Chapter 33 - Special senses. The special senses are smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. They are called special senses because their sensory receptors are located within relatively large sensory organs in the head - the nose, tongue, eyes, and ears. This chapter introduces the structure and function of these sense organs and focuses on common diseases of the eyes and ears.
PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 33 Second Edition Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display The Special Senses System Objectives (cont.) 331 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in this chapter 332 Describe the anatomy of the nose and the function of each part 333 Describe how smell sensations are created and interpreted 334 Describe the anatomy of the tongue and the function of each part The Special Senses System Objectives (cont.) 335 Describe how taste sensations are created and interpreted. 336 Name the four primary taste sensations 337 Describe the anatomy of the eye and the function of each part 338 Describe various disorders of the eye 339 Trace the path of a visual image through the eye and to the brain for interpretation The Special Senses System Objectives (cont.) 3310 Describe the anatomy of the ear and the function of each part 3311 Describe various disorders of the ear. 3312 Explain how sounds travel through the ear and are interpreted in the brain 3313 Explain the role of the ear in equilibrium Introduction Special senses that have sensory receptors located within relatively large, sensory organs in the head; Nose – smell Tongue – taste Eyes – vision Ears – hearing and equilibrium Nose Smell receptors Olfactory receptors Chemoreceptors Respond to changes in chemical concentrations Chemicals must be dissolved in the mucus of the nose to activate smell receptors Smell Sensation Smell receptors are activated, they send their information to the olfactory nerves send the information along olfactory bulbs and tracts different areas of the cerebrum cerebrum interprets the information as a particular type of smell Smell Sensation (cont.) Smell undergoes sensory adaptation Smell undergoes sensory adaptation Same chemical can only stimulate smell Same chemical can only stimulate smell receptors for a limited amount of time receptors for a limited amount of time Smell receptors no longer respond to the Smell receptors no longer respond to the chemical and you can no longer smell chemical and you can no longer smell You smell perfume when you first You smell perfume when you first encounter it but in a few minutes, you no encounter it but in a few minutes, you no longer smell it. longer smell it. Apply Your Knowledge You notice an odor coming from a patient when you enter the exam room. Why would the patient not be able to smell it? Apply Your Knowledge Answer You notice an odor coming from a patient when you enter the exam room. Why would the patient not be able to smell it? After a few minutes, smell receptors no longer respond to the chemical and the patient can no longer smell the odor. 10 Eye Disorders (cont.) Common eye problems Conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva Blepharitis inflammation of the eyelid Corneal abrasions scratching of the cornea 26 Eye Disorders (cont.) Astigmatism cornea has Astigmatism an abnormal shape which causes blurred images during distant or near vision. Amblyopia commonly Amblyopia called “lazy eye” Cataracts structures in the Cataracts lens that prevent light from going through the lens Dry Eye Syndrome Dry Eye Syndrome one of the most common eye problems treated by physicians Glaucoma condition in Glaucoma which too much pressure is created in the eye by excessive aqueous humor 27 Eye Disorders (cont.) Hyperopia called Hyperopia farsightedness Myopia called Myopia nearsightedness Presbyopia a common Presbyopia eye disorder that develops with age difficulty seeing objects close up 28 Eye Disorders (cont.) Macular Degeneration Macular Degeneration a progressive disease that usually affects people over 50. It occurs when the retina no longer receives an adequate blood supply Retinal Detachment Retinal Detachment occurs when the layers of the retina separate. Considered a medical emergency and if not treated right away, leads to permanent vision loss. 29 Eye Safety and Protection Works Common eye injuries that occur while playing a sport include: Scratched corneas Inflamed iris Bleeding in the anterior eye chamber Traumatic cataracts Inflamed retinas Eye socket fractures 30 The Ear External ear Auricle Tympanic membrane Middle ear Malleus Stapes Incus Inner ear labyrinth Cochlea Semicircular canals 31 The Ear (cont.) Auricle Tympanic membrane Ear canal Eustachian tube Auditory nerve Cochlea Semicircular canals 32 Draw a line to each part of the ear Hearing Process Movement of the hairs Sound enters the triggers nerve external ear which impulses makes the eardrum The impulses are vibrate transmitted via The middle ear auditory nerve to the amplifies the vibrations brain and the waves cause The brain perceives the the tiny hairs in the sound cochlea to bend 33 Ear and Balance Brain constantly monitors the position of one’s body on the information received from the semicircular canals, eyes and muscles Change in position is detected by the canal and passed to the brain The brain uses this information to maintain balance 34 Disorders of the Ear Conductive deafness produced when sound Conductive deafness waves cannot be conducted through the ear Sensorineural deafness produced when neural Sensorineural deafness structures associated with the ear are damaged Tinnitus ringing in the ear Tinnitus 35 Apply Your Knowledge What would happen if a patient had damage to the middle ear? 36 Apply Your Knowledge Answer What would happen if a patient had damage to the middle ear? The middle ear amplifies the vibrations and the waves cause the tiny hairs in the cochlea to bend so if there was damage to this part of the ear, the patient may have impaired hearing 37 How to Recognize Hearing Problems in Children Hearing problems in babies and toddlers are not easy to recognize By 4 months the infant should: Startle by loud noises (barking dog, hand clap, etc.) Wake up at the sound of voices Turn head or move eyes to follow a sound Recognize the mother’s voice better than other voices 38 Summary Medical Assistant Knowledge of the Special Senses will assist you in providing care for the patient with diseases and disorders of the special senses 39 End of Chapter 40 ... Objectives (cont.) 33 1 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in this chapter 33 2 Describe the anatomy of the nose and the function of each part 33 3 Describe how smell sensations are created and ... Lacrimal apparatus consists of lacrimal glands consists of lacrimal glands and nasolacrimal ducts. and nasolacrimal ducts. Lacrimal glands are on the Lacrimal glands are on the lateral edge of each eyeball ... Name the four primary taste sensations 33 7 Describe the anatomy of the eye and the function of each part 33 8 Describe various disorders of the eye 33 9 Trace the path of a visual image through the eye and to the brain for interpretation