Chapter 9, Special preparations and calculations. This chapter presents information and calculations unique to compounds, alligations, preparation of a dilution from a concentrate, and special considerations for insulin calculations.
MathforthePharmacyTechnician: ConceptsandCalculations EglerBooth Chapter9:SpecialPreparations andCalculations McGrawưHill â2010bytheMcGrawưHillCompanies,IncAllRightsReserved 9ư2 SpecialPreparationsandCalculations McGrawưHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 93 When you have successfully completed Chapter 9, you will have mastered skills to be able to: Determine the percentages of solutions, dilutions, and solids Prepare solutions from a concentrate Prepare a compound Measure insulin doses accurately McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved Introduction 94 You may be required to have additional knowledge related to dosage calculations This special knowledge will require specialized calculations Preparation of solutions Alligations Insulin McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 95 Compounds When two or more chemicals are mixed together to make a specific mixture or solution, it is known as a compound in the pharmacy industry It is occasionally necessary to prepare a solution “from scratch,” dilute a solution that is more concentrated than what is needed, or mix two solids together. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 96 Preparation of Solutions, Dilutions, and Solids Solutions are liquid mixtures containing 2 or more chemicals Solvent – used to dissolve other chemicals Solutes – chemicals dissolved in the solvent Common solvent is water Universal solvent Normal saline = 0.9% sodium chloride in every 100 mL of solution McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved Preparation of Solutions, Dilutions, and Solids (cont.) Common examples of manufacturer solutions 97 Injections Eye drops Cough syrups You may have to prepare a solution “from scratch”. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 98 Final Volume/Final Strength As a pharmacy technician you may have to find the final volume, initial volume, initial strength, or final strength of a mixture. To find the missing value you can use either the ratio proportion method or the fractional proportion method As you work through this chapter, both methods are used to solve for final volume/final strength. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 99 Final Volume/Final Strength (con’t) Set up the equation for ratio proportion method as: Final volume : initial volume : : initial strength : final strength Set up the equation for the fraction proportion method as: Final volume Initial volume McGrawHill Initial strenght Final strenght ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 910 Percentage Concentrations Common way to express concentrations is in percentages Percent means “per hundred.” How much solute is found in every 100 mL of solution? McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 920 Alligation Method (con’t) Find the volume of 1 part by dividing the total number of parts into the volume needed Multiply the volume of 1 part (answer from Step 3) by the number in the top right of the grid. The result is the amount of the more concentrated solution needed McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 921 Alligation Method (con’t) Add a sufficient quantity of the less concentrated solution to bring the final volume up to the desired volume McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 922 Review and Practice Alligation Method (con’t) How would you prepare 500 mL of 50% ethanol from 90% ethanol? Desired volume is 500 mL - you would dilute the 90% by adding water up to a final volume of 500 mL McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 923 Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate – Formula Method* Identify the following information: Cn = the concentration needed Ca= the concentration available Vn = volume needed Solve for: Va = the volume available *The formula method can only be used when one of the solutions has a concentration of 0%, such as water McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 924 Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate – Formula Method (cont.) Plug the values into the following formula: Vn x Cn Va Ca Cancel units Solve for the equation for Vn McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 925 Review and Practice Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate – Formula Method How would you prepare 500 mL of 50% ethanol from 90% ethanol? Answer: 278 mL of 90% ethanol solution is needed to prepare 500 mL of a 50% solution 50% Ethanol 90% ethanol 278 mL Water qsad 500 mL McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 926 Insulin Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that stimulates glucose metabolism People who have low or no insulin production may have insulindependent diabetes They often need routine injections of insulin to keep their glucose (blood sugar) from rising to levels that could be life threatening Rotate injection sites Insulin is commonly supplied in a 10mL vial. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 927 Insulin Syringes Insulin administration is different from other types of injections The syringe measures the amount of insulin rather than a volume of solution Must use special insulin syringes marked in units McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 928 Insulin Syringes (con’t) Standard U100 syringes hold up to 100 units per 1mL solution Calibrated for every 2 units or some in each unit Smaller syringes hold up to 50 units (0.5 mL of solution) 30 units McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 929 Insulin Syringes (con’t) For more accurate measurements, use a 50 unit insulin syringe for insulin doses less than 50 units when available, and a U30 insulin syringe for insulin doses less than 30 units of 100 units/mL of insulin if these syringes are available. McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved Review and Practice Insulin Syringes (con’t) 930 Decide which syringe to use Ordered: Humulin R 55 units Answer – 100-unit syringe and fill it to between the 54 and 56 units line McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 931 Insulin Syringes (con’t) U500 insulin is used for patients with highly elevated blood sugars Insulin may be given by IV. Use tuberculin or standard syringe when U500 or doses over 100 units are ordered These doses will not fit in a 100unit syringe McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 932 Insulin Syringes (con’t) When using U500 or a dose of insulin over 100 units use a tuberculin or standard syringe McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved Review and Practice Insulin Syringes (con’t) 933 Determine amount of insulin to give Ordered: Humulin R U500 insulin 80 units Administer 0.16 mL in a tuberculin syringe McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 934 Special Preparations and Calculations These calculations, like all other calculations, require attention to detail and 100 percent accuracy; completing them successfully will help you step into your new career as a pharmacy technician. THE END McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved ... Concentrate – Formula Method* Identify the following information: Cn = the concentration needed Ca= the concentration available Vn = volume needed Solve for: Va = the volume available *The formula... Plug the values into the following formula: Vn x Cn Va Ca Cancel units Solve for the equation for Vn McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 9 25 Review and Practice... Write out a tictactoe grid and fill in the following values Find the total number of parts in the solution by adding the 2 values in the right column McGrawHill ©2010 by the McGrawHill Companies, Inc All Rights Reserved 9 19