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10 MUC LUC i Tong quart: Con duomg dan toe hoa va hien dai hoa van hoc inpt so nirdc chau A Le Due Niem IL Con dircmg dan toe hoa va hien dai hoa tho ca Trung quoc Le Due Niem III Con ducmg dan toe hoa va hien dai hoa van hoc Nhat ban Le Dice Niem IV Tinh dan toe va hien dai tron^ tho Bac Ho Le Due Niem V Hien dai hoa tieu thuyet Trung Quoc Le Hay Tieu VL Van de dan toe hoa va hien dai hoa nen van hoc mot so nuoc a khu virc Dong Nam A Trdn Thiic Viet ^•^— - ^ - O ^ O i A H A N O n TnUf\'G!AMr;i.;;, TIN rHl;Vrf^ ) M';^QOMX) TONG QUAN CON DUCJNG DAN T O C HOA VA HIEN DAI HOA TRONG VAN HOC MOT SO Nl/dC CHAU A Le Dice Niem L Ca sa xa hoi Cac nu6c chau A bao gom Trung quoc, Viet nam, Nhat ban, Trieu tien v; cac nirdc of D6ng Nam A Van hoc cac nudrc phat trien khong dong &i\ nhin chung van hoc nai day chiu anh hucmg Ion van hoc Trung hoa va a'n Dae diem dia If cac nirdfc chau A gom cac nirdfc thuoc chau A Thai Blnl duong, vung D6ng Bac A va Dong Nam A Mot so nuac chiem dat dai then luc dia ra't rdng Ban chau A chay doc theo bien Dong tir Bac xuong Nan va vong lai Tir Bac A va D6ng Nam A c6 nir6c thu6c ban dao nhu Trieu tien CO nude thu6c ban dao Dong Duong Chau A lai c6 mot so nu6c la quan da< nhu: Nhat ban, Indonexia v.v c6 nhiing nuoc tiep giap bang cac giai lui dia nhu Trung quoc, Viet nam, Tridu tien, Lao, Thai Ian, Campuchia nhung si hinh va phat tridn b m6i nuac lai khac Co nhung n6n van minh som nhu Trung quoc, An do, song mot so nude lai phat trien cham Trong qu; trinh lich sir cac nu6c vin lay san xua't nong nghiep lam chinh Phuong thiic san xua't chau A lay kinh te tu cung tu ca'p lam nen tang San xua't nong nghiep buoc nguoi nong dan phai tiep xiic vdi d6ng ru6ng, hoa dong ciia ngucd gin voi hoan canh tu nhien "ban lung cho dat, ban cat ch< gidi" nguoi rat can cii chiu kho ma vat va gian lao Cac nu6g deu chiu thiic he cua cac thod dai, cong san nguyen thuy, chiem hiJu no le va phon kien, nhung nu6c phat trien cua khu vuc deu phat trien dem trucm phong kien, nhu Trung quoc, Nhat ban, Trieu tien, Viet nam Mot so nu6 thu6c vung khac van hoc phat trien cham hon Du van minh som hay muo song ban sac dan t6c noi day d6u c6 nhung diem tuong d6ng TONG QUAN CON DUCJNG DAN T O C HOA VA HIEN DAI HOA TRONG VAN HOC M O T S NlTdC CHAU A Le Ditc Niem L Ca so xa hoi Cac nu6c chau A bao g6m Trung quoc, Viet nam, Nhat ban, Trieu tien vl cac nude b D6ng Nam A Van hoc b cac nude phat trien khong dong dei nhin chung van hoc noi day chiu anh huong Ion van hoc Trung hoa va Sn Dae diem dia If cac nude chau A gom cac nude thuoc chau A Thai Blnh duong, vung D6ng Bac A va Dong Nam A Mot so nude chiem dat dai thenr luc dia rat r6ng Ban chau A chay doc theo bien Dong tijr Bac xuong Nan" va vong lai Tir Bac A va D6ng Nam A c6 nude thuoc ban dao nhu Trieu tien c6 nude thu6c ban dao Dong Duong Chau A lai cd mot so nude la quan dac nhu: Nhat ban, Indonexia v.v cd nhung nude tiep giap bang eac giai luc dia nhu Trung quoc, Viet nam, Tridu tien, Lao, Thai Ian, Campuchia nhung SL hinh va phat tridn d m5i nude lai khac Cd nhung nen van minh ral sdm nhu Trung qud'e, An do, song mot so nude lai phat trien cham Trong que trinh lich su cac nude vSn lay san xua't nong nghiep lam chinh Phuong thiic san xuat chau A la'y kinh te tu cung tu ca'p lam nen tang San xua't nong nghiep buoe nguoi nong dan phai tiep xiic vdi dong ruong, hoa dong cua ngudi gin vdi hoan canh tu nhien "ban lung cho da't, ban cat chc gidi" ngudi ra't cSn cu chiu khd ma va't va gian lao Cac nudg d6u chiu thiic he cua eac thdi dai, cong san nguyen thuy, chiem huu no le va phonj kien, nhung nude phat trien cua khu vuc deu phat trien dem trudnj phong kid'n, nhu Trung quoc, Nhat ban, Trieu tien, Viet nam Mot so nud< thuoc vung khac van hoc phat trien cham hon Du van minh sdm hay muor song ban sac dan tCc noi day deu cd nhung diem tuong dong Cac vung D6ng Nam A nhu: Lao, Campuchia, Malaya, Mien dien, Tha Ian lai chiu anh huong cua Phat giao An D6, Tat nhien dao Phat vao cac nude da dugc ban dia hoa Phat giao tijr ah du nhap vao vung Donj Nam A bat ddu tii tin ngudng dan gian, dan dan tac dong den van hoc Cac tac ph£m van hoc & d6 nhu: Mahabharata hay Ramayana truyin vao Campuchia Indondxia, Malaya, Philipin d6u dugc tai hien bang tac pham m6tip cua tac phdm An Do d khu vuc Phat giao truy^n vao Trung qude lai dugc Trunj qu6'c hda ra't nhieu Nhieu tac pham Phat giao dugc cac nha van nha su va cac cu si dich tieng Han Thdi Nam Bac Trieu d Trung quoc da cd hang var ng6i chua thd Phat Ddi Duong nha su Huydn Trang sang An Do 17 nam & mang vl nude nhieu kinh Phat, t6 chiic dich va ph6 bie'n kinh Phat ra't quy mo Phat giao tijf fo truyen vao Trung quoc roi ttr noi day Phat giao da tien vac Vi6t nam, Trieu tien va vugt bien sang Nhat ban Ta't nhien dao Phat khong the Ian at Nho giao cua ban dia Vii khf de xay dung xa hoi phong kien khong the la'y Phat giao ma phai la'y Nho giao lam nin tang Tuy cd luc d Trung qudc tam giao Nho, Phat, Lao tam hanh, song Nho giao van dugc ton lam quoc giao Cung nhu dao Nho vao Viet nam, Nhat ban va Trieu tien da dugc tor vinh I6n hang quoc giao Neu nhu vung Dong Nam A chiu anh huong dac Phat va dao Ba la mon thi vung Bac A va Viet nam lai tiep nhan Nho giao Ianvu de phong kie'n tri nude an dan Nho Phat va Lao giao tir Trung quoc anh huong den cac nude D6ng van mdt duong qua tin ngudng dan gian, mat khac qua y thiic h6 cua tang Idp tr thiic cd ca bon thong tri phong kien Cac nha Nho Viet nam, Nha ban, Trieu tien theo hoan canh va thdi dai cung nhu cac bude thang traa cua kinh lich ban than ma tiep nhan Nho, Phat, Lao dam nhat khac Cac nha van d nhung nude d6u ndm dugc triet If Nho hoac Phat, hay Lao dc ddi nhan xu the hoac hanh dao hoac trdn ddi Dd la net ban sac dan toe an sai vao t ^ g Idp tri thiic cac nude Song cac nude d Dong Nam A khac, la chiu y thiJe he cua Phat giao bieu hien qua tac pham cua minh Nhu vay tfnl dan toe van hoc cac nude chu yeu lai mang sac thai cua triet li Pha giao hoac Ba la mon giao NghiSn cthi dudng dan t6c hda va hien dai hda van hoc cai nude chau A c£n nam dugc cai chung va cai rieng cua m6i nen van hoc O th^ chia hai viing: mot la eac nude dong van chiu anh huong va su dunj van tu hinh vuong M6t so nude nhu IndonSxia, Campuchia, Lao, Thai Ian Mid'n di6n, Philipin, Malaya lai cd chung dac diem, y thiic h6 Phat giao, chi vie't dang la tinh khac vdi khdi chu: vu6ng Vdi quan he san xua't chau A, vdi; thiic hd phuong D6ng, cac dan tdc chau A ndi chung bude vao thdi hiSn da mu6n mang hon Trii Nhat ban tiep xuc vdi phuong Tay sdm hon, ca< nude khac k^ ca Trung qude, dudng hi6n dai hda van hoe diln rS cham Cd the thay co sd xa h6i tu ban thuc day van hoc di vao dudng hifii dai hda nhanh hon Dem trudng phong kifi'n dang dac da lam cho eac nud phuong D6ng tut hau so vdi cac nude phuong Tay, dac biet la hien dai ho; cong, nong nghiep va van hoc Thdi CO dai d vimg chau A chi cd van hoc Trung quoc phat trien sdm Nen van minh khu vuc giua s6ng Hoang Ha va Trudng Giang tijf xa xua da rS rue ro Tir thdi Ha (-2200) cho den An (-1700-1100) va nha Chu keo dai hoi mot ngan nam da tao nen van hoc Chu Tan mang dam net ban sac dan to< Trung hoa, chu vie't da hinh vdi "luc thu" va 248 bo tuong ling vdi 241 pham tru triet hoe Khi mot nude d Trung tam khu vuc bude vao thdi van mini ra't sdm, tir mau muc khuon phep xay dung ehe va nen van hoc triet hg phuc vu cho nd da phat trien da dang, cac nude gan Trung quoc la Trieu tier Viet nam dudi thdi dai bi phong kien Trung quoc thong tri hang nghin nar khdng the khdng chiu anh huong cua y thiic he thdi dai Nude Nhat khon; phai niii li6n niii, song hen song nhung cac quan dao lai ra't gan Trun; quoc nhu Dao Cuu Chau (Kiuehiu) chi each Trung hoa cd ma'y chuc dar dudng Van minh Trung hoa khong thong tri van minh Nhat ban, song nud Nhat mudn xay dung quoc gia doc lap chua thong dugc sang phuong Tay nhe la thdi CO dai, ho phai chiu tiep nhan van minh Trung hoa de xay dung chia quyen nha nude the che quoc gia va van hoc Cd the thay trudc thdi Minh Ti (1868) nude Nhat xay dung van hoc dan toe van tiep nhan anh huong van ho Trung quoc, viec ba nude Nhat ban, Trieu tien, Viet nam dung chu Han d lam van tu da ndi I6n tmh dan toe van hoc cac nude thdi gia kha dai da xiy hi6n tugng phai xai hang Trung quoc de xay dung dan t6< Dan t6c hda van hgc cac nude la chdng ddng hda cua van hoc Ha va di biet hda de xay dung van hgc mang ban sac dan toe Con dudng dan td hda van hgc d Vi6t nam, Trieu tien, Nhat ban thdi ki dau cd nhung dier gidng nhau, la song song vdi vide tiep bien van hgc Trung quoc mdi dan t6 d6u ban dia hda van hgc Ca ba nude luc dau deu su dung chu Han cho d ngdn ngu khac Ngdn ngu: Nhat ban da am tid't, Viet nam, Trieu tien c ban la don am tiet, Chiu anh huong cua tu tuong Nho giao, cac nude tron khdi dong van da xua't hi^n tdng Idp Nho gia cam but Nha nho d mdi noi c khac d Nhat tu tuong Nho Hiep, v6 sT gan vdi Viet nam, Trieu tie: nha nho cim but vdi cam guom de bao ve to qude Co sd xa hoi de y thiic d tutig nude, song vl trinh d6 xa hoi khac nhai y thiie xa hoi cung khong the tuong ddng The nhung quan ht san xua't cd da die'm chung trinh d6 khac nen dudng dan tgc hda van hg cac nude khac lai khdng ddng deu Du cd nhung diem chung nhung nh' moi dan tdc cd mau sac khac mdi tao nen vudn hoa van hgc phuon, Dong lai cd nhieu mau sac khac Du Idn hay nho nhung bong hoa muoi mau van la bong hoa dep II Con dudng dan tgc hoa va hien dai hda Con dudng dan tgc hda d eac nude chau A cd dac diem chung la didn r trudng ki lich su cua che chiem huu nd le va phong kien Tuy va trudc th6' ki 20 van hgc cac nude vin chua bude vao thdi hien dai hda Dac trung dan tgc cua van hgc vung Dong Nam A la van hgc mang tin! dan gian dam net, cd the ndi van hgc van d cac nude ddi char hon Bude sang the ki 20 dau 21 van hoc cac nude cd the sdni mugn kha song deu bude vao thdi hien dai Van hgc hien dai d cac nude khc ddng van bude vao thdi hiSn dai tu the cd be day dan tgc dam da, an huong cua y thiie he phong kien keo dai nen bude vao dudng hien dc hda van hgc cac nude dau dian eugc dau tranh quyet liet Con dudn hien dai hda diln vdi nhiau bude, each tan, cai luong, doi mdi va hien dai cac nude ddng van trii Nhat ban van hgc dang d vao bude doi mdi de hien dai Van hgc khu vuc Ddng Nam A lai tie'p nhan hian dai di dang hon nhuni lai bude cham chap trinh khoa hgc tha'p van hgc chua phat triei manh, nha't la van hgc van Cd the v^ mat xa hoi va thu nhap quoc dai mdt sd nude Ddng Nam A dat cao nhung lai khong dong bg vdi bude hian da hda van hgc Con dudng dan tde hda van hgc d cac nude chau a, phat trien dai Ian nhung luc dSu chu ye'u bieu hien d tho ca Cac tac ph^m nhu Mahabharat hay Pamayana vao cac nude Dong Nam chau A van dugc dien dat bani tho Ta't nhian eac nude chau A, van hgc Trung quoc sdm da cd phonj trao tram nha dua tie'ng tao nan cac bg "tii tho" "ngu kinh" noi tie'ng song vvan hgc ngudi ta vin coi Kinh thi Khua't Nguyen la true chinh cua dudni dan tgc hda van hgc Trung quoc d Nhat Ban the' ki thii 10 da cd truyen Geng Monogatari noi tia'ng song tho ca vin chia'm dia vi cao Tinh than thugng vi xua't hien ra't sdm van hgc Nhat ban song vSn khong lam ma't di tinh ti su va tru tinh tho ca Nhat ban Tinh than va ban sac dan tgc van hgc cac nude chau A cd dien chung la tinh tu su va tru tinh ka't hgp Bat cii tho ca, van xuoi tinh cha dan toe ngudi ke chuyen theo Idi dan gian da hinh rat sdm van hg cac nude Van hoc cac nude dam da ban sac dan toe phuong Dong nd mang da tinh triet If phuong Ddng, nhu thuyet am duong, nhan qua, cac pham trii dc lap de tien tdi su hai hoa chung Thdi gian van hgc hau het tuan tu thei tuyen tinli Ngudi chau A tiep xiic vdi thien nhien lao dong va cugc son, gan tam tu tinh cam ngudi vdi tu nhien da tao net dam da cua ban sac da toe A Ddng Ba hgc thuyet Nho Phat Lao deu phii hgp vdi quan niem cua co; ngudi timg giai doan va d mdi nude khac Viec phan chia chuon, hdi tieu thuyet bat ngudn tij* Idi kd chuyen cua nhan dan Doan mach v su dinh hinh mot loai tho mang dac trung phuong Ddng tho Duong I san pham cua dan tgc chau A Cac nude phuong Dong deu chiu anh huong th Dudng, hoac tho kd chuyen tii an Do Con dudng dan tgc hda d van hgc ca nude chau A la dudng phat trien ben viJng tu nhien Con dudng dan to hda gan vdi hien dai hda Luc dau tinh dan tde chi bieu hian qua van hgc da gian sau mdi bi^u hian qua van hgc chu via't Tii c&i true the loai, dah viec s dung khdng gian, thdi gian nghe thuat van hgc cac nude chau A dau cd ne mang ban sac dan tde chau A Hien dai hda tho ca va tieu thuya't Trun qud'c cung la dudng md dSu cho cac dan tde xung quanh Tfci guong du tan triat de cua Minh Tri Thian Hoang Nhat ban lai md dudng mdi ch hian dai hda van hgc vdi ndi dung tia'p nhan eac chu nghia van hgc hie dai cua cac nude tu ban phuong Tay Neu phae mot dudng tix dan td hda va hien dai hda van hgc cac nude phucmg Ddng se tha'y rd hai co dudng: tu minh dan tde hda nen van hgc ciia minh, thii da'n la md cua hien dc hda theo phuong Tay Ta't nhian na'u qua chii trgng dan tde dl bi bd tay th cuu, na'u qua chu trgng hian dai hda "vo vao ta't ca" van hgc se lai cang mi goc Sir phat trien van hgc tran dudng dan tde d cac nude cd quan h da'n su phat tria'n y thiic dan tgc Cac nude trir Nhat ban hSu het deu t ngoai xam, eac nude dat chan len lanh tho eac nude vdi tu tha' ciia k di thuc dan, hg ludn dung tram phuong nghin ke' de nd dich cac nude naj Trong cac vu bgn thuc dan su dung cd vu van hgc Nude nao y thiic dan tgc cao, ngudi nao cd y thiic dan tgc manh se chdn ddng hda de xay dung van hgc dan tgc vdi tuu cao Trai lai van hgc da tgc se bi ma't ban sde phai ddu hang va de cho van hgc ngoai bang 1& a Cd nhiJng nude tham chi chu via't cung diang chu ngoai lai Ta't nhien chu cd chu via't, tam thdi sir dung tieng nude ngoai de xay dung van hgc va ca gia'y td hanh ehinh de xay dung chinh quyen la dieu khdng the trach cii Da tde Trung hoa mot thdi ki dai da xay dung dugc van hgc dan tgc Tir th( c6 dai nen van hgc da phat trien het siic cao Hg mudn dem ban sde da tde Trung hoa thdng qua van hoa va van hgc de ap dat cho cac nude xun quanh, nhung eudi eiing khdng the dong hoa noi Viet nam, Nhat ban, Trii tian xay dung van hgc tinh trang phai phu dinh de khang dinh Cac nude chau A khac, dac biet viing Ddng Nam A, thuc dan vl chiem cii bien thuoc dia, van hgc dan tde cua hg chu ye'u la van hgc di gian Tuy van hgc dan gian cd su ben vung rieng cua nd song hien dai he van gap khd khan vi chu vie't de the hien van hgc cua mot dan tde la di6u he't silc quan trgng Con dudng dan tgc hda d cac nude cd diem chung vdi cac nude viing Bac A va Viat nam la tinh dan tde phuong Ddng mang mau sac phuong Ddng song bude vao thdi hien dai giu cho dugc su hai hda giua dan tde va hian dai, truyen thd'ng va each tan la vd ciing khd khan Dii cho each k^ chuyan cac tac ph£m d van hgc eac nude chau A gin vdi Idi ke tu&i tu theo thdi gian sang trua chieu td'i, hdm rdi mdi den mai, tir gd'c qua khii da'n hian tai va tuong lai hau nhu trat tu khdng ddi Viae ke chuyan tham vao chuyen su li ki cua nhirng ya'u to ki ao cung la dac trung dan tgc d cac nude Quan he am va duong ra't gSn gui, cac cau chuyan ngudi duong tha' ddi thoai vdi tha' gidi dia phu la chuyen binh thudng Tu sinh sinh t i la le duong nhian Nhan vat kia'p hien ve kie'p khac cung la le thudng Ngudi chau A khdng ban khoan giira cai cd If hay vd If nhan vat thdi lai mang phong da'u vet ngudi xua Vi le luan hdi ciia dao Phat Trong tho ca, cam hiing vu tru hau nhu trd hien tugng bia'n Con ngudi gan vdi trdi may trang sao, hg cd the d dudi da't ma nghl chuyen tran trdi cung la le thudng Thuya't thian nhan tuong cam, thian nhan hgp nha't dugc sinh quan niem "tam tai gia thien, dia, nhan" Ba vat quy tran ddi la trdi dat va eon ngudi, tuong ling vdi "tam tai" cd "tam quang" "tam quang gia, nhat, nguyat, tinh" Ba cai sang lang nhat la trdi, trang va Sao lai gan vdi ngudi, mdi ngudi la mot ngoi chie'u menh Dat trdi dat va ngudi mdi quan he dong dang a'y da lam cho tieu via tru (con ngudi) hda hgp vao dai vu tru Con ngudi tieu vii tru chi cd the ba't tu gan vdi dai vii tru: da't, trdi Cac quan niem triet hgc ra't gian don a'y bat ngudn tii quan niem dan gian Cac nude phuong Ddng hau het dua quan niem vao cugc song binh di cua ngudi The gidi la mot cai gi vd cung v6 tan vd thiiy vd chung, nhung ban menh ngudi lai la "hi hiJu" "nhan sinh tha't thap co lai hi" Tha' gidi van hgc cac nude phuong Ddng la the' gidi hai hda, chuyen ddng nhd ddi lap de hai hda hon Tho ca phuong Ddng ndi nhieu de'n trdi da't, trang sao, niii song, bien ca va ca am ti dia nguc cung nhu tha' gidi vd ciing v6 tan Tfnh dan tgc Trung hoa bieu hien the gidi nghe thuat phuong Ddng nhu cai dep tu nhien, thien chan va mau thuin de hai hda dau tim tha'y d tho van gap khd khan vi chu via't de the hien van hgc cua mdt dan tgc la diau ha't siic quan trgng Con ducmg dan tgc hda d eac nude cd diem chung vdi cac nude viing Bac A va Viat nam la tfnh dan tde phuong Ddng mang mau sac phuong Ddng song bude vao thdi hien dai giu cho dugc su hai hda giua dan tde va hian dai, truyen thd'ng va each tan la vd ciing khd khan Dii cho each ke chuyan cac tac pham o van hgc cac nude chau A gan vdi Idi ke tuan tu theo thdi gian sang trua chieu td'i, hdm rdi mdi da'n mai, tir gdc qua khii da'n hien tai va tuong lai hau nhu trat tu khdng ddi Viae ke chuyan tham vao chuyen su li ki cua nhiing ya'u td ki ao cung la dac trung dan tde d cac nude Quan he am va duong ra't gan giii, cac cau chuyen ngudi duong tha' ddi thoai vdi tha' gidi dia phu la chuyen binh thudng Tir sinh sinh tvr la le duong nhian Nhan vat kia'p hien vi kia'p khac ciing la le thudng Ngudi chau A khdng ban khoan giira cai cd If hay vd If nhan vat thdi lai mang phong da'u va't ngudi xua Vi le luan hdi cua dao Phat Trong tho ca, cam vii tru hau nhu trd hien tugng bia'n Con ngudi gan vdi trdi may trang sao, hg cd the d dudi da't ma nghi chuyen tran trdi cung la le thudng Thuye't thien nhan tuong cam, thien nhan hgp nha't dugc sinh quan niem "tam tai gia thien, dia, nhan" Ba vat quy tran ddi la trdi dat va ngudi, tuong ung vdi "tam tai" cd "tam quang" "tam quang gia, nhat, nguyat, tinh" Ba cai sang lang nha't la trdi, trang va Sao lai gan vdi ngudi, mdi ngudi la mot ngdi chieu menh Dat trdi dat va ngudi mdi quan he ddng dang a'y da lam cho tieu via tru (con ngudi) hda hgp vao dai vii tru Con ngudi tieu vii tru chi cd the ba't tu gin vdi dai vu tru: da't, trdi Cac quan niem triet hgc ra't gian don a'y bat ngudn tir quan niem dan gian Cac nude phuong Ddng hau he't dua quan niem vao cugc song binh di ciia ngudi The gidi la mdt cai gi vd ciing vd tan vd thiiy vo chung, nhung ban menh ngudi lai la "hi hiin" "nhan sinh tha't thap co lai hi" The gidi van hgc cac nude phuong Ddng la the gidi hai hda, chuyen ddng nhd ddi lap de hai hda hon Tho ca phuong Ddng ndi nhieu da'n trdi da't, trang sao, niii sdng, bian ca va ca am ti dia nguc ciing nhu the gidi vd cung vc tan Tfnh dan tgc Trung hoa biau hien the" gidi nghe thuat phuong Ddng nhu cai dep tu nhian, thien chan va mau thuSn de hai hda dau tim thay d the VANDfiDANTOCHOAVAHlfiNDAIHOA TRONG N^N VAN HOC MOT s6 NU6C KHU V\!C D N G NAM A Trdn Thuc Viet Bg mon: Vdn hgc Phuang Dong Khoa: Vdn hgc Trudng dai hgc KHXH vd Nhdn vdn I.' DAN T C HOA VA HIEN DAI HOA - CON DLt)NG PHAT TRIEN TAT YEU CUA cAC NEN VAN HOC DAn tde v^ hien dai Id mdt cAp pham tru khdng chi ihi hien nhihig thudc tfnh, ban chdt cua van hoa ndi chung md thi hien sir phdt triln co tfnh tdt ye'u cua van hgc noi rieng DAn tde hoa vd hien dai hod la dudng xAy dung vd phdt triln mdt nin van hgc nghe thuAt chAn chfnh vira dAm dd ban sAc dAn tde, vira hod nhAp vh tie'p bie'n vdi khu vuc vd the' gidi Mdt nin van hgc mdt giai doan thdi ky van hgc hay mdt tac gia tac phAm van hgc co gia tri bao gid cung gAn bd hiiu CO vdi dAn tde thi hien tinh dAn tde, nhung ddng thdi nhiing thbx dai hoan canh cu thi, lai co anh hudng ben ngoai, thi hien xu the' phat triln cua thdi dai, do, nd mang tinh hien dai nhdt dinh Khdng phai de'n tAn bAy gid, nhAn loai da buoc vao thien nien ky mdi, the' gidi la mdt ngdi nhd chung ma dac dilm n6i bAt ciia thdi dai Id tfnh chA't khu vuc boa va toan cdu hoa dang tao sU giao luu, tie'p xuc rdng rai giiia cac nin van hod dAn tde ngudi ta mdi dat vdn dl tim hilu tfnh dAn tde vd hien dai, tim hieu dudng dAn tde hoa va hien dai boa cua cac nin vAn hoa dan tde Thuc ra, vA'n dl dAn tde boa va hien dai boa, vdn dl giao luu vd tie'p bie'n van hoa - vAn hgc da dugc dat tir lAu Tir nam 1827, dai thi hdo Diie, Gdt dajien^cloan xu the' giao luu, hdi nhAp g i a cac nin var^lioa - van hgc se xAy va se co mdt nin "VAn hgc todn the' gidi" xudt hien De'n nam 1848, " Tuyen ngdn eiia Dang Cdng san" Mac vd Ang Ghen da co nhimg du bao he't su:c sang sud't chi ro dac trung va ban chdt ciia th6i dai the' gidi hoa, toan cdu hoa dang diln nhu hien Cde nhd kinh diln cua chii nghTa Mac da khang dinh su ddi ciia mdt nin van hgc todn the' gidi "Thay cho tinh trang c6 lAp trudc ciia cac dia phuang vd dAn tde vdn tu cung tu cdp, ta thdy phat triln nhirng quan he ph6 bie'n, su phu thudc ph6 bie'n giira cac dAn tde Ma san xudt vAt chdt da nhu the' thi san xudt tinh thdn cung khdng kim nhu the' Nhihig thdnh qua cua boat ddng tinh thdn ciia mdt dAn tde trd thdnh tai san chung ciia tA't ca cac dAn tde Tfnh chdt dom^huang va^ghi^^ dien dAn tde ngdy cdng khdng thi t6n tai dugc nira Vd tir nhihig nin van hgc dAn tde vd dia phuang mudn hinh mudn ve dang nd mdt nin van hgc toan the' gidi." ( 1, 602 ) Nin van hgc todn the' gidi md G6t da tien doan vd Mac, Ang Ghen khang djnh hodn todn khdng phai la sir thao tac dom gian ciia t6ng s6' hdng chuc nin van hgc khu vuc vd chAu luc hay hdng tram nin van hgc cua cac qud'c gia - dAn tde md Id mdt nin van hgc th^ gidi phat triln xu the' tac ddng, anh huang lAn nhau, thi hien tinh cdng ddng giao luu, tie'p xiic, su giao thoa cdng hudng thAm my giQa cac nin van hgc vdi VI vAy luAn dilm vl "mot nen vdn hgc todn the giai" ciia cac nhd kinh diln ciia chu nghTa Mac neu bd'i canh the' ky XIX vdi su phat triln vugt bAc ciia cac nganh khoa hgc, giao luu van hod vd quan he qud'c te' ngdy cdng md rdng, tinh trang cd lAp giira cde dAn tde da bj pha vS la mdt luAn dilm cue ky quan trgng, khang dinh mdt nhirng thudc tfnh hang ddu cua van hoa, van hgc la giao luu va tie'p bie'n Giao luu, tie'p bie'n van hoa van hgc, dd la mdt hien tugng ph6 bie'n, la mdt qui luAt tA't ye'u ciia sU tdn tai va phat triln vAn boa van hgc Nhu vAy, vdn dl dAn tde vd hien dai, ducmg dAn tde hod va hien dai hoa nhu mdt thudc tfnh thi hien ban chdt ciia vAn hgc da dugc ngudi ta dat ttr vai the'ky trudc Nhung co dilu, de'n theky ndy, nhAn loai dang sd'ng thdi dai toan cdu hoa va xay dung nin kinh te' tri thuc thi nd lai trd nen cdp thi^t horn bao gi6 he't 'Trong thdi dai hien nay, vdn dl todn cdu hoa vd kinh te' tri thirc da trd mdt xu thef phat triln tdt ye'u cua nhAn loai, xudt hien mdt nin van minh mdi thi vA'n dl dAn tde va hien dai dugc dat mOt each gay gat ban, bii:c thie't han vd nhdt Id co su thir thach Idn ban bao gib he't Vdn dl dAn tde va hien dai khdng cdn Id viec rieng ciia mdi nin van hod nghe thuAt dAn tde, da trd thdnh vdn dl cua todn cdu mang y nghTa thcri dai, tao mdt cudc ddu tranh mdi vl y thirc he nham xAy dung vd phat triln nin van hod nghe thuAt theo hudng tie'n bd phu hop v6i xu hudng phat triln cua thcri dai" (8,90) Nghien cim vdn dl dAn tde hod vd hien dai hod nin van hgc mdt s6 nudc or khu vuc Ddng Nam A la mdt viec lam he't siic bii'c thie't dap ihig nhiem vu trudc mat cung nhu lAu ddi, giai quye't nhiing vdn dl ly luAn cung nhu thirc tiln, gdp phdn hilu bie't khu vuc, hod nhAp vdi khu vuc, 6n dinh vd phat triln khu vuc, Viet Nam chung ta id mdt nudc nAm khu vuc, mdt thdnh vien cua T6 chuc Hiep hdi cac nudc Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) II KHU VUC D N G N A M A - NHUNG DAC TRUNG CO BAN CUA VAN HOA VAN HOC Tir xa xua, Ddng Nam A la mdt khu vuc mang tinh chinh thi ro ret Nhung qua trinh the' gidi nhAn thirc vl Ddng Nam A nhu mdt khu vuc dia ly ljch sir - van hoa, vAn hgc Ddng Nam A nhu mdt viing van hgc bao g6m nhilu nin van hgc ciia cac qud'c gia - dAn tde vimg Id rdt mudn mdng Mai de'n nhu"ng nam cud'i chie'n tranh the' gidi Idn thii hai, thuAt ngir "Ddng Nam A " vdi tu each la mdt khu vuc dia ly - chfnh trj- quAn sir mdi xuA't hien, sau dd ddn ddn dugc nhAn thiic la mdt khu vuc lich sir - van boa, mdt chinh thi van hoa - van hgc vimg mang nhilu net tuang ddng Ddng Nam A sd dl trd mdt khu vuc mang tinh chinh thi cua mdt nin van hod viing "thd'ng nhdt da dang" "hdi hod khac biet" bcri nd c6 nh&ng dac trung ca ban sau dAy: Tir cdi ngu6n, Ddng Nam A da tirng tdn tai va phat triln mdt nin van minh ndng nghiep liia nudc ben canh nhung nin van hod 1dm nhung nin van hod "gir: vi tri kie'n tao vimg van hoa " va phat triln lAu bin lich sir (nhu van '" hoa Trung Hoa, van hod An Dd van hod A RAp - Ba Tu) Trai bao thang trdm cua ljch sir, khu vuc ndy vdn ludn giir dugc tinh chinh thi cua mdt nin van hod vimg vdi nhung dac trung n6i bAt: Nhilu qud'c gia, da dAn tde (cd tdt ca 10 qud'c gia), mdi qud'c gia c6 rdt nhilu dAn tde, Inddnexia co quang 150 dAn tde ) lai cd nhung dAn tde t6n tai tren nhilu qud'c gia (ngudi Hoa, ngudi An dd co mat tren rdt nhilu qud'c gia Ddng Nam A) Mot khu vuc CO nhilu qud'c gia mdt qu6c gia bao g6m nhilu dAn t^c thi buc tranh vAn~ho^ Ddng Nam A tu ng6h~ngu cho de'n phong tuc ,tAp qudn, tfn nguong se he't sue da dang vd phong phii Ddng Nam A co hdng tram ngdn ngir, th6 ngir va hang ngan phong tuc, tAp quan khdc (Inddnexia co quang 200 ngdn ngiJ, Philippin co tren 100 ngdn ngi? vd th6 ngii), nhung tA't ca lai dugc thd'ng nhdt mdt he thd'ng the hien nhiJng dac dilm ph6 quat cho ca khu vUc Tie'ng noi vd chir viet Ddng Nam A dii cd da dang phong phu bao nhieu thi cung chi qui vl ngir he chfnh: Nam A, Nam Dao, Thai va Han - Tang Trong vd sd' nhung phong tuc khac biet giira cac dja phuang dAn tde d Ddng Nam A ngudi ta vAn tim net tuong ddng ciia n6 tir trang phuc, an ud'ng, kilu nha d, de'n cac trd choi dAn gian, 11 hdi, nghe thuAt tao hmh, bilu diln tA't ca diu chiu sir quy chieu ciia nin vAn minh ndng nghiep Iiia nudc Ddng Nam A khdng phai la nai khcri phat ciia cac ton giao, dac biet la nhQng tdn giao lorn, nhung no lai la mdt khu vuc tdn tai va phat triln nhilu tdn giao, co nhirng tdn giao Idn tdn tai tren nhilu qudc gia va trd tdn giao dde tdn d nhilu dan tde Biic tranh tdn giao d Ddng Nam A cung he't siic da dang vd phong phii Trong tie'n trinh lich sir khu vuc, d dAy hdi dij cac y thiic he tir phuang Ddng cho de'n phuang TAy The' gidi hien co tdn giao Idn thi d Ddng Nam A co du tdn giao (PhAt giao, Hdi giao, Ca dd'c giao) dd, co tdn giao (PhAt giao va Hdi giao) tra tdn giao chfnh, co vai tro vi trf rA't Idn ddi sd'ng van hoa xa hdi d nhilu qudc gia Ddng Nam A Nhung dac dilm vAn hod tren dAy da tao d khu vuc mdt nin van hgc cung he't su:c da dang phong phii VAn hgc khu vuc Ddng Nam A vira co net tuang ddng bde Id quan he tdt yeu ciia vimg van hgc , vira mang tfnh dj biet thi hien dac dilm phat triln mang tfnh dac thii ciia timg dAn tde VAn hgc Ddng Nam A vira the hien tfnh dan tgc, ddng thdi chiu sir tuong giao tie'p xuc, nen nhung dilu kien nhdt djnh, no thi hien tfnh hien dai DAn tde hoa va hien dai hoa d cac nin van hgc Ddng Nam A dugc dat nhu la mdt tat ye'u, trudc he't xudt phat tir vi trf dia ly, thAn phan lich sir va dac diem van hoa khu v\ic nhu da neu d tren TIL V ^ DE DAN TOC HOA TRONG M T SO NEN VAN HOC KHU VUC DONG NAM A Dan tde boa cac nen vAn hgc chfnh la viec tie'p bien nhirng ye'u td' ben ngoai nhao nan sang tao lai cho phu hgp vdi dac diem tam ly, phong each dan tde, y thirc dAn tgc, phan anh ddi sd'ng tu tudng tinh cam ciia dAn tgc Nhu vAy, noi de'n van boa la ndi de'n tie'p bie'n Tiep bie'n nhu mdt thudc tfnh chiic nang ciia van hoa Van hgc la mdt bd phAn rat quan trgng ciia van hoa cho nen qua trinh tdn tai va phat triln, van hgc cung ludn cd sir giao luu tiep bie'n Nhu da ndi d tren, mdt dilu co tinh qui luat la qua trinh hinh Va phat trien ciia cac nin van hgc dAn tde r5 rdng se diln tren co sd ke thira va phat huy nhung ye'u td' vAn hgc, van hod ban dia Nhung dilu kien khu vuc Ddng Nam A bao g6m nhimg qud'c gia nho "cd nhung nl van hoa Idn" (nhu van hod Khame, Cham, Pangan, Ddng son .) cung tdn tai ben canh cac qud'c gia Idn cd nhimg nin van hoa lan, giu vj trf kie'n tao viing van hoa va phat triln lien tuc lich sir 'Trung Hoa, An D6" thi hdi nhAp van hod, van hgc la le duong nhien (xin noi them rAng, the' gidi hien tdn tai he thd'ng van hoa Idn, pham vi anh hudng rdng thi d phuang Ddng da co nin van hod lorn Do la van hoa Trung Qudc, An Do, A rAp - Ba Tu VAn hod phuang TAy tdn lui rdi lai dugc hdi sinh e6 Hy lap la nin van boa che't d thdi ky trung the' ky, de'n the' XV - XVI vdi phong trao vAn nghe phuc mdi trd lai van hod phuang Tay hdm Van boa Ai cap da tan lui va trd thdnh nin vAn hoa che't) Bdi VI, mud'n hay khdng thi d dAy khdng thi diln mdt qua trinh co tfnh bien chiing: mdt mat, nhu cdu phat triln van hoa - vAn hgc dan tde bude cac nudc phai tie'p thu nin van hoa ciia cac nudc Idn ban tir ben ngoai Mat khac, nhu cau phai bao ve tfnh dan tde, ban sAc van boa dan tgc bugc cac nudc tiep nhan van hgc ben ngoai phai timg buoc dan tde boa, ban dia hoa VA'n de khdng phai lay viec tie'p thu ben ngoai lam trgng ma quan trgng-ban la each tie'p thu van boa ngoai lai: tu the, muc dich, nhu cau ciia ngudi tie'p thu Ndi each khac, van dl khdng phai gAy anh hudng ma ngugc lai: Ai tiep nhan, tai tie'p nhan va tie'p nhan nhu the nao Trong " Van boa va chung tde" Levi Strauss viet: "Khdng mdt nen van hoa nao dung mdt minh, bao gid no cung dugc nam su gan liln vdi cac nin vAn hoa khdc va chinh dilu cho phep no xAy dung cac chudi tfeh luy." ( Nxb Gonthier, Paris, tr.48 ) Nhu vAy, d l CO tfnh dde dao van hod ciia mdt dAn tde thi ca sd van hod ban dja ke't hgp vdi nhQng ye'u td van hoa anh huang tir ngoai vao mdi tao mdt chdt van hoa cua dAn tgc dd Tfnh dde dao van hod ciia mdt dAn tde khdng thi anh hudng ciia mdt nin van boa "vT dai" ben ngoai nao dem lai Ngugc lai qua tie'p xuc van hoa dac biet vdi hai nin van boa Ion tien tie'n ciia thdi dai luc bay gior ( Trung Hoa va An Do) ngudi dAn Ddng Nam A da khAng dinh dugc ban sac dAn tde nang lire sang tao cua chfnh minh Thdi ky ddu, van hoc Ddng Nam A thudc nhom nudc ndi dia chu ye'u tie'p thu vd'n van hoa An Do, Trung Hoa, vl sau, nhom nudc Ddng Nam A hai dao chiu nhieu anh hudng cua van boa TAy Ban Nha, A rap, Ha Lan Van hgc nUdc ngoai khdng chi cung cAp cdng cu cho van hgc Ddng Nam A la chir vie't ma cdn cung cap kha nhilu van pham vdi cac dl tai cd't truyen cd san Chir vie't Nam An (chii' Phan) va cac tac pham van hgc An PhAt vao Myanma, Ldo, Thai Lan, ca Inddnexia Van pham Balamdn giao xuat hien kha nhilu d CamPuehia, Lao Chu Han va van hod Trung Hoa vao Viet Nam Qua trinh tiep bie'n da giup cae dAn tgc sang tao chir viet cua minh dua tren tu mAu nude ngoai Van hgc Ddng Nam A d rieng timg nudc song song ton tai cae chir vie't khac nhau: Viet Nam vira eo van hgc chu Han ben canh van hgc chir Ndm; Lao, CamPuehia, Thai Lan, Myanma vira cd tac phAm vie't bang tieng dan tde vira cd tac phAm viet bAng chu Tham, Pali, Sanxcrit Nin van hgc Malaisia tdn tai cac ngdn ngir khac nhu tieng Ma lai, Trung Qud'c, An Dd, Anh; Inddnexia dung ca tie'ng ARAp, Ha Lan; nin van hgc Philippin ngoai bd phan van hgc vie't bing tie'ng dan tde v5n cdn ton tai bd phan khdng nho cae tac pham vie't bAng tie'ng Anh, Tay Ban Nha Nh)n chung, d nhung nudc sdm sang tao chO viet cua minh thi van hgc nhanh chong tra vl vdi dAn tde, khAng dinh y thiie dan tde manh me Nhung nudc phai sir dung tie'ng nudc ngoai hoac nin van hgc ton tai nhilu thii: tie'ng khac thi van de dAn tde hod, ban dia hoa dugc dat kha gay g^t(l).; Tuy nhien, viec khang dinh ban ITnh, tinh thdn dAn tde khdng hodn todn chi CO nghTa la tao tieng ndi va chu- vie't rieng cho dAn tde, md vin dl he't sire quan trgng la cac tac pham thi hien tinh thdn, y thiie dAn tde, ban dja hoa cac tac phdm ngoai lai cho phii hgp vdi hodn canh cu thi cua nudc minh Trong qua trinh tie'p bien van hgc ben ngoai, y thirc dAn tde ciia cac nin van hgc a Ddng Nam A ddng vai tro dieu chinh va kit qua da dua den sir cdng sinh van hoa van hgc Dieu cd the minh chirng bAng Truyen Kieu ciia Viet Nam, Xin Xay cua Lao, Ramakien cua Thai Lan, Riemke ciia CAmpuehia, 5^^ n Rama cua Inddnexia, ALim cua Phihppin Cac tac pham dinh cao tren dAy ciia cac nen van hgc dAn tde d Ddng Nam A deu thi hien su trd vl voi dAn tde, thi hien qua trinh dan tde boa, thi hien siic manh ciia cae nin van hgc d Ddng Nam A Cac tac phdm da dan tgc hda nhiing gl eo the chap nhan dugc tir nhieu nguon d ben ngoai Truyen Kieu ciia Nguyln Du ro rang la dugc tie'p nhan sang tao tir Kim Vdn Kieu truyen d Trung Qud'c Nhung net dac sac Truyen Kilu so vdi Kim VAn Kieu truyen dAu phai chi d gia tri ndi dung, ma cai lam nen su bat hii cua thien tai Nguyln Du la d sir khu biet net dac sac trir tinh, sir khac vl the loai giua hai tac phAm Ban gd'c Tmyen Kilu la vAn xudi ( tilu thuye't 20 hoi cija Thanh TAm Tai Nhan ) den Nguyln Du la truyen tho "day Ap chdt tru tinh" a vdn dl Tran Dinh Sir nhan xet xac dang: " Van hgc Viet Nam thien ve chat tru* tinh ma it phat trien y thuc tu su Dae dilm lam cho cae Nhm chung, a nhung nudc sdm sang tao chQ viet cua minh thi van hgc nhanh chong trd vl vdi dAn tde, khAng djnh y thiic dAn tde manh me Nhung nudc cdn phai sir dung tie'ng nudc ngodi hoac nin van hgc tdn tai nhilu thii tie'ng khac thi van dl dAn tde hod, ban dia boa dugc dat khd gay g^t(l).: Tuy nhien, viec khang dinh ban Enh, tinh thdn dAn tde khdng hoan todn chi cd nghTa la tao tieng ndi va chu vie't rieng cho dAn tde, md van dl he't sire quan trgng la cac tac pham thi hien tinh thdn, y thiic dAn tde, ban dia hoa cac tac phAm ngoai lai cho phii hgp vdi hoan canh cu thi ciia nude minh Trong qua trinh tie'p bien van hgc ben ngoai, y thu'c dan tde cua cac nin van hgc a Ddng Nam A ddng vai trd dieu chinh va ke't qua da dua den su cdng sinh van boa van hgc Dilu co thi minh chung bAng Truyen Kieu ciia Viet Nam, AT// Xay ciia Lao, Ramakien ciia Thai Lan, Riemke cua CAmpuehia, 5^ ri Rama ciia Inddnexia, ALim cua Phihppin Cac tac pham dinh cao tren dAy cua cac nin van hgc dAn tde d Ddng Nam A diu thi hien sir trd ve vdi dan tde, thi hien qua trinh dan tde hoa thi hien siie manh ciia cac nen van hgc d Ddng Nam A Cae tac phdm da dan tgc hda nhung gl c6 thi chap nhan dugc tir nhilu nguon d ben ngoai Truyen Kilu cua Nguyln Du ro rang la dugc tiep nhan sang tao tir Kim Vdn Kieu truyen d Trung Qude Nhung net dac sac Truyen Kilu so vdi Kim VAn Kilu truyen dAu phai chi d gia trj ndi dung, ma cai lam nen su bat hu ciia thien tai Nguyln Du la d sir khu biet net dac sac tru tinh, sukhae vl the loai giiia hai tac pham Ban gd'c Truyen Kilu la vAn xudi ( tilu thuye't 20 hoi CLia Thanh TAm Tai Nhan ) den Nguyln Du la truyen tha "day Ap chdt trir tinh" d vA'n dl Trdn Dinh Sii nhAn xet xac dang: " Van hgc Viet Nam thien ve chat trir tinh ma ft phat trien y thu'c tu sir Dae diem lam cho cac nhd van Viet Nam ft tie'p thu cac thi loai tu su ljch sir Idn hoac cac yeu td van xudi cua van hgc thi dAn." (5,tr.l92.) Khao sat Riem Ke ciia Campuchia qua he tu tudng, chu de, cd't truyen, nhAn vAt ngdn ngQ*, thi loai so vdi ban gdc la Ramayana ciia An Dd chiing ta se thdy sU khac gi&a hai tac pham thdng qua su tie'p thu lira chgn va sang tao bde Id xu hudng dAn tde hoa Riem Ke d que huong sinh no la vAn phdm Balamdn giao, cdn Riem Ke d que huang thii hai cua no Id van phdm PhAt giao Hai he quy chieu da chi phdi qua trinh tiep bie'n ChAng ban, Riem Ke d Campuchia sd phAn cua cac nhAn vAt thudng chju su chi phd'i cua sire manh the chat, chii khdng phai bAng siie manh phap thuAt nhu ban gd'c ciia An Dd Dgc Riem Ke ta ft thdy canh dau roi mau chay, nhung chi tie't chem gie't rimg rgn Hai sir thi vT dai ciia An Dd Mahahrata va Ramayana xuat hien d nhilu nudc Ddng Nam A Cdt truyen Mahabrata den Inddnexia trd " TrAn danh vT dai ciia chau Bharata", " Dam cudi ciia Arijuna" Dac biet, Ramayana cd mat hau khdp cae nudc Ddng Nam A: Viet Nam c6 Da Thoa vUOfig, Hd Tdn Tinh, Lao cd Pha Ldc Pha Lam, Campuchia co Riem Ke, Thai Lan cd Ramakien, Inddnexia cd Serirama, Nhu vay cho dii tiep thu vd'n van hoa Phat giao, Balamdn giao hay Nho giao thi cae tac pham vAn mang hoi thd sd'ng ddng ciia ddi sd'ng dAn tde, ve dep cLia phong tuc tap quan,thien nhien ddt nude va tinh cam thAm dugm cua nhAn dAn Cd dugc dilu la nhd siic manh dAn tgc hoa, ban dia hoa eiia cae nin van hgc d Ddng Nam A Tom lai, d Ddng Nam A, van de dan gian hoa, dan tgc hoa la nhirng dac trung Idn xuyen sud't tien trinh van hgc cac dan tde Day khdng ehi la van de cua van hgc qua khu ma thdi hien tai, Ddng Nam A dang tien vao giai doan mor cUa, xu the' hdi nhap van hod thi van dl dan gian hoa, dAn tde hoa , ban dja hod ludn la vdn dl thdi sir IV VAN DE HIEN DAI HOA TRONG NEN VAN HOC MOT SO NLr6C DONG NAM A Hien dai hoa thuc chdt la eon dudng each tan nen van hgc tren ca sd ke' thira nhung ye'u to truyin thd'ng ket hgp vdi viec tie'p nhan nhung yeu hien dai ttr ben ngoai Nin van hgc mud'n co tfnh hien dai thi phai hien dai hod M6'i quan he giira truyin thd'ng va each tAn, giira dAn tde va hien dai dang Id nhirng vA'n dl Idn dat ddi vdi nen van hgc khu vuc Nhu mgi ngucri diu bie't, ne'u nhu nin van minh ndng nghiep liia nudc da la nin tang cho nin van boa dAn gian phat trien phong phii vdi mdt su'c sd'ng lau bin thi cung chfnh nd da lam chAm mudn sU ddi ciia nin van hgc van d khu vuc Ddng Nam A Mudi the' ky dau sau cdng nguyen, cac nude Ddng Nam A chua cd chu viet, vAy van hgc van a Ddng Nam A xudt hien d nhung nude sdm (nhu Viet Nam) phai tir the' ky X, d nhung nudc chAm (nhu Lao) tir the ky XIV Van hgc vie't truyin thd'ng d cac nudc Ddng Nam A ndi dja tir the' ky X den XVIII chju nhilu anh hudng cua van hgc Trung Qudc, Ai D6 Cac nudc Ddng Nam A hai dao nhu Inddnexia, Malaixia chiu anh hudng ciia van hoa Giava, van boa Hdi giao A rap-Ba tu Rieng Philippin thdng qua TAy Ban Nha tiep thu anh hudng ciia van hgc chAu Au kha sdm Cho nen, ngoai trir Philippin, van hgc each tan sang thdi ky hien dai sdm ban, cdn hau he't cae nudc d Ddng Nam A tir XIX, ddu XX van hgc mdi chuyen sang thdi ky can hien dai Bude sang the ky XX, cac nude Ddng nam A bAt dau tham gia vao quy dao eiia the' ojdi hien dai Nhung van hgc Ddng Nam A nhirng nam ddu the ky 10 chua biit pha khoi quy dao ciia thi phap van hgc trung dai Tfnh chdt loai hinh cua van hgc phuang Ddng coi tha ca la thi loai hang dau vAn chi ph6'i kha manh Tho ca la lire lugng thudng true va xung kfch noi dung da co nhilu d6i mdi nhung hmh thiic chua each tAn dugc bao nhieu Yeu td truyen thd'ng vdn chi phd'i kha manh nin tha cac dAn tgc Ddng Nam A Ngudi ta vAn hay ndi de'n hien tugng "binh cu rugu mdi" tha ca "con lam" ciia Lao hay tha Klon CLia Thai Lan Ngudi Viet Nam vdn thfch thudng thiic thi tho taiyln thd'ng dAn tde luc bat, ngudi Indonexia vdn thfch thi tha Pantun cAu, ngudi Thai Lan sir dung dieu luyen thi tha Klon chir Kich chAm phat triln va khdng cd b l day tmyin thd'ng Dae biet la sir ddi qua muOn ciia vaa xudi So vdi the gidi, nin van xudi Ddng Nam A xudt hien sau vai ba the ky Ngoai trir Philippin tilu thuyet hien dai ddi sdm Nam 1877 cudn "Uhane vd Phelisa" vie't bang tie'ng Tagan cua Kasta, sau dd cudn "Ddng dung vdo td\" vie't bAng tieng TAy Ban Nha cua Hese Rizal danh da'u su ddi ciia tilu thuyet O cac nudc khac tieu thuye't ddi vao nhung nam 20 ciia the ky XX Mianma nam 1915 xudt hien tieu thuye't dau tien "Mot dien hinJi ve ldi rdn le do' ciia Takin Kddd Hmanh Inddnexia nam 1921 vdi tilu thuye't "Bdt hanh vd dan kho' eiia Siregar Viet Nam nam 1925, xua't hien "TdTdm" eiia Hoang Nggc Phach CAmpuehia, nam 1938 vdi "Sd PI /t" cua Rim Km Dac biet d qude gia tre viing nhu Lao mai den nam 1''58 mdi xudt hien tieu thuye't hien dai bAng tac pham "Xi Ngi" ciia Kham lieng Phdn xe na Van xudi my ddi mudn nhung da bu6c dau thuc hien dugc bude tong hgp ciia mot nen van xudi hien dai Dd la su ke't hgp giua tfnh ly tudng va tfnh hien thuc, giua yeu td sir thi - kjeh - trir tinh Qua trinh hien dai hoa cac nin var hgc d Ddng Nam A cd nhien khdng phai diln dong deu giua cac nude Cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A khong nhimg cd chun khdng gian dia If va phiic the van hoa ma cdn chung thAn phan lich 11 sir €ho nen, hdu nhu nin van hgc hien dai Ddng Nam A ddi cudc dat tranh gianh chii quyen dAn tgc Ddng Nam A tie'p xiic vdi phuang Tay, chAu Au a cac nudc khdc nhirng thdi diem khdng nhu nen cor dudng hien dai hoa iiln van hgc cung klidng gidng nliau Ne'u nhu d Philippin, Inddnexia, Viet Nam nin van hgc hien dai hod mau le ban bdi sdm co dili kien tie'p xuc vui van hgc hien dai phuong TAy thi d Lao, Campuchia qua trlnli hien dai hod nin van hgc cham mudn va khdng thi diln mdt sdm mdi chilu Chang ban nhU d Lao, nhiing nam 50,60 ciia the' ky XX van xudi hier dai chua xudt hien, co chang cung chi la mdm md'ng ciia van xudi nghe thuat, Vao thdi diem nay, cung chua thdy mot tac pham van hgc nudc ngoai nac dugc djch vd gidi thi'i' Nhin chung, d Ddng Nam A cudc dau tranh giira truyin thdng va each tAn to kha quye't liet Yeu to truyin thd'ng bao thii nhieu can bude su each tan, ddi mdi Con dudng phat trien ciia nin van hgc hien dai Ddng Nam A la tu ucu vail hgu tiuycii tiidng iiaug tfnh chul dan gian vo'i luai hinh tha ca la chii ye'u, chuyen len xay dUng nen van hgc hien dai hoan canh va dilu kien xa hdi Ddng Nam A cd su phat trien khdng deu giua kinh te va van hoa Var hgc Dong Nam A tien trinh phat trien phai tirng bude khac phuc nhuno gian each hch su, tao mdt su ticp ndi bien chung giua truyen thdng va hier dni, each tan tien cu sd ke thUa va phai huy tiuyeii thdng va hicii dai hoa trei CO sd giu vimg ban sAc dan tde TAI LIEU THAM K H A O C.Mac vd Ph.Ang Ghen Todn tAp Tuyen ngdn cua dang cdng san NX] Chfnh trj qud'c gia H, 1995 T4 Du:c Ninh, Dd Thu Hd,*Trdn Thuc Viet, Vo Dinh Hudng VAn hgc khu vu Ddng Nam A NXB Dai hoc qudc gia, H, 2000 ,3 Nguyln Tdn Dac Van hgc Ddng Nam A Vien Ddng Nam A, H 1983 Nguyln Dang Manh Qua trinh hien dai hoa cua van hgc Viet Nam nir dduthe'kyXX.T/CVAnhgcsd'5/1997 Trdn Dinh Sir Y nghTa lich sir ciia van hgc Trung Qud'c dd'i vdi tien trin phat trien ciia van hoc Viet Nam Ly luan phe binh van hgc NXB Hi nha van H, 1996 Pham Diic Dumig Ddng Nam A hgc Nghien cuu Ddng Nam A s 1/T9'90 ^-""^^ * Luu du-c Trung chu bien Van hgc Ddng Nam A NXB Giao due H, 1998 Tlianh Duy VA'n dl dAn tde va hien dai ciia van hoa, nghe thuAt the dai toan cau boa va phat triln kinh tl tri thiic Van nghe QuAn dOi S 12/2000 13 Mot so bai bao cua tac gia da cong bo c6 lien quan den van de nghien cufu NhAn dien vAn hgc DNA qua mdt sd dac trung ca ban Tap chf van hgc nudc ngoai Hdi nha van Viet Nam - sd -1998 Mdt so vA'n dl v4 giao luu va tie'p bie'n van hoa van hgc khu virc DNA Ky ye'u Hdi thao khoa hgc , ky niem 70 nam thdnh lAp Dang cdng San Viet Nam -Nha xuA't ban Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi -2000 ...TONG QUAN CON DUCJNG DAN T O C HOA VA HIEN DAI HOA TRONG VAN HOC MOT SO Nl/dC CHAU A Le Dice Niem L Ca sa xa hoi Cac nu6c chau... hay muo song ban sac dan t6c noi day d6u c6 nhung diem tuong d6ng TONG QUAN CON DUCJNG DAN T O C HOA VA HIEN DAI HOA TRONG VAN HOC M O T S NlTdC CHAU A Le Ditc Niem L Ca so xa hoi Cac nu6c chau... nhieu mau sac khac Du Idn hay nho nhung bong hoa muoi mau van la bong hoa dep II Con dudng dan tgc hoa va hien dai hda Con dudng dan tgc hda d eac nude chau A cd dac diem chung la didn r trudng ki