Sự ra đời của Luật Người cao tuổi đã tạo nền tảng pháp lý thúc đẩy hoạt động trợ giúp người cao tuổi diễn ra thuận lợi hơn, thường xuyên và sâu rộng hơn. Bài viết này đưa ra những phân tích, luận giải sâu sắc về thực tiễn công tác triển khai luật người cao tuổi sau khi ban hành tổng kết những kết quả và kinh nghiệm sau 8 năm Luật ban hành (2009-2017).
Xd hpi hpc sd (137), 2017 63 LUAT NGlTCil CAO TUOI: T H U C TIEN TRIEN KHAI SAU N A M BAN HANH NGUYEN VAN D6NG' Tdm tat: Lugt Ngudi cao tudi dupe Qudc hpi khoa XII thong qua ngdy 23/11/2009, Ludi dd quy dinh ro vi quyin vd nghTa vg cua nguoi cao tudi trach nhi^m cua gia dinh Nhd nude vd xa hgi Irong viec chdm soc Irg giiip vdphdt huy vai tro ngudi cao tudi Su ddi cua Ludt Ngudi cao tudi dd tgo nin tdng phdp ly thiic ddy hogt dgng Irg giup ngudi cao luoi diin thugn Igi hem thuang xuyen vd sdu rgng hon Bdi viit ndy dua nhirng phdn lich, ludn gidi sdu sac vi thuc tiin cdng ttic triin khai Lugt Ngudi cao tudi sau ban hdnh; tdng kit nhirng kil qud vd kinh nghiem sau ndm Lugt ban h^nh (2009-2017) Tir khda: ngudi cao tudi, lugt ngucri cao tuli, Irg gJiip ngudi cao tuoi D^t van dc Cham soc, trg giiip ngudi cao tuoi la mgt chii trucmg ludn dugc Ddng vd Nhd nude la quan lam Ngay tir Hien phdp dau lien dugc ban hdnh ndm 1946 cua Nhd nude Vift Nam Dan chii Cdng hod, Igi Dieu 14 dd khdng dinh: "Nhiing ngudi cdng ddn gid cd hogc tdn tgt thi dupe giiip dd"; den Hien phap ndm 1992 Igi Difu 64 quy djnh rd: "Con chdu co bon phdn kinh trgng va chdm soc 6ng bd cha m? " va Dieu 67 quy dinh: "Ngudi gid, ngudi tdn tgt, tre mo cdi khong nai nuong tua dupe Nha nuoc vd xd hgi giup da" Den Hifn phap ndm 2013 lai Dilu 37 khdng dinh: "Ngudi cao tudi dugc Nhd nude, gia dinh vd xd hpi ton trgng, chdm soc vdphdt huy vai tro s^t nghi?p xdy difng vd bdo v4 Td qudc " va Dieu 59 ciing neu ro: "Nhd nude tgo binh ddng ve ca hpi di cong ddn thu hudng phuc tgi xd hpi phai triSn h? thdng an sinh xd hgi, co chink sdch tmr giup ngudi cao tudi " (Quoc hgi, 1946, 1992, 2013) Khdi qudt nhihig quy dinh vf cdng Idc ngudi cao tuoi bg luat cao nhat ciia Nhd nude Vift Nam tir Ijch su l^p hifn cho thdy, cdng lac chSm soc va Irg giiip ngudi cao tudi ludn dugc chd trgng thyc hifn, dugc thl chl hda, cy thl hoa hang loat ede vdn ban phap lugt ban hanh qua cdc giai doan ' Trudng Dpi hpc Lugt Hd Npi Hifn tgi, Vift Nam dang qud trinh chuyen doi nhan khdu hgc vdi ty* If va quy md ngudi cao tudi tdng nhanh thdi diera cudi ndm 2011, Vift Nam da chinh thiic budc vdo giai doan gid hda dan sd, nhom dan s6 cao tuoi ldng nhanh vl so lugng Theo so lifu ciia Uy ban Qudc gia vl Ngudi cao ludi Vift Nam, tinh den hit ndm 2016, cd nude cd 10.025.578 ngudi cao tudi (chifm 10,9% dan sd cd nude), dd cd 50,7% la ngudi cao tuoi nii; 65,7% ngudi cao tuoi hifn dang sdng d khu vyc ndng thdn vd gdn 10% sS ngudi cao tudi Id ngudi dan tgc thilu sd Ty If ngudi cao tuoi thugc hd ngheo chiem 22,4% (trong tdng sd 8,4% ho nghfo chung Irfn cd nuoc ndm 2016) (Uy ban Qudc gia vl Ngudi cao tudi, 2016:3-10) Tuoi thg cua ngudi cao tuoi tdng len phan anh nhihig thdnh tyu to ldn ciia sir phdi trien kinh te - xa hgi vd ITnh vyc y te, song gid hda cQng dua den nhihig thdch thiic mdi nhu: tgo site dp len hf thdng an sinh xa hgi, luong huu D$c bift, dieu kifn song vd miic sdng ciia da phan ngudi cao tuoi kha thdp, siic khde kem Theo du bdo, dan so cao tuoi d Vift Nam se dat 20% vao nSm 2038 Tuy nhien, tuoi thg khde mgnh cila ngudi cao tudi nude ta chua cao, tnmg binh moi ngudi eao tuoi d nude ta phdi chiu 14 ndm bfnh tat eugc song; cd tdi 95% nguoi cao tuoi cd bfnh vd trung binh mgt ngudi mdc 2,69 bfnh Nhdm dan sd ndy luy chi chilm hon 1/10 ddn sd cd nude nhung lai chiem tdi 70% tdng chi phi y te qudc gia (Tdng cue Ddn so - Ke hogchhda gia dinh, 2016: 23-29) TrSn CCT sd dg bdo xu hudng va tdc dg gia hoa dan so vd can cir vdo dac thu cila nhdm dan so cao tuoi d nude ta, Quoc hgi (2009) d3 ban hdnh Ludt Ngudi cao tuoi, Irong dd xac dinh ngudi cao tudi Id cdng ddn tir dii 60 tudi trd Ifn" va quy dinh r5 vl quyln vd nghta vy cda ngudi cao tuoi, trach nhiem cua gia dinh, Nhd nude va xa hgi vifc phyng dudng, chdm sde vd phat huy vai trd ngucri cao tuoi Lu§t Ngudi cao tudi dd tgo nen tdng phdp ly quan trgng, bao ddm quyfn vd lgi ich co ban ciia ngudi cao tuoi, la cg sd de hinh thdnh chinh sdch vd giai phdp phii hgp vdi xu thf gid hda, loc dg gia hda dan so d nude ta Sau ndm ban hanh, cdc quy dinh ciia Luat Ngudi cao tudi dd tiing budc di vdo cufc sdng, phyc vu ddc luc cho cdng tdc an sinh xd hgi, chdm soc, trg gidp va phdt huy vai tro ngudi cao tuli Tir kinh nghifm nghien ciiu thyc liln vd cdn cCt vdo mgt sd ket qua khdo sdt danh gid ciia Bg Lao dfng, Thuang binh vd Xa hgi (Bg LDTBXH), Quy Ddn so Lifn hgp quoc, Vifn Khoa hgc Lao dgng vd Xa hgi, Vign Chlnh sdch cdng va Qudn ly, Vifn x a hdi hgc cimg nhthig thong kf hdng ndm ve tmh hinh ngudi eao tuoi cOa Tong cyc Dan so - Kf hoach hda Gia dinh, bdi vilt ndy phdn tich nhiing kit qua chdih dat dugc sau giai doan ddu thyc hifn Lugl Ngudi cao tudi ve cdng ide chdm sde siic khde, chdm sde ddi sdng vat chdt, ddi sdng linh than cho ngudi cao tudi; ve hilu biet chinh sdch phap ludt lien quan dfn ngudi cao tudi cung nhu sy tham gia cila todn xd hgi cdng tdc Irg giiip ngudi cao tuoi Nguyin Vdn Ddng 65 Kit qua triln khai Ludi Ngirfri eao tuli Ihvc tiln dbi sing ngJcao Zf"" ' ' ' ' " '"'' ' ' " " ''" "^ '^"' "'' "'^'- ^ ^^"^ ''"" ' * - '^*'' Sau thyc tiln nam thyc hifn Lu^t, da cd nhilu chugng trhih hoat dong tu vin vd chdrn soc sue khoe^cho ngudi eao tuoi cd nuoc dugc thyc hifn, cdc chuong trinh da khdm W van cac benh ve mdt cho hon trifu ngudi eao mii, dd hon 200 nghin ngudi duge mo tiiay thuy iinh tha vdi tdng sd tiln miln phi gdn 400 ty d6ng; cdc hogt dgng kham sue khoe d,nh ky cho ngudi cao tudi thdng qua bdo hilm y tl dugc thuc hien cd hifu qua hon, hogt dgng cham sde sire khoe cho ngudi cao tuli dugc thuc hifn ldng ghdp o ba hmh thuc chinh: cham sde lai nhd, chdm soc tai co sd tgp tnmg (cac tnmg tdm bdo trg xd hgi, nha dudng ldo, nhd xd hgi) vd chdm sde dua vdo cgng ding (cau lac bd lifn thl hf ty gmp nhau, cau Igc bg tmh nguyfn vien chdm soc ngucri cao mdi) (HAL 2015: 9-14) ^ Tgi cdc Trung tam Bdo trgxa hpi Cae tnmg tam bdo Irg xd hgi nhan chdm soc cac dot tugng la ngudi cao tudi co don, khdng noi nuong tya, ngudi cao tuli Idn tdt Ngoai ra, cdn cd cac co sd tir thifn, nha chiia nhgn cham sde ngudi cao tuli Tuy nhifn, hogi dgng cua cdc co sd mang lai hifu qua chua cao cdn gap nhilu khd khan vl tdi chinh, ddi ngu cdn bg nhan vifn cd ehuyen mdn nghifp vu, eo sd vgl chat Ihifu thin, Hifn nay, Bg LDTBXH dang nghien ciiu dl lifn hdnh chuyin dli logi hinh tning idm bdo trg xd hgi thdnh cac trang tam cung cip djch vy cdng tdc xa hgi va day mgnh cdc hinh thiic chdm sde cdc doi tugng tai trung tam dya vdo cgng ddng dl thay thl md hinh cu (HAI 2015: 9-14) Ca sa dudng ldo Nhd dudng ldo chdm sde ngudi cao luoi cd cong, nhdn chdm s6c ngudi cao tudi cd cdng vdi each m^uig nhu: m? Viet Nam anh himg, cha, m§ lift sj; ngudi cao tuoi Id thuong binh, Ihanh nien xung phong vd nhiing ngudi cao tuoi cd lifu chuan Hinh thiic chdm sde thong qua cdc co sd dudng ldo Nhd nude qudn ly, gidm sat va cung cip kinh phi hoat dgng (HAI, 2015: 9-14) Cdc CO sd cung cdp djch vy chdm soc ngudi cao tudi cd thu phi: Cdc tnmg lam, cdc cdng ty chdm sde nguoi cao tuoi cd thu phi dfu la cdc co sd tu nhdn, cung cap djch vy nhan vien chdm soc ngudi cao luoi tai gia dinh nen hg hogt dgng cd linh chuySn nghifp vd dugc tra luong Moi ngdy cdc nhan vien dich vy sS din nhd Ihyc hifn cdc cdng vifc nom, chdm soc ngucri cao tuoi Iheo yfu cau vd thda thuan giua hai bSn Ddng chii y Id cdc CO sd ndy dugc thdnh lap dya tren nhu cau ciia xa hgi, nf h cdc co sd ndy hudng dfn myc dich phyc vy nhihig ngucri cao tudi cd dilu kifn kinh te, cdi cd dilu kifn nhung bgn Iam Sn Miic phi phy thugc vdo chdt lugng vd miic dg chdm sde Cac co sd cung cip djch vy chdm soc ngudi cao tuoi cd thu phi dat tifu chudn bao gdm niri dn o, bg phan chdm sde y tf khdm bfnh, khu thf dye thf thao, phyc hoi chiic ndng cho ngudi cao tuoi Ngodi ra, cdc co sd ndy ciing phoi hgp vdi cdc bfnh vifn df kham chiia bfnh cho ngudi cao tuoi Hifn nay, so lugng co sd dudng lao tu nhan cdn rat hgn che Id thlfu co chf 66 Lugt Ngudi cao tuoi: Thpc lien trien khai quan IJ nen chua cd cdc quy dmh ve tieu chuan, chua cd sy gidm sat chjt chS cila cac co quan qudn ly nen chat lugng cdn nhieu han che (HAI, 2015: 9-14) Chdm soc ngudi cao tudi dira vdo cgng ddng' Ban dau md hinh dugc nhen nhom tit hinh Ihiic Nhd xa hgi Bg LDTBXH tdi trg va Trung uong Hgi Ngudi cag tudi Vift Nam, Trung tam Trg giiip ngudi cao tuoi vd Phdt triln cgng ddng thyc hifn nham chdm sde ngudi cao tuoi cd don khdng noi nuong tya tai tinh Nam Dinh, Hue, Ben Tre Den nay, md hinh phdt triln Md hlnh lien thl hf ty giiip nhau, gdp phdn tich cyc vao vifc cai thifn cugc sdng ciia ngudi cao tudi ngheo, can ngheo, ngudi eao tudi cd don, khdng noi nuong tya; giup hg 16 chiic cac hogt dgng cham soc siic khod, cai thien ddi song vgt ehdt, tinh thdn va bdo ve quyen lgi Day la md hinh duge ddnh gid Id rdt thdnh cong, cd tinh uu vift cao va cd nhieu tdc dgng tich eye dfn hogt ddng cham sde, trg giiip vd phdt huy vai tro ngudi cao tudi, vgy md hinh ndy dang tich cyc dugc xay dyng vd nhdn rgng phgm vi cd nude Sau cd Luat Ngudi cao tudi khodng thdi gian tii 2009 - 2015, loai md hinh cau Igc bg da dugc trien khai tai 12 tinh/thdnh gom: Hd Ngi, Thdi Nguyfn, Nam Djnh, Hdi Duong, Quang Ninh, Hod Binh, Thanh Hod, Hai Phdng, Nghf An, Hd TTnh, Qudng Binh vd Bfn Tre vdi hon 600 cdu Igc bd va sy tham gia tryc tiep ciia hon 30.000 thdnh vien Md hinh lifn the he ty giiip hao ddm chat lugng, chi tifu Iheo quy dinh nhu: 70% Id ngudi cao tudi (til 55 tudi trd len), 60-70% la phy nii, 60%-70% id ngudi ngheo, can ngheo hoac cd hodn ednh khd khdn; cd it nhat 50% thdnh vifn dugc vay vdn bdng lien hoac hifn vat vd cai thifn thu nhap; 80% cau lac bg hfn thf hf ty giilp dugc tap hudn vd gidm sdt Iheo quy chl (Nguyin Van Ding, 2015: 2129); ngudi cao tudi cd don, ngheo khd dugc tinh nguyfn vien den nhd chdm sde, Im dau s5 dugc dua dfn nha xa hdi, dugc nhan vi6n y te cham sde va dugc nudi dudng dfn khdemanhlrdvf nhd (HAI, 2015: 9-14) Ddnh gid sau giai dogn dau thyc hifn Ludt Ngudi cao tudi, miic dg ddp iing eac quyln vf kinh tl - xd hgi cua ngudi cao tudi dgt 50-60% nhu cau theo danh gia eiia ngudi cao tudi, cd gan 90% ngudi cao tuoi dugc bdo ddm nhu cau ve dn, mdc, d Tinh dfn ndm 2016, canude cd hon 1,5 trifu ngudi cao ludi dugc hudng chinh saeh bdo Irg x3 hgi hdng thdng, chifm ty le cao Irong tdng sd ddi tugng hifn dang nhan trg cap (77%) (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25) Miic Irg edp xa hgi dang dugc tdng dan nham bu ddp nhiing thif u hyt df dam bao nhu cau loi Ihieu cho ngudi cao tuoi; hdng nghin ngudi cao luoi ngheo dugc ho trg xda nhd tam, siia chiia ndng cdp nhd d; to chiic chuc Ihg, mirng thg cho trfn trifu ngudi cao tuoi; tham hdi, dgng vifn liic dm dau bfnh tat cho hem 900 ngdn ngudi cao tudi Ddi sdng vdt chat, ddi sdng tinh than cua ngudi cao tudi dugc nang len, di doi vdi quan tdm cham sde ddi song vgt chat vd site khde, cdc dia phuong trfn cd nude da quan tdm phat trifn cac hogt dfng van hda tinh thdn cho ngudi cao tuoi Cdc hogt dfng vdn hda thf Ihao, vui choi gidi trf, tham quan phdt trien mgnh Tinh den het ndm 2016, cd nude cd 58.099 cdu lac hg ngudi cao ludi, thu hiil 2,6 trieu ngudi cao tudi tham gia, vira gdp phin ndng cao sire Nguyin Van Ddng 67 khde, dong thdi gop phan bdo tin va giii gin ban sic van hda truyin thong ciia dan tdc (Uy ban QuIc gia ve ngudi cao tuli, 2016: 3-7) Trg cap xS hoi la mot nhihig bien phdp bdo ddm ddi sing vdt chdt cho ngudi cao tuli, d$c bift la ngudi cao tudi ngheo Vdi sy phdi hgp chdt ch5 giiia ngdnh Lao dgng - Thuong binh vd Xa hgi vd Hdi Ngucri cao tuli, da phdn chinh saeh trg giiip xK hgi da dugc Ihyc hifn tuong ddi tit d cdc dja phuong trfn cd nude Hdng ndm chinh sdch ndy dd thyc hien trg edp cho trfn 1,5 trifu ngudi cao tudi, vdi tinh thdn kjp thdi, diing doi tugng vd mmh bgch, gdp phan gidm bdt khd khdn cho ngudi cao tudi Chinh sdch Ug cdp cho ngudi cao tuoi da co tac dgng tich eye vifc cdi thien ddi sdng vdt chat, tinh thdn cho ngudi cao tudi (cd 27,0% ngudi cao ludi ddnh gia chinh saeh trg cap xa hgi vira cd gid Iri ve vat chat, viracd gia tri ve tinh thdn) (Vifn Khoa hgc Lao dgng vd Xd hgi, 2016: 2-11) 2.2 Vephdt huy vai tro cua ngirdi cao tuoi Irong dM sdng Dieu dang chd -y la ket qud khdo sdt ddnh gid cho thay, cd hon 2,5 trifu ngudi cao tudi vln cdn tham gia lao dgng sdn xuat, kinh doanh; hon 95 nghin ngudi eao moi lam chfi trang trd, co sd san xuat, kinh doanh; hon 300 nghin ngudi cao mdi idm kinh tl gidi; dd gdn trifu gia dinh cd ngudi cao mii dgt tifu chuan "Gia dinh vdn hda" (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25) CCing sau ndm thyc hifn Lugt, vai trd vd vi the cila ngudi cao tuoi gia dinh vd xa hgi dugc ndng Ifn, Ludt Ngudi cao tudi dd thiic ddy tgo mdi Irudng vd dilu kifn thugn lgi dl ngudi cao tudi phdt huy sy sang lao, ddng gdp kien thiic, k)> ndng va kinh nghiem cho cac hogt dgng kinh tf - xa hdi, vdn hda - giao dye tgi dia phuong Nhiing ngudi cao tuoi cdn khde manh dang tham gia san xual - kinh doanh thi dugc Nhd nude ho irg phuong tifn sdn xudt, chuyen giao cfng nghf, tgp hudn ky thuat sdn xuat - kinh doanh D^c bift, cdc khda tap hudn Ludt Ngudi cao mdi tai cdc dia phuong thudng xuyfn dugc td chiic vdi su tham gia ciia edn bg Hgi Ngudi cao tudi, cdn bg ehinh quyfn dja phuong vd can hf ndng cdt d cdc thdn bdn Bfn canh do, cdc dja phuong cdn t l chiic cdc hoat dgng tilp xuc, gap m?!, trao ddi vd chia se thudng xuyen dl ngudi cao tudi bdy td y kiln, tam tu, nguyfn vgng kiln nghj vdi cdc eo quan, tl chdc dia phuong vl nhiing van df md ngudi cao tuli vd cgng dong dang quan tdm (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25) nhdm ngudi cao mii lham gia cdng tdc chinh quyln, du dd nghi huu theo che dg chinh sdch nhung cd 1,24 trifu ngudi cao tudi tren ca nude vln tilp luc tham gia cdng tdc Ddng, chinh quyln, Mat trgn Td quIc vd cac tl chiic dodn thl d noi cu tni Mgt sd dja phuong cd din 70-80% ngudi cao tuli 1dm bi thu chi bg, trudng thon, Irudng bdn (Vifn Chhih saeh Cdng vd Qudn ly, 2013) Sau nghi huu, bdng kinh nghifm von cd va dugc c^ng dong tin nhifm, da phan ngucri cao mdi tilp tyc tham gia cong tdc tai co sd nhu: phoi hgp vdi cac lyc lugng ciia Dodn Thanh nien, Hfi Phy nii, Hgi Cyu chiln binh lam tot cong tdc tham gia phong trdo xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi, gido dye va chia se kmh Lugt Ngudi cao tudi: Thyc ll nghifm cho thl hf tre, nhifu ngudi cao mdi cdn to chiie cdc cdu Igc bg tmyln nghf cho thl hf tre td CO sd, tham gia cdng tdc myen truyen, hda gidi tranh chap O nhieu dja phuong trfn cd nude, ngudi cao mdi cdn phdi hgp vdi cdc don vj cdng an, bO dgi bifn phdng tham gia tich cyc vdo cdc hogt dgng myen tniyfn gido dye, phdng chdng tf nan xd hgi, dau tranh phdng chdng ldi pham, td gidc lgi pham (Ting cyc Ddn so - Ke hogch hda Gia dmh, 2016:23-26) 2.3 Ve hiiu biit cua ngudi cao tudi va cgng ddng vi cdc chfnh sdch phdp lufl lien quan den ngirdi cao tuoi Sau nam ban hdnh Lugt Ngucri cao mdi, nhdn thiic ve quyln ciia ngudi cao moi vd cac quy dinh cua Ludt Ngudi cao mdi cd nhihig buoc chuyin bien mgnh m5 Theo kf t qud khdo sdt, cd 78% ngudi cao mil va 72% dgi difn cac hf gia dinh cd ngudi cao mii biet vl Luat Ngudi cao tudi cimg cdc quyfn cila ngudi cao moi, cimg nhu cac bifn phdp bdo ddm quyln cho ngudi cao tuli dugc quy djnh luat Nhd vdy, cdc quyen cua ngudi cao mdi quy dinh Ludt dugc bao ddm tuong ddi tdt Tai cac dja phuong tren cd nude, eac cdn bg Hgi Ngudi cao mdi, cdn bg ndng cdt d thdn bdn vd cdn bf chinh quyen dja phucmg thudng xuyen dugc tham gia cac ldp t|p huan Luat Ngudi cao tuoi vd cdc chinh sdch lifn quan, cdc ky nang vd cdch thiic giai quylt nhirng khd khdn ciia ngudi cao tuoi qud trinh tiep cgn chinh sdch Chinh dgi ngii ndy sau dugc l$p hudn sf Id nhiing hat nhan quan trgng 1dm cong tac tuyen tniyfn, lan Ida each thirc thyc hifn vd hien khai lugt ciing nhu cdc chinh saeh lifn quan den ngudi cao mdi thyc tiln (Uy ban Ddn tgc, 2015:1-6) Nhin chung, cho den hf thdng cdc vdn bdn hudng dan thyc hifn Lugl Ngudi cao tuli dd duge ban hdnh day dii, bao quat mgi ngi dung lifn quan din cdc van de cOa ngudi cao mii theo thdm quyfn cua cac ngdnh, cdc cdp, Igo hdnh lang phdp ly thugn lgi cho vifc trifn khai thyc hifn cdc chS df, chinh sdch lien quan din ngudi cao moi D I trien khai Ludt Ngudi cao mdi, Chinh phu da ban hdnh nhieu Nghi dinh, cdc Bf, co quan Hen ngdnh ban hanh Thdng m hudng dan nhdm dua chinh saeh cua ludt di vao cugc song Bfn cgnh do, Chinh phu da ban hanh Chuong trinh Hdnh dgng quoc gia vl ngudi cao mii 20122020, fhiic ddy cdng Idc cham sde - phat huy vd trd ngudi cao mil thyc hifn cd chilu sau vd ben viing hem; cdc cdp, cdc ngdnh da tri sy phoi hgp lien ngdnh thyc hifn chmh saeh kha hifu qua (Bg LDTBXH va UNFPA, 2016; 18-25) Cdng lac myen truyin, phi biln rgng rd ehinh saeh ngudi cao tuli cgng dong dugc eac cap chinh quyln dja phuong quan tdm va thyc hifn rat tot, cdng tdc ndy dugc ldng ghep thyc hien bang nhilu hinh diiic khd phong phii vd da dgng nhu: myf n truyin tryc tilp, ndi ehuyfn chuyen de ngdy ngudi cao moi Vift Nam (6/6 hdng ndm), ngdy Qudc tl ngudi cao mdi (1/10 hdng ndm) Tit Nguyen Dan, cdc chuyfn dl "Song khde, sing vui, sdng cd ich", "Tuli cao - guong sdng", "Neu guong sdng", "Ngudi eao tuoi tham gia xay dyng ndng thon mdi" (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016:18-25) Nguyen Van Ddng 69 2.4 Sif tham gia cda lodn xd hpi cdng tdc trgt giup ngudi cao tudi Tir thyc tien nam thyc hifn Ludt Ngudi cao tuoi vd sau dd Id thyc hifn Chucmg trinh Hdnh dgng Quoc gia vl Ngudi cao tudi (2012-2020), cac hogt dgng can Ihifp, chdm sde va trg giiip ngudi cao moi dugc ddy manh thyc hifn, dien hinh Id vifc triln khai cac mo hinh trg gidp ngudi cao tuli dya vao cgng ding, dd dat duge nhOng hifu qud rdt cao, logi md hinh ndy da huy dgng dugc ngudn lyc ldn lir phia cgng ding vdo trg giilp ngudi cao mdi, gidm bdt gdnh ngng cho Nhd nude Theo kit qud khdo sat danh gia eiia Bd LDTBXH, tinh den het ndm 2016 hifn tren cd nude cd hem 58.099 edu Igc bd cua ngudi cao tudi, vdi 2.597.630 ngudi cao luli lham gia (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25) Hinh thiic cda cdc cdu Igc bg rat da dang vdi cdc hoat dfng phong phii nhu: cdu Igc bg lifn the hf ngudi cao mdi ly giiip nhau; cdu Igc bg ngudi cao mdi giiip phdi triSn kinh tf; cdu Igc bg lifn thf he ngudi cao tuoi chdm soc siic khde vd tdng thu nhdp; cdu Igc bf thl thao ngudi cao tuli.,, Cae md hinh linh nguyfn vifn chdm soc ngudi cao moi tai cgng dong; md hinh bao vf lgi ich ciia ngudi cao tudi vd giiip ngudi cao tudi xda ddi giam nghfo Cdc cdu Igc bf vd md hinh dugc cgng dong, chinh quyfn, cac tl chitc, dodn thl tich cyc ung hg, ho trg vd tgo dilu kifn cho hogt dgng thudng xuyen lien tyc Sau ban hdnh, nhilu quy djnh ciia Luat Ngudi cao mil dd thyc sy di vdo cufc song, Igo tdm 1^ vui mimg, phdn khdi Irong nhdn ddn, d$c bift Id doi tugng ngudi cao tuoi Tilp sau Luat Ngirdi cao tudj dugc ban hanh, Chinh phu da ban hdnh Nghi djnh so 06/2011/ND-CP 14/01/2011 va Quylt djnh si 1781/QD-TTg 23/11/2012 ve phf duyft "Chuong trinh Hanh dgng Qudc gia ve Ngudi cao tuoi Vift Nam giai doan 2012-2020" Ngay sau dd cdc Bg, ban ngdnh lien quan da ban hdnh Thdng m quy djnh chi till vd hudng dan thi hanh cdc chinh saeh vf bdo trg xa hgi, chdm soc sire khde, mien giam gid vf, phi tham gia giao thdng, vdn hda thl due thl thao, cdc hogt dgng du Ijch, chiic thg mimg thg ngucri cao tuoi Chinh nhtrng vdn bdn phdp ludt da tao nln tang vd CO che cung nhu hanh lang phdp ly quan trgng ehg hogt dgng can thifp, chim sde, trg giiip vd phdt huy vai trd ngudi cao tuoi cd chilu sau, hifu qua va mang tinh ben virng hon, Nh&ng tin tai, hit cap qud trinh trien khai Lugt Ngirdi cao tuli (bye tiln Sau Lugt Ngudi cao moi dugc ban hdnh, hdng loat cdc vdn bdn phdp luat lifn ngdnh dugc cdc ca quan ban hanh tilp theo, nhien tinh trgng mgt so van ban ban hdnh bi chong cheo, thyc hifn thilu chilu sdu hay cdn nSng vl hinh thirc, cy the: Quy dinh vl khdm chiia bfnh ban diu cho ngudi cao tuli d tuyen co sd theo Thdng^tu so 35/201 l/rr-BYT cua Bg Y te cdn cham vd gap nhieu khd khan, cac quy dinh ve to chiic thuc hien cham sde siic khde cho ngudi cao tuoi phy thufc nhilu vao nguIn kinh phi dja phuong nfn nhilu han chl, dan tdi khd khan Irong vifc trien khd Ben cgnh do, cdc hudng dan, quy trinh, bieu mau cho thyc hifn cham sde siic khde ngudi cao tuoi d cdp co sd chua dugc xay dyng ddng bg dan tdi cac dia phuong liing tiing vifc thyc hifn Ty If ngudi cao mdi den kham, chiia bfnh, dugc lap hd so quan ly sire khde dinh ky tgi y tf tuyin CO sd cdn rdt thdp, nhifu bfnh vifn myen huygn chua Id chirc dugc khoa ldo khoa; trgm y te xa/phudng Id noi khdm, chiia bfnh ban dau cho ngudi cao tudi, nhung tJ If ngudi cao mii cd the bdo hiem y te dang ky kham chua bfnh d ddy cdn thap, co 18,6% ngudi cao mdi dugc khdo sat chua di khdm siic khoe bao gid ke tir dgt 60 tuoi (Uy ban Qude gia vl Ngudi cao mii, 2016: 3-7), ty le ndy d nong thdn nhilu gdp ddi thdnh thi (21,4% so vdi 12,9%), hon 10% ngudi cao mdi dugc khdo sdt khdng ed the bdo hiemy tl va ty If ndy d khu vuc thdnh thi lgi cao hon khu vyc ndng thon (mong iing Id 12,5% so vdi 5,5%) (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016' 18-25) Mac dii dd ban hanh ludt vd Nghi djnh hudng dan trifn khai thyc tiln, nhung dilu kien kinh tl - xa hgi dac thii cua timg dja phuong, mirc trg cap xd hfi cho ngudi cao mil chi bang khoang 38% so vdi chuan ngheo ndng thdn va 30% chuan nghfo thj giai doan 2016-2020 md Chinh phii dang thyc Men (Vien Khoa hgc Lao dgng va xa hdi, 2016: 2-11) Bfn canh do, mgt bg phgn ngudi cao moi chua dugc hudng chmh sdch bao trg xa hgi khdng cdn giay td, hd so lien quan Trong do, cdc bg, ngdnh ehiic nang lgi chua hudng dan df thdo gS nhiing vudng mdc ndy; mii cao sire ylu, nhilu ngucri cao tudi da qua ddi, khdng cd co hgi hudng cdc chinh sdch bdo trg xa hgi cila Nha nude Ket qud khdo sdt ciing cho thay Luat Ngucri cao moi trien khai Irong thyc tien ddi sdng cdn gap nhieu rao cdn, han che, bat cap, mgt so hoat dgng chdm sde, trg gidp ngudi cao mdi chua dugc cu the hda, van mang tinh chung chung, n§ng ve hinh thiic, cy the: chi mdi cd 78% ngudi cao tuoi biel ve Luat Ngudi cao moi, lugt dd dugc ban hanh va trifn khd ndm Bfn cgnh cd den 75% ngudi cao tudi dugc khdo sdt cho bilt da gap it nhdt mft khd khan ndo dd sii dyng the bdo hifm y If di khdm chtia bfnh, khd khan dugc nhilu ngudi cao tuli nhdc dfn nhat la phai chd dgi lau (49,5%), di lgi khd khdn (26,4%), thdi ciia cdn bg y tf chua tot (15,4%), khdng dugc hudng dan vl quy trinh, thil tuc (13,3%), ty If ngudi cao mdi d khu vyc Ihdnh thj g^p khd khdn di khdm chiia henh bang the bao hiem y tl cao hon d khu vyc ndng thdn (77,1% so vdi 58,2%) (Bg LDTBXH vd UNFPA, 2016: 18-25) Ngoai ra, viec cham sde ddi sdng vdt chat, ddl song tinh than cila ngudi cao moi chua dap ling dugc yfu edu dat ra, nhdt la d cdc xa/phudng cd dilu kifn kinh tl - xS hgi khd khan, phd dya chu ylu vdo nguIn ngan sdch ho trg tir cap tren Tinh trang thyc hifn chmh sdch bdo trg xa hgi cda Nhd nude chua kip thdi, de sdt ddi tugng d mgt sd dja phuong; nhilu md hinh can Ihifp, cham sde ngucri cao mdi tdt d dja phuong nhiing chua dugc nhdn rgng Ihifu kinh phi cung nhu cdc van bdn hudng dan cho cdc ngdnh, cdc cdp (Uy ban Qudc gia vf Ngudi cao mdi, 2016:3-7) Nguyen Vdn Ddng 71 Cdng tdc chdm sde, trg giiip ngudi cao mii van cdn nhieu khd khdn, mdt so van bdn ban hdnh cdn cham, gay khd khan cho eac dia phuong qud Irinh thyc hifn chinh sdch ngudi cao moi Mdt si chinh sdch, quy djnh chua phii hgp, chl df thdp Cy Ihl, hifn tgi mii hudng Irg cap xa hdi quy dinh dii 80 mil Id qua cao, ehua phd hgp vdi tmh hinh ngudi cao tuoi bdi cdnh gia hda dan s6 d nude ta, miic chuan trg giiip xd hgi 270 nghin cimg cdn khd lhap (Uy ban Quoc gia vf Ngudi cao mdi, 2016; 3-7) Chl dd mien gidm phi giao thdng, du Ijch, tham quan, sdn, bd vui choi, gidi Iri, cdc cdng trinh xay d\mg phyc vy nhu edu cho ngudi eao mii chua thyc hifn kjp thdi, dong bg Nhieu dja phuong chua thyc hifn miln giam gid ve, phi tham quan tai co sd vdn hda, gidi tri, thl dye thl thao, nhat Id khu vuc tu nhdn cung cdp dich vy Hifn hdu hft ngudi cao tuli chua dugc hudng chinh sdch giam gia v6, gia dich vy tham gia heat dfng giao thdng cdng cgng (Uy ban Qudc gia vf Ngudi cao mii, 2016: 3-7) Ngudi cao mdi g5p nhilu khd khan tifp can cac djch vu y tl Im dau - bfnh t ^ dac biet Id ngudi cao mdi ngheo, ngudi cao tuoi cd don, ngudi cao tuoi d vimg sau vimg xa, giao thdng di lgi rat khd khan, cac co so y te thudng ihifiu thdn vf Ihiet bj va dgi ngii y, bdc sy Vifc chdm sde ddi sing ngudi cao mii ve vat chat, tinh than chua ddp ling yeu cau ddt ra, nhat la d cac xd/phudng difu kifn cdn kho khan, phai dya chu yeu vdo ngudn ngdn sdch ho trg tir cap Irfn Cdng lac chiic thg, mimg thg ngudi cao mii tai mgt sd dja phuong cdn chgm, thilu kinh phi, nguIn ngan saeh de mimg thg ede cy dg tudi 70dfn trfn 100 moi la ngdn sdch xd/phudng bao dam (Uy ban QuIc gia ve Ngudi eao mdi, 2016: 3-7) Cdng tdc phdi hgp, kilm tra gidm sat d dja phuong hgn chl, chua dugc thucmg xuyfn, lien tyc; cdc chi tifu, tifu chi kiem tra, gidm sal chua thdng nhat, ddng bg lam co sd cho vifc danh gia myc tifu ciia Luat vd Chuong Irinh Hdnh dgng qudc gia vl Nguoi cao mdi Bfn cgnh do, cdc nguon lyc bao gdm ca nhdn luc va tai chinh edn thieu va yfu cung la nhimg hgn chl cdng tdc thyc hifn vd kilm tra, giam sat (Uy ban Qudc gia viNgudi cao tuli, 2016: 3-7) Cdng Idc chdm sde, phdt huy vai Ird ngudi cao mii d cdc dja phuong hifn van cdn mft sd khd khdn, hgn chl nhu: Vifc triln khai cdc hogt dgng cua mgt si bf, ngdnh, dja phuong doi vdi ngucri cao mdi cdn chdm, chua ling ghep cdc hoat dgng cua nganh vdi cdng tdc ngudi cao tuoi Ban cdng tdc Hgi Ngudi cao moi d cdc dja phuong hogt dpng chua dli mgnh, chua cd cdn bg chuyen trach, sd lifu vf ngudi cao moi tgi dia bdn chua thudng xuyfn dugc cdp nhat Vifc Igp Qu? chdm sde va phat huy vd trd ngudi cao tuli tai xa, phudng cdn g^p nhieu khd khdn, chu yeu la bdn thdn ngucri cao mii ty ddng gdp chli chua huy dgng dugc cdc nguIn lye khdc Mgt so dia phuang mdi chi coi cdng tac ngudi cao tuoi la hogt dfng phong trdo, cong tdc tuyfn tniyen phi bifn chinh sdch phdp lu|t chua kjp thdi, chua ihyc hifn thudng xuyen (Uy ban Qudc gia ve Ngudi cao moi, 2016: 3-7) 72 Ludt Ngudi cao ludi Thifc lien Irien khai Giai phdp dua Ludt Ngirdi cao tuoi di vdo thyc tiln ddi sing hifu qud him Tir thuc tiln trifn khai Lugt ngudi cao tuoi sau nam ban hanh, ciing vdi nhiing kit qua tich eye dat dugc, thi cin tap trung thyc hien mgt sd van dl nhdm khdc phuc nhihig tin tai, bat cdp, dua Luat Ngudi cao tuoi di vao thyc tien ddi sdng mgt cdch sau rgng hon: Thir nhdt, cdn tilp tyc hodn thifn hf thong vdn ban dudi ludt lien quan den Lugt Ngudi cao mii; nghiSn ciiu, dieu chinh cdc quy dinh ve trg cap va mirc trg cap xd hgi doi vdi nguiri cao mii, don gidn hda thii tyc hdnh chinh tilp can chinh sdch lugt dd quy dinh, ddm bdo miic sdng tli thieu cho nhdm ngudi cao moi de bj tdn thuong nhu ngudi cao moi Ihufc hf ngheo, can ngheo, ngudi cao ludi khuyft tat, ngudi cao tudi cd don cd hodn cdnh khd khan Thu hai, tang cudng thyc hien chinh sdch huy dgng cgng ddng tham gia cdng tdc chdm soe va phdt huy vai trd eiia ngudi cao mdi Huy dgng ngudn lyc, bdo ddm ngudn lyc cho thuc hien luat, can uu tien ngudn lyc cho hogt ddng ve ngudi cao tuoi Nhdn rfng, bien cac md hinh xa hgi hda vf cdng tac cham soc, trg giiip ngudi cao moi; da dgng hda ngudn vdn df tnfn khai Ihyc hifn cac hogt dgng cham soc va phat huy vai trd ngudi cao mdi td dia phucmg Thu ba, cdn mgl tdm nhin vd Id trinh ve chinh sdch, doi mdi phuong thirc truyin thdng theo hudng don gidn, de hifu, phii hgp vdi ngudi cao tudi Ddc bift la ngudi cao tudi la dan tgc thieu so, viing sau, viing xa; xdy dyng If Irinh thyc hifn luat, ddm bao cdc dilu kifn can vd du de thyc hien cac dieu khodn quy djnh ludt CO tinh khd thi cao Thd tu, vl CO chl chinh sdch, de nghi cdc bg ngdnh tifp tyc trien khai lu^l Ngudi cao moi, soat viec thuc hifn cdc chinh saeh dli vdi ngudi cao mdi, ddm bao ngudi cao mdi tifp can dugc cdc chinh saeh da ban hdnh Cac ngdnh, cac cdp d dja phuang can tdng cudng hon nira cdng tdc kilm Ira, tra vl vifc thyc hifn che dg, chinh sdch, phdp lugt ddi vdi ngudi cao mdi Thd ndm, Bg Y te can tilp tyc lap khoa Lao ede bfnh vifn, phdt triln mang ludi L5o khoa dl trg giiip chuyen sau cho ngudi cao tudi hon, tic dd gid hda ddn sd d nude ta diln ngdy cdng nhanh hem Dao tgo dgi ngii cdn bg, nhan vien y te c6 day du kf nang vd ndng lyc can thifp cdc van de d ngudi cao tuoi Bg LDTBXH can t l chiic nghien ciiu, khdo sal, cap nh^t si lifu thong ke vd phoi hgp vdi cdc bd, nganh, dia phuong bao cao Chinh phii de trinh QuIc hfi siia, hi sung Lugt Ngudi cao moi Thu sdu, ddy mgnh cdng tdc tmyln thdng thay doi nhgn thiic, thay doi quan nifm xem ngudi cao mdi ehi td gdnh n$ng, xem thudng vifc ddng gdp, phat huy vd Ird cua ngudi cao mdi gia dinh va cgng ddng; nang cao nhdn thiic vd trdch nhifm ciia cdc Nguyin Van Ddng 73 ngdnh, cac cap, todn x3 hgi cdng tdc chdm sde vd phdt huy vd trd ngudi cao mii Dac bift, chli trgng din trdch nhifm ciia gia dinh va xa hgi vifc phung dudng, cham sde ngudi cao mii; neu guong ngudi cao tudi tieu bilu vd nhung 16 chiic, ca nhdn hogi ddng CO hifu qua Imh vyc chdm soc, phat huy vai trd ngudi eao mdi Thii bdy, can ciing c l , kifn todn he thong t l chiic Hdi Ngudi cao mii cdc cip tu Tnmg uong tdi dia phuong theo hudng linh ggn, hieu qud, ddp img dugc yeu cdu va nhifm vy Ihyc tiin ve tinh hinh ngudi eao tuli nude Tai lifu tham khdo B? LDTBXH va l^FPA (Bg Lao dpng, Hiuong binh vk Xi h$i, vi QuJ dSn so Lien hiyp qu&c) 2016 Ddnh gid ndm ihifc hi?n lugl ngudi cao ludt 2010-2014 BSo cio dSnli giS HS Npi HAI (Help Age Intemalional - To chuc H S up Ngii6i cao nioi Quoc te) 2015 Chdm soc ngudi cao ludi dua vdo cpng ddng Nghien cuu danh giS, trang 9-J4 Thanh H6a Nguyin van Dong 2015 Cham s6c silc khde ngufii cao m6i: Thyc tr?ng vi giai phap Tgp chi Ngudi cao W ( , s 76; 21-29 Qufichgi 1946 Hiin phdp nude Viil Nam Odn chi Cdng hda Qii6c hgi nu6c Vi^t Nam DSn Chil C^ng hbathong qua ngSy 9-11-1946 QuAc hpi 1992 Hiinphdp nude Cdng hoa Xa hgi Chii nghia Viil Nam ndm 1992 Qufic hpi 2009 Lupt Ngudi cao ludi So 39/2009/QH12 QuAc hpi 2013 Hiin phdp nuac Cpng hoa Xd hpi Chu nghTa Viil Nam Nxb Tu phap Hi Npi Tt)ng c\ic Dan so - Ke ho^ch h6a Gia dinh 2016 Gid hda ddnsd- Nhung ihdch thac Uong chdm s6c ngudi cao tudi Bio cSo QuJ dan sd Lien Hpp Quoc Hi N^i tJy ban DSn tpc 2015, Ddnh gid ndm Ihpc hiin Lugt ngudi cao ludi 2010-2014 Bao cao danh gia Ha Npi Oy ban Quoc gia ve Ngu6i cao tuoi 2016 Thuc trgng ngudi cao ludi vd linh hmh gid hda ddn sd lgi Viil Nam Nghien ciiu dinh gia Ha Npi Vifn Chinh saeh cflng v i Quan 1^ 2013 Ddnh gid Iriin khoi ihvc hiin lugt ngudi cao ludi 2010-2012 Nghign Cliu danh gia, trang 31-32 HaNpi Vi$n Khoa hpc Lao dpng va Xa h$i 2016 Gid hoa ddn so vd nhiing Ihdch thicc Bao cSo thong ke, trang 2-11 HaN$i ... ngudi cao tudi va cgng ddng vi cdc chfnh sdch phdp lufl lien quan den ngirdi cao tuoi Sau nam ban hdnh Lugt Ngucri cao mdi, nhdn thiic ve quyln ciia ngudi cao moi vd cac quy dinh cua Ludt Ngudi cao. .. sdt, cd 78% ngudi cao mil va 72% dgi difn cac hf gia dinh cd ngudi cao mii biet vl Luat Ngudi cao tudi cimg cdc quyfn cila ngudi cao moi, cimg nhu cac bifn phdp bdo ddm quyln cho ngudi cao tuli... tyc Sau ban hdnh, nhilu quy djnh ciia Luat Ngudi cao mil dd thyc sy di vdo cufc song, Igo tdm 1^ vui mimg, phdn khdi Irong nhdn ddn, d$c bift Id doi tugng ngudi cao tuoi Tilp sau Luat Ngirdi cao