Vai trò của nhà nước đối với phát triển du lịch việt nam sau khi hình thành cộng đồng kinh tế ASEAN (AEC) tt tt tiếng anh

1 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the topic products bearing Vietnam's own identity; there are no outstanding brands yet; competitiveness in the region is still low, so it is difficult to attract high-paying customers Vietnam is a country with advantages of natural resources and cultural resources for tourism development, with a large market in terms of the size of domestic and international tourists, moreover, Vietnam is considered a safe and friendly destination In 2014, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) ranked Vietnam 16th in the 184 countries with long-term potential for tourism development In 2017, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) rated Vietnam as the 6th of the top 10 safe destinations, friendliness and fastest-growing in the world In 2018, for the first time, Vietnam was awarded the "Asia's Leading Travel Destination" award at the World Travel Awards (WTA) in Asia and Oceania in 2018 Thus, a question is raised: In the current context, Vietnam is increasingly open to integration, actively and deeply into the world economy, especially, ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been officially established, Vietnam tourism has now afforded to integration yet? It can be affirmed that Vietnam's tourism is facing many difficulties and challenges: low quality of human resources, weak infrastructure, fully aware of the challenges and opportunities of Vietnam's tourism when meeting International imports are also limited, Vietnam tourism will face fierce competition from tourism in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, these challenges will show more clearly Because: According to the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, if taking 1990 in the first year of launching Vietnam Tourism Year with 250,000 international visitors, in 2010 reached million visitors, by 2014, there were nearly million visitors and by 2018 it reached 15.5 million visitors; Domestic visitors from 28 million in 2010 increased to 38.5 million in 2014 and 80 million in 2018 In 2014 tourism contributed about 6% of the country's GDP to VND 230,000 billion, in 2018 tourism contributed about 10% of the country's GDP to VND 620,000 billion (Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2018) Recently, foreign currency revenue from tourism in our country is only behind sectors: crude oil, textiles, footwear, fisheries and tourism, which have contributed to increasing foreign exchange reserves, preserving and consuming handicraft products of traditional craft villages; restoring traditional arts and culture In reality, Vietnam's tourism has affirmed its position as an important economic sector in the country's socio-economic development According to experts, the AEC creates a broader market and has a high level of similarity in ASEAN economies However, there are currently quite large differences in development level between Vietnam and other ASEAN countries such as Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc Hence, when AEC is established, for Vietnam's tourism, competition pressure will increase dramatically Because AEC countries not only have a wealth of experience in tourism development, but they also receive a great deal of support from the Government, clearly showing the budget for tourism promotion in the international market while Malaysia spent USD 69 million, Singapore spent USD 80 million, Thailand spent USD 105 million, Vietnam was very low at about USD million/year (Institute For Tourism Development Research, 2018) However, the reality also shows that the achievements of Vietnam's tourism industry are still modest, not commensurate with the potential and advantages of the country, Vietnam tourism development still faces difficulties and inadequacies, containing unsustainable factors: according to the General Statistics Office in 2014, Vietnam had only 7.8 million international visitors while Singapore had 15.1 million, Thailand 24.8 million and Malaysia had 27.4 million guests, in 2016, the number of international visitors reached more than 10 million, equaling 61% of Singapore (16.4 million), 31% compared to Thailand (32.6 million) and equal to 37% of Malaysia (26.8 million) According to the Institute for Tourism Development Research, Vietnam's tourism products are still lacking typical Human resources are a key factor in tourism development, but in reality, the quality of human resources is being evaluated as one of the worst factors in tourism in Vietnam Vietnam tourism not only lacks good marketing executives, managers (senior staff) but also direct labour force such as tour guides, restaurant waiters, sellers, room attendants are not up to standard, from the service attitude, working manner As such, the ASEAN Economic Community has formally established, tourism is one of the 12 priority industries for integration and is of areas that are free to move workers under mutual recognition agreements on occupations Vietnam will have to participate in the implementation of the ASEAN Mutual Recognition Arrangement on Tourism Professionals (MRA-TP) Implementation of this agreement is both an opportunity and a challenge for Vietnam tourism This agreement allows workers in ASEAN to work in Vietnam and vice versa Therefore, if Vietnam's tourism human resources not raise their qualifications, Vietnamese tourism will lose at home Besides the long experience, the strong financial potential of tourism of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam's tourism not only loses market but also has the potential to lose high-quality human resources, while ASEAN tourism enterprises attract skilled Vietnamese workers with professional working conditions and high-income levels This status of the brain drain will impair the development of tourism in Vietnam Many reasons are limiting the development of Vietnam's tourism in terms of integration, including the role of the nation as one of the important causes It can be seen that, from the perspective of integration, the development of Vietnam's tourism still faces many difficulties and challenges Therefore, to enhance the competitiveness and sustainable development of Vietnam's tourism, the role of the State is essential With that approach, the PhD student chose the research direction: "The role of the State in tourism development in Vietnam after forming the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)" to implement the doctoral-thesis Research objectives and research questions 2.1 Research objectives Study the role of the nation in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC, from that, offer some solutions to promote the role of the state for Vietnam's tourism to develop effectively under the conditions of AEC formation 2.2 Research tasks Explaining the theoretical basis for the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam when participating in the Economic Community Analyzing and assessing the status of the the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after establishing the AEC, indicating the achievements, limitations and the cause of the limitations Analyzing the opportunities and challenges of Vietnam tourism after forming the AEC Proposing views, directions and solutions to enhance the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC 2.3 Research questions To achieve the research objectives and tasks, the dissertation will focus on solving the following research questions: Understand what is the role of the state for tourism development? What is the content of the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam? What is the status of the role of the state, the successes and limitations of the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC? What are the solutions need to enhance the promotion of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after forming the AEC? Research object and the scope of research 3.1 Research object The research object of the dissertation is the role of the state for tourism development in Vietnam 3.2 The scope of research Regarding the content: The dissertation focuses on studying the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam including (i) developing tourism development strategies and plans; (ii) developing a system of laws and policies on tourism development; (iii) building organizational structure and managing tourism development; (iv) promoting international cooperation in tourism development; (v) assessment, inspection and inspection of tourism development Regarding time: The dissertation attends surveys and collects data from 2013 2018 Regarding space: The examination was conducted throughout the whole of Vietnam but concentrated in the major tourist centres, Hanoi, Danang and Ho Chi Minh city The scientific and practical significance of research Firstly, the dissertation has identified and analyzed the role of the state for tourism development in each country when participating in the Economic Community Specifically: (i) developing tourism development strategies and plans; (ii) developing a system of laws and policies on tourism development; (iii) building organizational structure and managing tourism development; (iv) promoting international cooperation in tourism development; (v) assessment, inspection and inspection of tourism development 5 Secondly, the dissertation also explains the completion of the factors: building appropriate and progressive institutions, increasing the state's financial resources for tourism, raising social awareness about tourism development as well as develop the qualification capacity of management agents and enterprises, and be proactive; creativity in joining agreements and deals when joining the Economic Community In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references and appendices, the thesis consists of the following chapters: will ensure the good implementation of the state's role in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community Chapter 3: Current status of the the role of the state for Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC Thirdly, the dissertation carries an analysis and assessment of the influence of the the role of the state on the conditions Vietnam's tourism development before and after the formation of the AEC, the analysis results show that after the formation of Chapter 4: Orientations and solutions to enhance the state's role in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC the AEC, the influence of the the role of the state on the conditions of Vietnam's tourism development has been rated higher before the formation of the AEC This shows that, in the new context, the state has initially shown better performance in perfecting tourism development policies Survey data also show the higher role of the state after the establishment of the AEC in the matter of increasing tourism scale, restructuring the tourism industry, improving tourism development efficiency, raising the Vietnam tourism Fourthly, based on the research findings, the thesis also proposed groups of direct solutions and supplementary solutions to complete the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after forming AEC In particular, the key solutions are: (i) building appropriate and progressive institutions, undertaking a deep administrative reform, with a focus on public administration reform, improving the quality and efficiency of the public authority respect and develop talents (ii) formulating tourism development strategies and planning must take into consideration the appropriateness with the context of the establishment of the AEC, specifically: following the objectives and orientation of the Tourism Agreement as well as the 2016-2025 Tourism Strategy, (iii) the system of laws, mechanisms and policies must facilitate tourism development, (iv) continuing to improve the organization of tourism management and coordination in state management to develop tourism, (v) the State is active and proactive in issuing and implementing policies to pave the way for tourism enterprises to effectively participate in the ASEAN tourism market The structure of the thesis Chapter 1: Overview document and research methodology Chapter 2: The rationale on the role of the state for tourism development when participating in the Economic Community CHAPTER OVERVIEW DOCUMENT AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Overview Document 1.1.1 About tourism development The tourism industry, the development of tourism it has been paid attention by many scientists in different perspectives such as conditions and solutions to develop Vietnam's tourism into a key economic industry as studied by Vu Dinh Thuy (1996); The meaning of tourism development for socio-economic development by Reid (2003), Boo (1991), Goh (2017) These studies are driven by arguments and prove that responsible community participation in planning and monitoring will be able to address the different needs of each community, regarding the livelihoods of local people, generating income for rural households and they are the people who would benefit from that in poverty reduction, thereby making a significant contribution to rural development 1.1.2 About ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Research on AEC is very much concerned and researched by many scientists, each study is unique to the issues the authors approach, as in the study of Ha Thi Huong Giang (2015), the author explains two basic content that will be affected by tourism integration in ASEAN: Firstly, the impacts on the product market; secondly, impact on tourism human resources Some researches focus on strengthening cooperation and tourism development links in ASEAN region such as Nguyen Quoc Hung (2010), Wong et al (2011), these two studies have used the method of synthesizing documents; data and aggregate methods; analysis, expert methods to analyze cooperation goals, content and the results of cooperation, thereby making policy recommendations to enhance ASEAN tourism cooperation Tourism is a comprehensive service economy with a high inter-regional and socialization Therefore besides the above two approaches, a systematic, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach is needed 1.1.3 About the role of the state and research gaps The thesis has an overview of domestic and foreign research situation on the role of the state in tourism development Since then the thesis has drawn the gaps that need further research That is, the role of the state in tourism development after the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has not been researched The previous studies were limited to make general arguments on the role of the state, such as studying the role of the state in international economic integration in general, to take advantage of opportunities and overcome challenges; research on the content of the state's role in tourism development such as policy formulation and planning; or the role of the state in something like infrastructure development It is necessary to examine the role of the state in tourism development with comprehensive contents belonging to the function of the state This study will help the examination to more fully identify the role of the state in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community It can be confirmed that up to now, there has not been any systematic, holistic and comprehensive research on this issue according to the contents proposed by the author as follows: (i) the state develops strategies and plans for tourism development; (ii) the state develops a system of laws and policies on tourism development; (iii) the state builds organizational structure and manages tourism development; (iv) the state promotes international cooperation in tourism development; (v) the state evaluate, test, inspection of tourism development Moreover, there are no studies to assess the situation, verified by quantitative research on the influence of the role of the state on Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC In this study, the author focuses on analyzing the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development, studying the status of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC, from that, proposed several measures to strengthen the role of the state for tourism development in Vietnam in the context of the AEC formation 1.2 Research Methodology 1.2.1 Approaches When studying the role of the state, the author focuses on the functional and institutional approach, which is an appropriate approach to the political economy 1.2.2 Research framework Figure 1.1 The research framework of the the role of the state for tourism development in Vietnam after the formation of the AEC Factors affecting the role of the state - Domestic context + Political factor: Institutions, guidelines, views and policies of the state on tourism development + Economic factor: The state's financial capacity, people's income + Cultural factor: Social awareness about tourism development + The capacity and qualifications of the contingent of state management officials and enterprises - International context + Agreements, strategies, commitments and agreements in AEC Content of state role - Developing tourism development strategies and planning - Developing a system of laws, mechanisms and policies for tourism development - Building organizational structure and managing tourism development - International cooperation in tourism development - Checking and inspecting tourism development Impact on tourism development conditions - The production factors - The conditions on demand - Supporting and related industries Tourism development - Scale and development speed - Structure Development - Development Solutions to enhance the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC 1.2.3 Data collecting and processing method 1.2.3.1 Data collection methods + Secondary data collection Secondary data is collected from officially published data of agencies and organizations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam At the same time, the thesis also uses the findings published in books and professional journals at home and abroad, the website related to the content of the thesis + Primary data collection To collect primary data, the author identifies the objects and scope to be surveyed and interviewed as tourism companies; state management officials at all levels on tourism development management and tourism research scientists 1.2.3.2 Determining sample size 10 + Sampling survey objectives: Using survey questionnaires will help the author collect quantitative data, assessments and comments of representatives of tourism managers and tourism enterprises in Vietnam on the necessary contents to accomplish the research objectives + Methods of implementing Firstly, design a survey forms The design of the questionnaire is done through the following steps: Based on the research framework, the author uses an expert method through consultation with instructors, consultation; advice from research experts related to the topic to determine what information to collect, developing a survey form on the content and scales to assess the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC Secondly, choose a sample and collect data The sample size, in the study of socio-economic issues, the representativeness and the magnitude of the sample is very important There are many different views on the sample size selection, according to (Hair et al., 1998) the minimum sample size of 30 observations can apply statistical tools; According to (Nguyen Van Thang, 2017, p.167): "Normal scale for regression, correlation, or group test analysis: 100 or more observations" Therefore, to ensure the representativeness of the sample, the author intends to select a sample size of 220 to ensure adequate relevance for statistical analysis Primary data was collected from the end of February to the end of May 2018 using direct survey methods such as: to work agencies, through conferences and fairs of Vietnam International Tourism organized by the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism; or send an email via email and some other means 1.2.3.3 The scale of the questionnaire The author uses a 5-point Likert scale to research the content of the thesis according to the gradual increase in rating from to (from very disagree to agree, from very unimportant to most important when considering importance or influence) Survey investigation area: The author focused on three typical cities of Vietnam to investigate, namely Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City Because: major tourist centres are representing the most developed tourist regions of Vietnam, are the leading localities in tourism revenue, growth rate, number of international visitors, accommodation establishments At the same time is a large concentration of tourism enterprises, with extensive experience in tourism business activities The survey questionnaire was sent to 108 government managers and 112 tourism companies in the area of Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City Respondents are experienced, managerial and executive positions in enterprises The list of tourism resources provided by the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism should be accurate and orthodox All companies participating in the survey have been granted business licenses since 2012, so ensure at least years of operation in the field of tourism, in the context of before and after forming the AEC to be able to give the necessary information for the research goals 1.2.3.4 Data analysis method The data after collecting will be processed, cleaned, entered data, coded into the excel file, then the author uses calculations to process the data Descriptive statistical methods, comparative statistical methods, general analysis methods At the same time, applying and combining methods and logical reasoning; argue to make remarks and conclusions from the contents studied, clarifying the causal relationship between the factors This is also the basis for studying and forecasting Vietnam's tourism development trends in 2020 with a vision to 2030; also the basis for assessing the positive and limited aspects of the the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam before and after the AEC was established; is the basis for proposing directions and solutions to enhance the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam under these new circumstances CHAPTER THE RATIONALE ON THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT WHEN PARTICIPATING IN THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 2.1 Some issues on tourism development and the Economic Community 2.1.1 Overview of tourism and tourism development 2.1.1.1 The concept of travel and tourism classification 2.1.1.2 The nature and characteristics of the tourism industry Although there are many different views on tourism, tourism still has the following specific characteristics: (i) the tourism industry is bearing economical, (ii) tourism industry bearing integrated, (iii) tourism industry is a service industry (iv) tourism is heavily affected by seasonal factors, (v) tourism industry bearing international 2.1.1.3 Content for tourism development Although the concept of tourism is different, when discussing the content of tourism development, researchers often mention aspects such as (i) the scale of tourism, (ii) tourism structure, (iii) tourism quality and efficiency 2.1.1.4 Tourism development conditions Each country has different conditions for tourism development However, conditions for tourism development still include (i) production factors, (ii) demand conditions, (iii) supporting and related industries, (iv) (iv) strategy; business structure and domestic competition 11 12 2.1.1.5 The significance of tourism development in socio-economic development Firstly, in terms of economy, tourism will make important contributions to economic growth, increase revenues for the state budget, create jobs for workers, and contribute to building technical and material facilities for the country Secondly, through politics, through tourism development, it helps tourists understand the economic potential of countries and localities, thereby building and developing external economic relations between countries Thirdly, in terms of culture and society, the development of tourism plays an important role in expanding and strengthening the mutual understanding and friendship of people of other countries 2.1.2 Concept, characteristics, impact of the Economic Community 2.1.2.1 Concept and characteristics of the Economic Community The thesis has mentioned the forms, expressions, corresponding to each step of regional economic integration, which is: Free Trade Area (FTA), Customs Union (CU), Common Market, Economic - Monetary Union Since then, the concept of economic community has been introduced 2.1.2.2 Impact when participating in the Economic Community Some positive effects: Joining the Economic Community provides a new impetus for member countries to implement policy reforms: competition, consumer protection, intellectual property rights, infrastructure development, tax policy, in the direction of information transparency and facilitating the free flow of goods, services and production factors This ensures that member states will fulfil their commitments, contributing to improving the competitiveness of the economy, narrowing the development gap Some negative effects: When participating in the Economic Community, countries with lower levels of economic development will face many difficulties in the process of integration into the regional economy 2.2 The role of the state in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community 2.2.1 Substantive role of the state for tourism development The concept of the the role of the state for tourism development The role of the state in tourism development is the concretization of its functions and duties, is the role of macro-management, through tools, including law, organizational structure, strategy, planning, plans, policies, that the government implements in tourism to develop a tourism-oriented industry, the objective is to ensure sustainable efficiency in the context of regional and international integration 2.2.2 The content of the state's role in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community 2.2.2.1 Building strategies and planning for tourism development Formulating a tourism development strategy is a long-term operation orientation for tourism development; is the basis for managers and businesses to actively implement their operations in practice, suitable for the environment based on taking advantage of opportunities, avoiding risks, promoting the advantages of local enterprises 2.2.2.2 Building the legal system, tourism development policies The establishment, promulgation of the legal system or adjustment of laws for economic relations gives the State management the possibilities and ensure realism with a wide range of implementation of its economic policies (Hoang The Lien et al, 2001) Participation in the Economic Community is the process by which the State and the nations in the region participate in international economic relations in the region and of course, will be affected by commitments and agreements when participating in the Economic Community Therefore, the legal system in general and the tourism law in particular in each country must have a certain compatibility with the principles and contents of the law in the economic community 2.2.2.3 Building organizational structure and managing tourism development The organizational structure and tourism development management involve many factors as the nature of the political system, reasoning about the role of the state In the organizational structure and management of tourism development, there will be a core group of key agencies directly responsible for tourism, and a large number of relevant agencies with direct participation are not listed, but significantly influence tourism development through the policies for which they are responsible In terms of joining the Economic Community, it is necessary to build a stable and unified state management apparatus for tourism from the central to local levels nationwide to create a favourable premise for tourism development management based on the goals of domestic and regional tourism strategies 2.2.2.4 Promoting international cooperation in tourism development International cooperation in tourism development is the process of proactively linking a country's tourism to regional and world tourism The state is a subject join in regional and international economic organizations that have an important task that no other organization can replace: The State negotiates to sign bilateral and multilateral agreements on tourism and related tourism The signing of agreements of countries participating in the Economic Community is an important legal basis for enterprises to direct tourism activities When these documents are signed, the parties have committed to ensuring the legal rights and interests for tourism companies when conducting business activities abroad 2.2.2.5 Government to evaluate, test, inspection for tourism development Coordination between state and local management agencies in specialized and interdisciplinary inspections, hotel service quality control, tour operators, tour guides 13 and tourist service establishments in the field of tourism, proactively detect and promptly handle violations to build a civilized, safe and friendly tourism environment 2.2.3 Factors affecting the the role of the state in tourism development when participating in the Economic Community The thesis analyzes the following factors: (i) the degree of institutional perfection, (ii) financial capacity of the state; the income of the people, (iii) social awareness about tourism development, (iv) qualified competencies of managers and enterprises, (v) agreements; commitment; agreement when joining the Economic Community 2.3 Experience in promoting the role of the state in tourism development of some ASEAN countries after the establishment of AEC and lessons learned for Vietnam The dissertation has studied experiences on the role of the state in tourism development of some ASEAN countries after the AEC was formed in Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore (these are countries with many tourism development conditions similar to Vietnam and the government has had many successful policies to promote tourism development) On that basis, draw lessons learned for Vietnam: (i) developing a strategy; zoning; planing and promulgating policies and solutions for tourism development suitable to each period, (ii) building and developing highquality human resources, including tourism managers, experts, and staff, to meet the growing and deeper integration, (iii) restructuring investment resources; strengthen connectivity and rational use of resources, (iv) needing to be reasonable investment for tourism promotion, promotion, market development, (v) close coordination among the ministries involved in tourism to direct businesses to implement tourism activities is critical CHAPTER CURRENT STATUS OF THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR VIETNAM'S TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AEC 3.1 Overview of Vietnam tourism development, ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 3.1.1 Overview of Vietnam tourism development 3.1.1.1 The results of Vietnam's tourism development in the period of 1995 - 2018 The process of developing tourism in Vietnam is analyzed by the author very clearly through time points 14 Table 3.1 The situation of Vietnam tourism development in the period 1995 - 2018 Years International visitors (visitors) Domestic visitors (thousan d visitors) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1.351.300 1.607.200 1.715.600 1.520.100 1.781.800 2.140.100 2.330.800 2.628.200 2.429.600 2.927.876 3.467.757 3.583.486 6.9 7.300 8.900 9.600 10.600 11.200 11.700 13.000 13.500 14.500 16.100 17.500 Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND) 8,73 9,50 10,06 14,00 15,60 17,40 20,50 23,00 22,00 26,00 30,00 51,00 Years International visitors (visitors) Domestic visitors (thousand visitors) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 4.171.564 4.253.740 3.772.359 5.049.855 6.014.032 6.847.678 7.572.352 7.874.312 7.943.651 10.012.735 12.922.151 15.497.791 19.200 20.500 25.000 28.000 30.000 32.500 35.000 38.500 57.000 62.000 73.200 80.000 Total revenue from tourists (trillion VND) 56,00 60,00 68,00 96,00 130,00 160,00 200,00 230,00 337,83 417,27 541,00 620,00 Source: Aggregating data from Vietnam National Administration of Tourism Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 3.1.1.2 Developing Vietnam's tourism according to the periods of ASEAN integration phases The thesis examines the development of Vietnam's tourism according to the phases of ASEAN integration, it is accompanied by the policies of the state to see the role of the state through each period They are: (i) The first phase of integration (1995 - 2009), (ii) The period of proactive integration (2010 - 2015), (i) The period after the establishment of the AEC (2016 - 2018) Table 3.5 Vietnam tourism development before and after the formation of the AEC Phases International Domestic visitors Total revenue (thousand from tourists visitors visitors) (trillion VND) (visitors) 1995 - 2009 39.681.472 198.615 431.79 2010 - 2015 41.301.880 221.000 1.171.55 T01/2016 - T12/2018 38.432.677 215.200 1.578.27 All phases (1995 - 2018) 119.416.027 634.815 3.181.61 Source: Author synthesized, calculated from the data from Vietnam National Administration of Tourism - Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism 15 16 Achievements of Vietnam's tourism are shown in the data in Table 3.5 Moreover, the national tourism image is increasingly enhanced on the world tourism map In 2018, for the first time, Vietnam was awarded the prize “Asia's leading travel destination” at the World Travel Awards (World Travel Awards (WTA) in Asia and Oceania in 2018) 3.1.2 Overview of ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) development policies of Vietnam before and after the AEC is formed When comparing the achievement level of the role of "Building the legal system, tourism development policy" before and after the AEC is established, the average score of some criteria after AEC formation is rated lower than that before AEC was formed Specifically: evaluation criteria "Building and issuing standards and regulations in tourism activities to meet development requirements" the average score is 4.19 / (before AEC was formed) The average score is 4.2 / 5) This is completely logical, because: When establishing the AEC, it is accompanied by treaties; commitments; cooperation agreements that Vietnam has signed, but tourism in Vietnam is still slow to catch up these changes Moreover, compared to other countries, the construction and implementation of standards; Vietnamese standards are weaker; which standards; the norm is a tool for Vietnam to integrate tourism into the AEC Evaluation criteria with the lowest level of success are: The policy of training and developing tourism human resources with a success score of 2.51 (Before forming the AEC, the criteria for evaluating the success level with a score of 4.14) This is also true because compared to other countries in ASEAN, Vietnam is a country with the quality of human resources being assessed as one of the worst factors of Vietnam's tourism Moreover, Vietnam will have to participate in the implementation of the ASEAN Tourism Profession Agreement (MRA-TP), if Vietnam's tourism human resources not improve their professional qualifications, Vietnamese tourism will lose at home Overall research shows: regulators and enterprises both appreciate the success of this role of the state However, in the context of the establishment of the AEC, international cooperation on tourism is increasingly in a wide-ranging trend, with commitments; the deal has been and will be implemented, so regulators and businesses expect more from the government's tourism development policies, truly creating a favourable environment for enterprises and the tourism development community 3.2.3 Regarding the role of building an organizational structure of tourism management and development In the past time, the system of the organizational structure of state management on tourism has been consolidated and stabilized nationwide has created favourable premises for tourism development management according to the objectives of Vietnam Tourism Planning and Strategy Organizing the state management apparatus of tourism from the Central to the local levels smoothly The introduction of the State Steering Committee on Tourism and The Steering Committee for tourism development of provincial, cities is a shift to promote the linkage and coordination among sectors and localities in tourism development 3.1.2.1 ASEAN and the AEC formation process The thesis has mentioned important milestones connected with the basic documents in the development process of ASEAN and the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 3.1.2.2 The framework document and the basic content of the AEC The thesis also refers to the AEC framework documents such as: Declaring the establishment of the ASEAN Community in 2015, ASEAN Economic Community Building Blueprint 2025, ASEAN Vision 2020, ASEAN Community Vision 2025, ASEAN Framework Agreement on the integration of priority sectors (*)The basic contents of the AEC AEC towards the goal ASEAN becomes: (i) A single market and a unified production facility including the free flow of goods, services, investment, capital and skilled labour, (ii) A highly competitive economic area, (iii) An area of uniform economic development, especially the effective implementation of the ASEAN integration initiative, (iv) An ASEAN region fully integrated into the global economy 3.1.2.3 Content of ASEAN integration in tourism development The dissertation clarifies the content of ASEAN integration in tourism development, expressed in documents such as The Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Manila Declaration 1987), ASEAN Tourism Strategy 2011-2015, ASEAN Agreement on Tourism (completed in Phnom Penh, the Kingdom of Cambodia on November 4, 2012), ASEAN Tourism Development Strategy 2016-2025 3.2 Analyzing the status of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the formation of the AEC 3.2.1 Regarding the role of strategy formulation, tourism development plan The thesis has generalized the situation and conducted an assessment of the success of the role of the state in developing strategies and planning for tourism development in Vietnam before and after the establishment of the AEC Which the criteria strategy, proposed tourism planning gets perspective; target; the solution is suitable to reality and each development phase has the lowest average score of 3.14 This indicator also reflects the fact that the strategic and planning work has been focused, but the achieved results are still not high 3.2.2 Regarding the role of building the legal system, tourism development policies The thesis assesses the success of the role of the state in developing tourism 17 18 3.2.4 Regarding the role of promoting international cooperation in tourism development Firstly, building strategies and planning for the development of Vietnam's tourism till to 2020 with a vision to 2030 has assessed the full potential, practicality, high feasibility, suitable for the context of Vietnam's tourism development, demonstrate the contents of the ASEAN Tourism Development Strategy 2016 - 2025 Secondly, in the trend of AEC integration, the system of laws and policies on tourism is increasingly improved, creating favourable conditions for tourism development and integration Thirdly, to organize the state management apparatus for tourism gradually stabilized, basically uniform nationwide to create favourable premises for tourism development management according to the objectives of the strategy Fourthly, in the trend of AEC integration, the state has expanded its role in international cooperation activities on tourism Fifthly, evaluating, checking, inspection and interdisciplinary coordination be enhanced efficiency 3.4.2 Limitations Firstly, the activity of strategy formulation; zoning; tourism development planning and investment are still inadequate, measures to ensure the implementation of the Master plan on Viet Nam tourism development have not been synchronized, and some specific goals are not yet eligible for implementation Secondly, although the Government is always strengthening the improvement of the legal corridor for tourism development, the policy system is not open, some regulations are not appropriate and formal, so it is not the necessary applicable or difficult application Thirdly, the organization of the state management system on tourism after many separations and lacks of stability, so it does not guarantee the continuity, inheritance and the shortage of officials; has not created unity from central to local levels Fourthly, the implementation of international tourism cooperation commitments in many areas remains less impressive, cooperation with many countries is still limited to conferences and exchanges but there have not been many forms of development cooperation on tourism products or investment attraction and tourist attraction Fifthly, inspection and examination activities on tourism activities also overlapped, duplicate content, much in frequency due to no coordination mechanism 3.4.3 The cause of limitations 3.4.3.1 The cause is related to the level of institutional perfection The main reason is related to the level of institutional perfection is still limited, some mechanisms and policies on tourism, Administrative procedures related to In the past time, Vietnam's tourism has actively and comprehensively participated and made important contributions to ASEAN tourism Tourism integration of Vietnam is implemented in the direction of promoting signing and executes the agreement documents, government-level tourism agreements, bilateral and multilateral sectoral levels, take advantage of the cooperation and support of countries through programs and projects However, cooperation and development activities of tourism in the past time still reveal limitations, cooperation with many countries still stops in the form of conferences and exchanges but not many forms of cooperation on development of tourism products or attracting investment and attracting tourists 3.2.5 Regarding the role of assessment, inspection and inspection of tourism development State management agencies and localities should strengthen inspection, review, reevaluation and quality control in the fields of tourism in the spirit of Decree No 1433/VBHN-BVHTTDL about Regulations on sanctioning of administrative violations in the field culture, sports, tourism and promotion, aims to implement the ASEAN tourism criteria set both a commitment and an action to contribute to sustainable tourism development; building and positioning tourism Vietnamese tourism brands 3.3 The impact of the role of the state for tourism development in Vietnam after the formation of the AEC The thesis carries an analysis and assessment of the impact of the state's role on Vietnam's tourism development conditions before and after the founding of the AEC, analysis results showed that after the formation of the role of the AEC affect the conditions of state to develop tourism in Vietnam are all rated higher before forming the AEC This proves that the state has achieved much success in its role Survey data also further appreciate the role of the state after forming the AEC in the issue: increase tourism scale, restructure the tourism industry, improve the effectiveness of tourism development, improve Vietnam's tourism position At the same time, the thesis compares and evaluates the two groups of managers and enterprises on the influence of the state's roles on tourism development conditions after the establishment of the AEC, similarly, both surveyed groups assessed the influence of the state's role on tourism development conditions after AEC formation was higher than before AEC formation 3.4 The general assessment of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC 3.4.1 Achievements 19 20 tourism are slow to be researched, dealt with or implemented slowly and inconsistently in sectors and localities The current public authority still carries many nuances of bureaucracy, too bulky and ineffective That situation also creates favourable conditions for the "giving" mechanism; this creates significant resistance not only in tourism activities, in attracting foreign investment capital which is all socio-economic development activities 3.4.3.2 The cause is related to the state's financial capacity and income of residents Because the starting point of our country's economy is low, although the socioeconomy in recent years has achieved important results, it still faces many difficulties Therefore, the state's financial resources are limited, difficult and not properly focused GDP per capita of Vietnam is still very low, this also reduces the role of the state in attracting capital from all walks of life to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the Government's target programs in tourism development 3.4.3.3 The cause is related to the society's awareness about tourism development In recent years, social awareness about the role and position of tourism is limited, tourism has not been recognized from the perspective of an integrated economic sector, making an important contribution to the country's economic growth, leading to the integration, the coordination of sectors, localities and communities in tourism development is not tight Moreover, the level of awareness about opportunities; challenges for Vietnam's tourism when participating in AEC of participants in tourism activities are not adequate 3.4.3.4 The cause is related to the capacity and qualifications of state management officials and enterprises Staffs are still not professional The policy-receiving capacity of enterprises' officials is still low,not meet development requirements and following international standards 3.4.3.5 The cause is related to the agreements, commitments and agreements in the AEC Organizational barriers such as the "Consensus" principle that AEC applies to its activities have led to the fact that many of the AEC's programs cannot perform as promised For example, the commitments of each ASEAN country on AFTA are legally binding, but the AEC has no mechanism to introduce sanctions or penalties for those who fail to fulfil their obligations In other words, commitment and execution are optional International cooperation on tourism is still passive, many international agreements, agreements and commitments have not been implemented as scheduled; has not attracted many international investors CHAPTER SOME SOLUTIONS TO COMPLETE THE ROLE OF THE STATE FOR VIETNAM TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AEC 4.1 Orientation and perspective to complete the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam after the establishment of the AEC 4.1.1 International and domestic context Analyzing the national and international contexts, forecasting world and domestic tourism trends, the thesis points out the advantages and difficulties for Vietnam's tourism development, to propose tourism development goals, at the same time, proposing views and solutions to promote difficulties to overcome difficulties in fulfilling the role of the state in the coming periods 4.1.2 Opportunities and challenges after forming the AEC The thesis has analyzed the challenges after AEC formation Those opportunities are: (i) promote the completion and strengthening of the state role in tourism development, (ii) opportunities to expand cooperation and market development, (iii) opportunities to improve the quality and diversify of tourism products, (iv) opportunities to improve Vietnam's tourism position on the world tourism map The challenges are: (i) pressure to adjust the law system, policies following AEC regulations and implement commitments as well, (ii) high pressure and competitive intensity, (iii) the risk of losing control of the market, (iv) challenges of training tourism human resources, (iv) competitive pressure on the movement of high-quality labour 4.1.3 Point of view about perfecting the role of the state in the development of Vietnam's tourism after the formation of ACE Firstly, the state clearly defines the role and position of tourism development in socio-economic development and is paid due attention Secondly, the role of the state in tourism development in Vietnam is a matter of basic and long-term to develop tourism in Vietnam towards professionalism, modern, competitive with other countries in the region Thirdly, the state needs to focus on policymaking, creating a favourable institutional environment for tourism development Fourth, consider each tourism enterprise to be an emissary representing the nation's tourism economy 4.2 Some solutions to complete the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC 4.2.1 Completing the building of suitable and progressive institutions 21 22 Institutions have many roles in development such as creating a framework for organizing, operating society, creating an economic foundation; politic; national society, playing an important role in maintaining a good government; limiting corruption, However, it is not easy to get a scientific and effective institution Institutional reform is indispensable, which is the shortest and most effective way to strengthen internal resources and develop sustainably To have an effective institution, many solutions need to be implemented: Firstly, to carry out an extensive administrative reform, focusing on reforming the public authority, improving the quality and the effectiveness of the public authority is a prerequisite for developing and developing talented persons Second, continuing to increase the renovation process, improving the macroeconomic management mechanism of the economy Thirdly, building the institutional system must fully perform the "rule of law" function comprehensively and effectively In the process of tourism development, there will be limitations and negatives, but it is completely overcome if there is a basic and feasible institutional system There is a basic and feasible institutional system, which means that there is a system legal system, laws, sub-law document create a framework which the actions of the subjects become more predictable With that institutional system, it will inevitably provide state subjects with prerequisites, necessary conditions to minimize the negative in the development of tourism, increased compliance with the law, increase the efficiency of issuing policies and enforcing government policies 4.2.2 Completing the development of tourism development strategies and planning To complete the formulating tourism development strategies and planning, some specific solutions should be implemented such as (i) enhancing the application of scientific research in the development of tourism development strategies, planning, plans, training and implementation, (i) appreciating the role of surveys and surveys in the planning process so that the quality of the new planning has been improved to ensure feasibility; (iii) increasing funding sources for planning to ensure the progress and content of planning, (iv) unifying on the content, process of making and appraising and planning approval To accomplish this, the BVHTTDL need to review and promulgate guidance documents on planning, appraisal and approval of the planning Thus, achieving high-planning feasibility In the context of establishing the AEC, Vietnam's tourism must fulfil the commitments and goals in the ASEAN Tourism Agreement, ASEAN Tourism Strategy 2016 - 2025, Therefore, in the coming time, it is necessary to continue promoting the work of planning and adjustment research; supplement the Tourism Development Strategy suitable 4.2.3 Completing the system of laws, mechanisms and policies, creating favorable conditions for tourism development Completing the system of laws, mechanisms and policies to create conditions for tourism development to focus on the following solutions: Firstly, the State needs to consolidate the contingent of law-making people professionally, sufficient in quantity and of professional and professional quality Secondly, improving the system of policies to remove barriers, creating favourable conditions for tourism development in the context of establishing AEC Tourism development policies must be a comprehensive system of policies and actions to promote rapid and sustainable tourism development in line with the Party and State's tourism development orientations and be consistent with the objectives of the ASEAN Tourism Development Strategy 2016 - 2025 4.2.4 Continuing to improve the organization of tourism management and coordination in state management to develop tourism To achieve this, some solutions are needed: Firstly, renovating the tourism management organization system Secondly, forming mechanisms to manage destinations in clusters and tourist areas Thirdly, forming a system of management of tourist areas and destinations Fourthly, promoting destination management in localities 4.2.5 Actively and creatively participate in the agreements, agreements, and commitments in international tourist cooperation The state is active and proactive in issuing and implement policies that pave the way for tourism businesses to enter the ASEAN tourism market; go beyond the common visa and form a common market Actively implement the ASEAN Tourism Development Strategy for the period 2016 - 2025 Studying and proposing solutions to amend entry and exit regulations to facilitate tourists Promoting the creation of joint destinations and visas to increase the number of international visitors 4.2.6 Promote to inspect, check, and strictly handle all activities that violate the approved and announced plannings By the power and power of organizations, self economic potential, the state performs the inspection function; monitoring; warnings to establish order and discipline in tourism activities, protection of properties and national security and the interests of people and companies; ensuring sustainable development of tourism This is also the responsibility of the entire political system, levels, sectors, enterprises, and the community 23 24 CONCLUSION Tourism is an integrated economic sector, relating many industries, vulnerable and unlike any other industry In addition to its advantages and achievements, this industry is facing many limitations; difficulties and challenges Especially when the AEC was formed, these difficulties were even more pronounced These difficulties and challenges cannot be solved by each tourism enterprise or tourism industry, but need the role of the state Therefore, researching the role of the state in tourism development after the establishment of the AEC is urgently needed for Vietnam In the study of the thesis, the author uses analytical methods, comparison and synthesis, inheriting the results of previous studies to find space for research The author has clarified more than contents: (i) the concept of the role of the state in tourism development, (ii) systematize basic theoretical issues on the role of the state in tourism development, (iii) analyze and assess the role of the state, the successes and limitations of the role of the state in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC, (iv) propose solutions to enhance the promotion of the state's role in Vietnam's tourism development after the establishment of the AEC Specifically: By studying the experience of strengthening the state's role in tourism development after the AEC was established in several countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, the author has drawn lessons for Vietnam in strengthening the role of the state Those are lessons learned about: The formulation of strategies, planning and issuing policies to develop tourism must be suitable for each period; must build and develop high-quality tourism human resources; adequate investment is needed for tourism advertising and promoting tourism and market development; It is necessary to have close coordination among ministries and branches related to tourism From secondary data collected from agencies and primary data collected in reality in Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City from 2013 to 2018, the author has analyzed the reality of the role of the state for tourism development after the AEC was formed, analyzed and assessed the success of each role At the same time, analyze and evaluate the factors affecting the role of the state in tourism development after the establishment of the AEC Based on scientific reasoning, based on context; opinion; tourism development goals under the AEC formation conditions, the author has proposed groups of solutions to improve the role of the state in tourism development These groups of solutions are highly feasible, because it is tied to the conditions necessary to perform, consistent with the development trend of Vietnam tourism when participating in AEC Despite many efforts, the research still has some limitations Regarding the method, although the questionnaire is used to collect primary documents, the author only uses comparative and descriptive statistics to analyze, without using quantitative methods for testing, as well as exploratory methodological tools to measure the impact of the State's role on tourism development Regarding the scope of the research, currently, there are 63 provinces and cities nationwide, but the thesis has only collected documents and surveyed in three cities Information and data are only true for research regions and cities Authors hope these limitations will continue to improve after this study  ... STATE FOR VIETNAM''S TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AEC 3.1 Overview of Vietnam tourism development, ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 3.1.1 Overview of Vietnam tourism... Declaring the establishment of the ASEAN Community in 2015, ASEAN Economic Community Building Blueprint 2025, ASEAN Vision 2020, ASEAN Community Vision 2025, ASEAN Framework Agreement on the integration... tourism products or investment attraction and tourist attraction Fifthly, inspection and examination activities on tourism activities also overlapped, duplicate content, much in frequency due to