Chapter 7, Oral medications and parenteral dosages, discusses tablets and capsules in depth and gives information about breaking or crushing them. Liquid oral medications are also discussed. Chapter 7 applies techniques learned in Chapter 6 to calculations of parenteral dosages, emphasizing injectable medications. The chapter concludes with a look at other medication routes such as eye and ear drops, inhalants, rectal and vaginal medications, transdermal systems, and topical medications.
MathforthePharmacyTechnician: ConceptsandCalculations EglerBooth Chapter7:OralMedicationsand ParenteralDosages McGrawưHill â2010bytheMcGrawưHillCompanies,IncAllRightsReserved 7ư2 OralMedicationsandParenteralDosages McGrawưHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 73 Learning Objectives When you have successfully completed Chapter 7, you will have mastered skills to be able to: Distinguish between different types of oral medications Recognize the types of solid oral medications that may not be altered by crushing or opening them. Calculate the amount of a parenteral medication to administer McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 74 Learning Objectives (con’t) Select the appropriate syringe Correctly reconstitute powdered medications Calculate the amount of reconstituted medications to administer Accurately calculate doses of inhalant, rectal, and transdermal medications Identify errors that occur in calculating and preparing parenteral doses Calculate estimated days supply McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 75 Introduction You will learn to apply the simple calculation methods learned in Chapter 6 to oral dosages, including solids and liquids Follow the method of calculation that you have chosen by following the color coded examples Remember that excellence is a must with dosage calculations McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 76 Tablets and Capsules Solid oral medications come in several forms: Tablets • • Capsules • Caplets McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 77 Tablets Most common form of solid oral medications Combines with inactive ingredients Forms a solid disk or cylinder to be swallowed sublingual buccal chewable dissolve in water McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 78 Caplets Ovalshaped Special coating easier to swallow Caplet McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 79 Capsules Ovalshaped gelatin shells Contain medication in powder or granule form The shell is usually two pieces that fit together The shell can be separated to remove the medication when the patient cannot swallow a pill McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 710 Gelcaps Usually a liquid medication in a gelatin shell Not designed to be opened McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 755 Parenteral Dosages Parenteral route of administration; medications that are delivered outside of the digestive tract; most often refers to injections. The most common injection types used to deliver medications include: Intramuscular (IM)Medication administered into a muscle by injection Subcutaneous (SubQ)Medication administered under the skin by injection Intravenous (IV)Medication delivered directly to the bloodstream through a vein Intradermal (ID)Medication administered between the layers of skin McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 756 Parenteral Dosages (cont.) Injections are mixtures that contain the drug dissolved in an appropriate liquid. The dosage or solution strength on an injectable medication’s label indicates the amount of drug contained within a volume of solution. Dosage strength may be expressed in milligrams per milliliter, as a percent, or as a ratio. Once you have determined the amount to be administered to the patient, you must select the appropriate syringe McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 757 Parenteral Dosages (con’t) Selecting a syringe 1. If the amount of injection to administer is 1 mL or more, use a standard 3mL syringe 2. If the amount of injection to administer is less than 1 mL but greater than or equal to 0.5 mL, use a 1mL tuberculin syringe 3. If the amount of injection to administer is less than 0.5 mL, use a 0.5mL tuberculin syringe McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 758 Other Medication Routes Medications may be given by a variety of routes besides oral and common parenteral routes. These routes are used for: inhalants ophthalmic and otic drops topical and transdermal rectal and vaginal medications McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 759 Other Medication Routes (con’t) Inhalantmedication administered directly to the lungs, usually through a metered dose inhaler or nebulizer Topicalmedications are applied to the skin and include ointments, creams, and lotions Transdermalmedications are administered through the skin, typically via a patch. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 760 Other Medication Routes (con’t) Ophthalmic medications are used for the eyes and Otic medications are used for ears. Both are usually given in liquid/drop form. Some ophthalmic medications are supplied in ointment form. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 761 Other Medication Routes (con’t) Rectalmedication administered through the rectum, usually a suppository Vaginalmedication administered through the vagina, in suppository, cream or tablet form. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 762 Estimated Days Supply As a pharmacy technician you may need to determine the estimated days supply of a prescription, which is how long the medication will last the patient if taken correctly. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 763 Estimated Days Supply (cont.) To determine estimated days supply you will multiply amount of medication to dispense by days needed over the number of dosage units per day. Amount to dispense McGrawHill ? days = estimated days supply dosage units per day ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 764 Review and Practice True or False Any tablet can be broken in half to give to a patient Answer: False McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 765 Review and Practice True or False True or False Entericcoated tablets can be crushed to give to a patient Answer: False McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 766 Review and Practice Which of the following foods are contraindicated to mix with tetracyclines? A. Water B. Orange juice C. Milk D. Applesauce Answer: C. Milk McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 767 Review and Practice Which of the following types of medications can be crushed for administration? A. Scored tablets B. Entericcoated tablets C. Sustainedrelease tablets D. Sublingual tablets Answer: A. Scored tablets McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 768 Review and Practice What preparation must be done before Dispensing medication through a nasogastric tube? A. Nothing special is needed B. Mix the medication with applesauce C. Mix the medication with warm water D. Mix the medication with ice cream Answer: C. Mix with warm water McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 769 Oral Medications and Parenteral Dosages Remember that excellence is a must with dosage calculations THE END McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved ... Fill the formula •D for the desired dose •H for the dose on hand •Q for the dosage unit in the formula •A for the unknown or the amount to dispense McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved... ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 7 21 Formula Method Calculating Amount to Dispense Using the Formula Method: Determine the desired dose Determine the dose on hand (H) and dosage unit (Q) D xQ A H Fill the formula •D for. .. Determine the units of measure for the answer and place it as the unknown on one side of the equation On the right side of the equation, write a conversion factor with the units of measurement for the