Chapter 2, Working with percents, ratios, and proportions. This chapter continues the math review by introducing percents, ratios, and proportions as well cross-multiplication and means and extremes. The concepts of ratio strengths and strengths of mixtures are also introduced.
MathforthePharmacyTechnician: ConceptsandCalculations EglerBooth Chapter2:Percents,Ratios, andProportions andProportions McGrawưHill â2010bytheMcGrawưHillCompanies,IncAllRightsReserved 2ư2 Percents,Ratios,and Proportions McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 23 Learning Outcomes When you have successfully completed Chapter 2, you will have mastered skills to be able to: Calculate equivalent measurements, using percents, ratios, decimals, and fractions Indicate solution strengths by using percents and ratios McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 24 Learning Outcomes Explain the concept of proportion Calculate missing values in proportions by using ratios (means and extremes) and fractions (crossmultiplying) McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 25 Working with Percents Provides a way to express the relationship of parts to a whole Indicated by symbol % Percent literally means “per 100” or “divided by 100” The whole is always 100 units/parts McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 26 Working with Percents (con’t) A number less than one is expressed as less than 100 percent A number greater than one is expressed as greater than 100 percent Any expression of one equals 100 percent 1.0 = = 100 percent McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 27 Working with Percents To convert a percent to a decimal, remove the percent symbol. Then divide the remaining number by 100 Example Example Convert 42% to a decimal Move the decimal point two places to the left Insert the zero before the decimal point for clarity 42% = 42.% = .42. = 0.42 McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 28 Working with Percents (con’t) To convert a decimal to a percent, multiply the decimal by 100. Then add the percent symbol Example Example Convert 0.02 to a percent Multiply by 100% Move the decimal point two places to the right 0.02 x 100% =2.00% = 2% McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 29 Working with Percents (con’t) To convert a percent to an equivalent fraction, write the value of the percent as the numerator and 100 as the denominator. Then reduce the fraction to its lowest term McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 210 Working with Percents (con’t) Convert 8% to an equivalent Example Example fraction Example 8 8% = 100 100 25 McGrawHill 25 ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 258 Canceling Units in Proportions Remember to include units when writing ratios This will help you to determine the correct units for the answer when solving problems using proportions. 200 mg:5 mL 500 mg:? If the units of the first part of two ratios are the same, they can be dropped or canceled If the units of the second part of two ratios are the same, they can be canceled Units of the first part of each ratio are milligrams McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 259 Canceling Units in Proportions (con’t) If the units in the first part of the ratio in a proportion are the same, they can be canceled If the units in the second part of the ratio in a proportion are the same, they can be canceled Example Example McGrawHill If 100 mL of solution contains 20 mg of drug, how many milligrams of the drug will be in 500 mL of the solution? ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 260 Review and Practice Determine if the following proportions are true: 28 Answer = Not true 16 48 50 125 125 300 McGrawHill Answer = Not true ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 261 Review and Practice Determine whether the following proportions are true: 6:12::12:24 Answer = True 3:8::9:32 Answer = Not true McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 262 Review and Practice Use the means and extremes to find the missing values 10:4::20:? Answer = 8 3:12::?:36 Answer = 9 McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 263 Percent Strength of Mixtures Percents are commonly used to indicate concentration of ingredients in mixtures Solutions Lotions Creams Ointments McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 264 Percent Strength of Mixtures (con’t) Mixtures can be divided into two categories: Fluid Mixtures that flow Solvent or diluent Solution Solid or semisolid Creams and ointments McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 265 Percent Strength of Mixtures (con’t) For fluid mixtures prepared with a dry medication, the percent strength represents the number of grams of the medication contained in 100 mLs of the mixture McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 266 Percent Strength of Mixtures (con’t) For solid or semisolid mixtures prepared with a liquid medication, the percent strength represents the number of milliliters of the medication contained in 100 grams of the mixture McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 267 Percent Strength of Mixtures (con’t) Example Example Determine the amount of hydrocortisone per 100 mL of lotion. A 2% hydrocortisone lotion will contain 2 grams of hydrocortisone powder in every 100 mL. Therefore, 300 mL of the lotion will contain 3 times as much, or 6 grams of hydrocortisone powder McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 268 Percent Strength of Mixtures (con’t) For solid or semisolid mixtures prepared with a dry medication, the percent strength represents the number of grams of the medication contained in 100 grams of the mixture McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 269 Percent Strength of Mixtures (con’t) For solid or semisolid mixtures prepared with a liquid medication, the percent strength represents the number of milliliters of the medication contained in 100 grams of the mixture McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 270 Percent Strength of Mixtures (con’t) Example Example Determine the amount of hydrocortisone per 100 grams of ointment Each percent represents 1 gram of hydrocortisone per 100gramsofointment A1%hydrocortisoneointmentwillcontain1gramof hydrocortisonepowderinevery100grams Therefore,50gramsoftheointmentwillcontainẵas muchor0.5gramsofhydrocortisonepowder McGrawưHill â2010bytheMcGrawưHillCompanies,IncAllRightsReserved 2ư71 ReviewandPractice Howmanygramsofdrugarein100mL of 10% solution? Answer = 10 grams How many grams of dextrose will a patient receive from a 20 mL bag of dextrose 5%? Answer = 5 grams will be in 100 mL, so the patient will receive 1 gram of dextrose in 20 mL McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 272 Solve the Mystery Your turn to solve the mystery! Ready to compare the numbers? THE END McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved ... Convert 42% to a decimal Move the decimal point two places to the left Insert the zero before the decimal point for clarity 42% = 42. % = . 42. = 0. 42 McGrawHill 20 10 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved... both values A and B Example Example Reduce 2: 12 to its lowest terms Both values 2 and 12 are divisible by 2 2: 12 is written 1:6 McGrawHill 20 10 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 2 17... To convert a percent to an equivalent fraction, write the value of the percent as the numerator and 100 as the denominator. Then reduce the fraction to its lowest term McGrawHill 20 10 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved