Chapter 46 - Introduction to microbiology. This chapter addresses the different life forms of microorganisms and how they may be identified; it also teaches you the proper collection technique for common types of specimens. You will learn about the processes involved in identifying microorganisms, the types of culture media used for these processes, how antimicrobial testing is done, and how quality control fits into ensuring reliable patient results.
PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 46 Second Edition Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display Introduction to Microbiology Objectives: 461 Define microbiology 462 Describe how microorganisms cause diseases 463 Describe how microorganisms are classified and named 464 Explain how viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and parasites differ and give examples of each 465 Describe the process involved in diagnosing an infection Introduction to Microbiology Objectives (cont.) 466 List general guidelines for obtaining specimens 467 Describe how throat cultures, urine, sputum, wound, and stool specimens are obtained 468 Explain how to transport specimens to outside laboratories 469 Describe two techniques used in the direct examination of cultures specimens 4610 Explain how to prepare and examine stained specimens. Introduction to Microbiology Objectives (cont.) 4611 Describe how to culture specimen in the medical office 4612 Explain how cultures are interpreted 4613 Describe how to perform an antimicrobial sensitivity determination 4614 Explain how to implement quality control measures in the microbiology laboratory Introduction When microorganisms are pathogenic in nature or displaced from their natural environment, they cause infections and disease You will learn: Processes in identifying microorganisms Culture medias used Antimicrobial testing Quality control You must understand different life forms of microorganisms, how they may be identified, and how to teach proper collection techniques for common specimens Microbiology and the Role of the Medical Assistant Microbiology – study of microorganisms (simple forms of life visible only through a microscope usually single celled) Found everywhere Cause infections Mild Severe How Microorganisms Cause Disease By using up nutrients or other materials needed by cells and tissues they invade By damaging body cells by reproducing inside the cells By making body cells targets of body’s own defenses Resulting in: Fever Tiredness Aches Weakness Skin reactions Gastrointestinal upset Transmitted from one person to another by direct touching or by vectors, droplets, or contaminated food or drink Classifications of Microorganisms Classifications: Subcellular – DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat Prokaryotic – simple cell structure no nucleus or organelles Eukaryotic – complex cell structure with nucleus and specialized organelles Naming of Microorganisms Types of microorganisms: Viruses Bacteria Protozoans Fungi Multicellular parasites Named by first word refers to genus (biologic classification between family and species) and second word refers to particular species Staphylococcus aureus Viruses Smallest known infectious agents Cannot be seen by regular microscope Consist of only nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat Causes: Colds Influenza Croup Hepatitis Hepatitis Virus 10 Transporting Specimens (cont.) Three main objectives: Follow proper collection procedures and use correct device Maintain the samples in a state close to their original as possible Protect anyone who handles the specimen container from exposure to potentially infectious material 23 Methods of Transportation Regularly scheduled daily pickups by the lab As needed pickup by the lab Through the mail 24 Direct Examination of Specimens Physician may examine specimens under the microscope to detect microorganisms Two types of procedures: Wet mounts permits quick identification Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) mounts – suspects a fungal infection of the skin, nails, or hair 25 Stained Specimens Enables the doctor to differentiate between types of infections The medical assistant should be able to prepare a specimen slide and perform a Gram’s stain 26 Culturing Specimens You will need onthejob training or additional courses to culture certain specimens More common to send these specimens to outside labs. Culturing involves placing a sample of specimen on a culture medium 27 Culturing Specimens (cont.) Culture media – liquid, semisolid, or solid forms Medium called – agar Special culture units – used to perform rapid urine cultures (Unicult) 28 Culturing Specimens (cont.) Inoculating a culture plate Transferring some of the specimen onto the plate Label the plate: Patient’s name Doctor’s name Source of sample Date and time of inoculation Your initials 29 Culturing Specimens (cont.) Streak the plate with the specimen swab for: Qualitative analysis – type of pathogen Quantitative analysis – number of pathogen present in the specimen Incubating Culture plates – to allow bacteria to grow (incubator set at 35 to 370 C) Allow to grow for 24 to 48 hours 30 Interpreting Cultures This step is performed by physicians, microbiologists, or technicians who have been properly trained They will look for: Characteristics of colony growth Relative number of colony growth Changes in the media surrounding the colonies 31 Determining Antimicrobial Sensitivity Taking a sample of the isolated pathogen and suspending it in a liquid medium and streaking it on a culture plate Small disks of filter paper with antimicrobial agents are placed on top Plate is incubated at 370 C for 24 hours The antimicrobial that inhibited microbial growth will be effective in treating the infection 32 Quality Control in the Office Ongoing system to evaluate the quality of medical care being provided Provides an objective means to define, monitor, and correct potential problems All media, staining solutions, and reagents should be evaluated frequently Equipment must also be in proper running order 33 Impact of CLIA’ 88 All labs must incorporate the appropriate policies and procedures to comply with CLIA’ 88 Proper documentation of lab policies and procedures, materials, and lab personnel qualification and training Proficiency testing program monitors quality of laboratory’s test results 34 Apply Your Knowledge Answer How are pathogens tested to see if they can be treated effectively by antimicrobial agents? Small disks of filter paper with antimicrobial agents are placed on top of the inoculated culture plate, and if the antimicrobial agents stop the growth of the pathogens, it will be effective in treatment of the infection 35 Summary Medical Assistant Developing your clinical skills will be an asset to the office and will allow you to advance your career Quality control in the microbiology laboratory is an important factor in ensuring highquality medical care 36 End of Chapter 37 ...Introduction to Microbiology Objectives: 46 1 Define microbiology 46 2 Describe how microorganisms cause diseases 46 3 Describe how microorganisms are classified and named 46 4 Explain how viruses, bacteria, protozoans, ... examination of cultures specimens 46 10 Explain how to prepare and examine stained specimens. Introduction to Microbiology Objectives (cont.) 46 11 Describe how to culture specimen in the medical office 46 12 Explain how cultures are interpreted... 46 6 List general guidelines for obtaining specimens 46 7 Describe how throat cultures, urine, sputum, wound, and stool specimens are obtained 46 8 Explain how to transport specimens to outside laboratories 46 9 Describe two techniques used in the direct