec khdc hoa tfnh each Tdm lai tieng Viet truyen va tidu thuydt giai doan 1932-1945 cang gian di, tiong sang Dd la ngc)n ngir toan dan da duac trau chudt, thuc sir la ngdn ngii' van hoc 36 2/ Tieng Viet thi ca Cung nhu ndi vd sir phat tridn cua van xudi, trudc sir ddi mdi ciia thi ca Viet nam d the'ky XX, ta edn neu len nhiJng ly ndi tai cua nd Trudc het nen th^y day la mot hien tuang mang tfnh khu vuc d Trung qudc cung cd phong trao tha mdi, dung bach thoai thay van ngdn, pha bd hinh thuc triii budc cu, sang tao hinh thirc mdi ma ngudi khdi xudng la Hd Thfch ThiJ hai la nguyen nhan xa hdi Budc sang the' ky XX cd sir chuyen ddng Idn vd kinh te; chfnh tri, xa hdi Viet Nam, tirng budc di vao dudng hien dai hoa Tha ca VN ciing hien dai hoa Sir ddi mdi didn d nhidu cdp dp: ddi mdi quan niem thdm my,ddi mdi vd each bidu hien cudc sdng, bidu hien tam hdn Ihdi dai.Vie't van trd mdt nghd Lf thiJ ba la van tha Viet Nam luc da cd phuang tien thuan lai dd phat tridn Diing chii' Ndm hay chO Qudc ngi? chi la di ghi tieng Viet, nhung dii thi chiJ Qudc ngi? vdn dd hoc han va da duac phd bien manh me, y dd cua Phap cung nhu chu truang ciia ta, nhiJng si phu yeu nudc va nhii'ng ngudi lam each mang giai phdng dan tdc Chfnh vi nhung ly dd ma tha mdi d Viet Nam ddi Nd sur dung tieng Viet thdng thudng cung nhu d Trung Qudc ngudi ta chii truimg dung bach thoai Nd pha bd moi le luat cu, chu trmrng iha tu Nd tim each thd hien cai tdi, tiJc dien dat cho duac nhirng cam xiic chii quan Chfnh vi vay nd da sang tao moi hinh thu'c di didn dat cho duac nhiJng tinh cam chan that ciia ca nhan Tan Da da md ddu va tiep theo la ca phong trao th(^ mdi vdi nhirng ten lu^li sang chdi nhu Xuan Dieu, Huy Can, The Lu", 37 Da cd han mdt chuyen luan ve Tan Da va Xuan Dieu (day 186 Irang) duac vie't khudn khd nhdm dd tai Trong nhiJng the' ky trudc ta cung cd nhidu ang tha hay duac goi la qudc am, vie't bang chii' Ndm,sang the ky XX ta cd nhii'ng bai tha bang tieng Viet, viet bang chi? Qudc ngiJ nhung that chung da khac han vd cha't Ciing viet vd Chiia huanv, lich, nhung bai cua Duang Khue va bai ciia Nguyen Nhuac Phap khac xa, xet ve mat ngdn tir Cudi the ky trudc ngdn ngiJ ciia Ducmg Khue la: Ngudi thi vui so, lagi ngu, tidu Ke thi thfch yen, ha, phong, nguyel Cdn sang the' ky 20 ngdn ngi? tha Nguydn Nhuac Phap la: Hom di chiia Huang Hoa cd md hai suc^g Mot dang dac chi? Han, mdt dang la ngdn ngi? hang ngay, khdng mdt chfr Han.Va, ne'u xet rdng nhidu tac gia khac, nhidu bai tha khac thi cdn cd sir khac vd didn tfch, khac vd thd tha Nguydn Van Vinh dich tha ciia La Fontaine nam 1907 va nam 1914 cung khac han Cung bai Con ve sdu va kien, bay nam vd trudc dng dich IIK^ luc bat: Tren cay cd mdt ve Hat het miia he, miia lanh kiet xo Bdc phong cang thdi cang lo Rudi, sau, bo het, an nhd vao dau Nhung cung bai dd nam vd sau, cmg khc)ng cdn theo ihd each ciia ldi iha cu, khdng niem, khdng luat, khdng han chi?, han cau Ve sdu keu ve ve Suc)l mua he Den ky gi(3 ba'c thdi Ngudn can that bdi rdi Mdt mie'ng cung chdng cdn Rudi bo khdng mdt 38 Tir luc bat den tu do, cau tha sang ro han, thudn Viet han, sinh ddng h(rn Thi tiJ la mot ma chi? nghia, cii phap, am dieu thoat han, bidu cam h(m, quen thudc han Su pha vd khudn khd cu cua cau tha, doan tha, bai lha,Tan Da da thuc hien lien tuc 1914 Tan Da viet bai Hoa rung khc)i tinh nhu sau: Dang d tren canh bdng chdc rai! Nhi mdm canh lia Huang nhat mau phai Sdng chua bao lau da het ddi The'ma hoa lai su6ng han ngudi 1921 dng vie't Cam thu, tidn thu cdn phdng khoang h(m: Tir vao thu den Gid thu hiu hdt Suang thu lanh Trang thu bach KhcM thu xay La thu rai rung ddu ghdnh Sdng thu dua la bao nganh biet ly 1925 cung chfnh Tan Da viet Uong Gidc mdng thu hai, thi lai: Non xanh xanh Nudc xanh xanh Nudc non nhu ve buc tranh tinh Non nudc tan Giot le tran nam canh Den day tha Tan Da van phdng tiing, nhung dd phang phat chiit bang khuang ciia thdi sau So sanh nhi?ng lac pham d nhfrng mdc thdi gian nc)i liep cho Ihay nhung bang chumg cua sir ddi mdi Iha ca Viet Nam ciing vdi thdi gian Sir doi mdi 39 tha'y rd d viec sir dung ngdn tir tieng Viet cang cane tu nhien, Sat vcti ngdn ngir ddi thudng, dd cd ca nhip dieu i Phan img lai vdi nhihig gd bd cua tha ca cu, manh liet de'n nhu Phan Khdi, la mot nhihig y thirc ciia nhi?ng ngucn img hd tha mdi Doc nhiJng cau tha sau cua Phan Khdi bai tha Tinh Hai muai bdn nam xua, mdt dem vira gid lai vira mua Dudi ngon den md, gian nha nhd, hai mai ddu xanh ke than lh(V " Oi ddi ta, tinh thuang thi vdn nang, ma la'y nhau, han khdng dang Di den ndi tinh truc'yc phu sau, chi cho bang sdm lieu ma budng nhau." ta tha'y tie'ng Viet cua ddi sdng thudng da tran vao tha ca Dudng nhu khdng cdn mdt khoang each gii?a ngdn ngi? van chuang va ngdn ngi? ndi Su chuydn bien tir cii sang mcyi nhu vay, dd la mdt chidu hudng cdn duac hoan nghenh, song neu chi cd vay, va tinh hinh tiep didn keo dai thi cd le la mdt sir sa siit cua tha ca nuc)c nha May thay khdng phai the, ben canh sir pha phach cai cu la mdt cd gdng xAy dimg cai mdi Cac nha tha mdi da cd nhidu sang tao ngdn tir, ke thira \ha ca cd truydn nhung cai bien Dudng luat hdu nhu vdng bdng, nhung iha chu, chu cd cdn em ddm reo rdt han Tha chi? bdt ngudn tir tha ca trii, ket hap va\ hoc tap hinh thiJc tha Tay da duac dinh hinh mdt thd thc^ rieng va trd Ihanh ihd tha chii yeu phong trao tha mdi Tha tu chi la mot bd phan ciia th(r ma\ Doc nhihig cau tha sau ciia Xuan Dieu May biec vd dau bay g^p gap Con cd tren rudng canh phan van Chim nghe trdi rdng giang them canh Hoa lanh chidu thua suc:^ng xudng ddn hoac hai cau cua Huy Can : Rung mng hoa phuang mau thuang nhd Sc^n dam tren mdt sdc xua 40 Cung nhu vay mdy cau ciia The LiJ: Anh xuan ludt cd xuan tuai Ben i-img thdi mdt hai kim ddng Tie'ng dua hiu hdt ben Idng Budn ! xa vdng menh mdng la budn ta tha'y Uorde het vd mat tir ngi? da cd nhung sang tao bdt ngd Irong vice ket hop tir Nhi?ng ket hop gfv khdng cd ngdn ngu thudng nizay nhune rat tai linh phii hap tha ca, mang tfnh nghe thuat, nhdm ta canh ciing vc'ti ta tinh Canh phan van, mau thuang nhd, budn meng mdng, chidu thua, Trong tie'ng Viet khdu ngi? cd md hinh Tfnh tir + la + tfnh lir kidu Ngon la ngon, nhidu la nhidu day la cung gap md hinh a'y: Budn a\ la budn, song ket cau Iren da duac tach ddi, duac chen vao gifra nao la xa vdng, nao la menh mdng, nha't la ket hap gifra menh mdng vdi budn da lam cho md hinh tren chi cdn bdng dang.Cau tha van gdn gui nhirng khdng "ndm na'\ van mang Ifnh nghe thuat Mat khac, ba'y nhieu cau tha cua lac gia dau cd gdn vdi van xudi ma la \ha chu va luc bat, v^n dieu em Cd thd ndi cudc xam lang ciia van xudi da bi danh bat ra, va n(')i nhu giao sir Trdn Dinh Huau, tha mdi tir xung khdc da di den " hoa giai vdi truyen Ihdng " Didu dang quan tam den a day vdn la viec sir dung tieng Viel Irong sang hit van hoc nghe thuat, ma cu thd la tha ca Ngudi Viet diing tieiig Viel di sang lac tha ca da cd ttr lau ddi, Irf Ihi'rc sang tac Iha Ndm, ngudi binh dan cd ca dao, dan ca the ky XX chirc nang d() cua tieng Viet khdng cd gi mdi, song tha ca van, tire khdng khdng phai la truydn khdu, da cd mdt su dao Idn Idn, nhan thuc vd tham my vd tieng Viel Ihay ddi Tie'ng Viet Uong ddi sdng, thdi gian ddu da d at Uan vao iha ca, pha \'d lAl ca 41 p khudn sap cu, nhung ddn ddn nd da duac dn dinh han, nd van gii? duac ban sdc ciia tieng Viet thdng thudng nhung duac nghe thuat hoa, duac trau chudt Chfnh no da tao cho tha ca Viet Nammdt dien mao mc1fi,ddy tha ca Viet Nam tien len mdt hu6c mdi lich sii phat tridn * Didm lai viec sijr dung tieng Viet giao due, thdng tin dai chiing va sang tac van hoc nghe thuat ta thdy chirc nang xa hdi cua lieng Viet nira ddu the ky XX da duac md rdng so vdi liuClc d ca hai linh vuc uen Tir chd tieng Viet chua bao gid duac sijr dung tren hai ITnh vuc nay, chi mdi cd Trong van hoc thi tinh hinh chi xay ddi vdi van xudi, cdn Uong tha ca thi khdng phai the () day tie'ng Viet van chuang va tieng Viet thdng thudng da lien lai gan Trong qua trinh md rdng chirc nang xa hdi ciia minh va tham gia vao vice ddi mdi lh(t ca VN, lieng Viet da trd nen giau cd vd vdn lir han, ranh mach, chfnh xac hem vd cu phap va Irau chudt han, nghe thuat hoa vd mat tu tir N(')i tdm lai liai qua nira the'ky phat tridn, tieng Viet van hoc da duac hoan thien mau chdng Phan thiiftir; Ke't luan chung Tie'ng Viet nira ddu the'ky XX cd birc tranh idl dac sdc duac dat mdt h()i canh xa hdi rSft dac biet 1/ Net dac sdc rd nhal la sir bien ddi, phat tridn dien nhanh pham vi rdng ciia nhidu hien tuang ciing liic Chi 50 nam, dien mao, tieng Viel da thay ddi nhidu, mot sd phuang dien da hudc ddu duac hien dai hoa Cac tiep xuc ngdn ngi? lang len Cac ca'u triic ngu' phap cd nhidu ihay ddi Phong each dac biel trd nen da dang 42 2/ Cac md ta da cho thdy cd nhiJng mau thuan han che sir phat tridn : a) Mdt ben la nhi?ng bien ddi xa hdi quan vdi nhi?ng nhu can giao tiep tang len birc xuc va khdng ngirng vdi mot ben la ngdn ngfr chiu sir kim ham phat tridn bdi chfnh sach ngdn ngi? cua thuc dan Phap b) Tie'ng Viet cd nhidu kha nang tidm lang, bat chdp sir o ep van llm nhihig khe hd dd phat tridn va cd sire dd phat tridn nhung lai rai vao sir phat Irien cd tfnh lu phat c) Tie'ng Viet la cdng cu giao tiep cua ngudi Viet Nam, nhirng liep can ngdn ngi? cdn ba't cap Idn da sc) dan so that hoc, mil chi? cho nen gia tri cua cac phucmg lien giao tie'p ( Chi? Qud'c ngi?, cac a'n phdm, ) bi gidi han Thdng tin qua ngdn ngi? viel chi thuc hanh mdi bd phan xa hdi Bd phan nay, sir dung ngdn ngi?, ciing mdt liic bi chi phdi bdi ap lire cua lieng Phap chfr Han da ngirng day nhung van cd anh hudng Idn Cac mau thuan chi duacgiai quyet nhd each mang thang Tam va nen ddc lap dan ldc ^: 3/ Bao chf, van hoc, giao due va khoa hoc la nhimg ITnh vuc ihe hien id net nhal sir bien ddi va phat tridn ciia lieng Viet, ddng thdi cung la mot ddng lire Ihiic day cho su phat trien 4/ Anh hudng cua cac hoat ddng each mang, yeu nudc da cd nhieu lac dong den sir phat tridn cua ngdn ngfr, dd bao chf va cac tai lieu tuyen truyen each mang cd vai trd quan trong, dinh hudng cho sir phat tridn mdi d giai doan liep ihco 5/ Sir phai irien cua nhung hinh ihuc ngon ngO m6i ( van xuoi moi, [ha m(Vi, ngon ngfr bao chf, thufll ngu khoa hoc, ) co quan he chai che voi ngon ngfr toi.n dAn ( nhal la ngon ngir noi ) (long th(M no cung lam phong phu hrm cho ngon ngfr loan dfln, mang lai cho no mot h(ti [ha mCli 43 6/ Nhihig bien ddi va phat Uidn cua tieng Viet tiong giai doan da chuin bi nhiJng tidn de rat quan cho qua trinh bie'n ddi toan dien, sau sdc ciia nd nufa sau cua the'ky XX, ciia nudc Viet nam mdi 7/ De tai nay, da hoan thanh, ciing mdi chi di cSp duac tdi mot so khfa canh de tii dd nhin birc tranh chung cua ca tie'ng Viet Nd cdn phai duac liep luc khao sat nhidu van di niJa, di rdi sau dd chuydn sang nghien cuu cae bien ddi va phat tridn d nura cudi cua the ky XX." 44