Bài viết nghiên cứu tác động của yếu tố bên ngoài đối với cao trào cách mạng 1930-1931 và Xô Viết - Nghệ Tĩnh. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
TAC DfiNG CUA YEU Tfl BEN NGOAl DOI VOI CAO TRAO CACH MANG 1930-1931 VA XO VIET - NGH| TINH flrvflrvrvf T rong lich sfl can hign dai, yeu to' qud'c te ddng vai trd het sflc quan trgng tien trinh phat trien eua moi qudc gia Cao trao each mang 1930-1931 va Xd viet Nghe-Tlnh d Viet Nam bung phat each day 80 nam Id sfl kign danh d i u t h i n g ldi d i u tien eua each mang theo xu hfldng vd san, ddng thdi cung de lai nhflng tdn t h i t khdng nhd Thing ldi vk tdn t h i t dd deu gin lien vdi tac dgng cfla yeu to'ben ngodi Tac dgng manh me nhd't, sau sic n h i t , la t h i n g ldi cua Cdch mang Thang Mfldi Nga va vai trd to ldn eua Qud'c te Cgng san Tfl the ky XX, xu the phat trien cua lich sfl nhan loai cd nhflng chuyen bien can ban mang tfnh bflde ngoat Dae biet, t h i n g ldi cua Cich mang Thang Mfldi Nga 1917 da md thdi ky phat trien mdi eua phong trao giai phdng dan tgc d cac nfldc thugc dia vk phu thugc Mgt xu hfldng mdi x u i t hien phong trao giai phdng dan tgc, xu hfldng vd san, mk ngfldi trflc tiep td chflc truyen ba la Qud'c te Cgng san Dudi anh hUdng triic tiep cua Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga, phong trdo each mang, trUdc het, bung nd d h i u k h i p eac nUdc tfl ban chau Au Ngay sau dd, hang loat cac Dang Cgng san ddi d cac nfldc, nhfl Hung, Hd Lan, P h i n Lan, Trong • TS Vien Sii hoc flrvflrvrvf NGUYfiN NGOC MAO' khoang thdi gian tfl 1918-1919, cac td chflc cgng san tiep tuc dfldc hinh d cac nfldc chau Au, nhfl Italia, Rumani, Tigp Khic, Chfnh quyen Xd viet dfldc thidt lap d mgt so' nfldc Cung khoang thdi gian nay, tai cac chau luc khac, cac td chflc cgng san x u i t hien, nhfl d Trieu Tien, Trung Qud'c, Lien bang Nam Phi, Oxtraylia, Theo sU nhdn dinh cfla Lenin, " diin bien cua tinh hinh nhat dinh phdi tgo diiu kien thugn ldi cho phong trdo cdch mgng cua vd sdn, rdng cdch mgng the gidi dd bdt ddu vd dang ldn mgnh d khdp cdc nildc"(,l) Trong bd'i canh dd, Qud'c te Cgng san (Qudc te HI) dUde thdnh lap thang 3-1919, n h i m thuc d i y nhanh chdng sU ddi cfla cac Dang Cgng san, doan ket lUc lUdng each mang d t i t ca cac nUde cugc d i u tranh giai cip dang cang phat trien dudi anh hudng to ldn cfla Cach mang Thang Mudi Mgt nhflng v i n de then chdt dUdc Qudc td Cgng san quan tam, la v i n de dan tgc vk v i n de thugc dia Trong "Set thdo ldn thijt nhdt nhiing lugn ciiOng vi van di ddn tgc vd thugc dia" cfla Lenin dUdc thao luan tai Dai hdi H Qud'c te Cgng san nam 1920 chl ro: " diiu quan trgng nhd't chinh sdch ciia Qud'c te Cdng sdn vi vdn di ddn T6c dgng ciia ygu tg t>gn ngoai tgc vd vd'n di thugc dia phdi Id, ldm cho vd sdn vd qudn chiing lao ddng cua tdt cd cdc ddn tdc vd tdt cd cdc niidc gdn gdi de tien hdnh cugc ddu tranh cdch mgng chung nhdm Igt dd bgn dia chu vd giai cdp til sdn Bdi vi, chi cd sii gdn gdi dy mdi bdo ddm viec chie'n thdng chu nghla tii bdn, ne'u khong CO chie'n thdng thi khdng the thu tieu dugc dch dp biic ddn tgc vd tinh trgng bd't binh ddng (2) Lin d i u tien lich sfl, mgt td chflc qudc te len tieng flng hg va keu ggi cae dan tdc phu thugc vk thudc dia dodn ket cugc d i u tranh giai phdng khdi ach ap bflc, bdc lot cua giai ed'p thdng tri fn;:! ,-.:••-• Sd thao Luan cfldng cfla Lenin cung nhfl dfldng ldi cua Qudc te Cgng san da de chien Ifldc vk sach Ifldc cho cugc each mang giai phdng dan tdc d cac thugc dia va phu thugc, dd, theo dieu kien cua mdi nfldc, giai cip vd san phai n i m liy nggn cd lanh dao each mang, "dgc biet la phdi hiidng td't cd mgi nd liic vdo viec dp dung nhUng nguyen tdc cd bdn cua che xd-vie't d cdc niidc md nhiing quan he tiin tit bdn chii nghla dang thd'ng tri, bdng cdch lap nen "cdc Xd-viet cua nhiing ngiidi lao ddng " (3) Nhim trien khai chien Ifldc vk sach Ifldc tren day, dfldi sfl chi dao va giam sat trflc tiep eua Ban Chip hanh Qud'c te Cgng san, trfldc het, he thd'ng cac trfldng Dang qudc te dfldc thdnh lap d Lien Xd Ddng thdi, cae td chflc quin chung eua Qudc te Cdng san lin Ifldt ddi, nhfl Qud'c te Cdng hgi dd, Qud'c te ndng dan, Qudc te nien cgng san, Qud'c te cflu te dd Lien dodn ehdng ehu nghla de qudc Nhflng td chflc ndy deu cd nhflng nghi quyet va ehu trfldng ve hoat ddng cua minh d eac nfldc thudc dia va phu thugc Tfl dd, Qud'c te Cgng san da md nhieu ldp h u i n luyen cho hang tram can bg moi khda va trien khai sfl boat dgng cfla minh d 45 cac chau luc, n h i t la cac nfldc phfldng Ddng Tfl ndm 1920, cac td chflc cgng san l i n Ifldt ddi vk gifl vai trd quan trgng cugc da'u tranh giai phdng dan tgc d nhieu nfldc cfla chau A Rieng ddi vdi each mang Ddng Dfldng, cd vi tri vk t i m anh hfldng het sflc quan trgng, Qud'c te Cgng san da cd sfl quan tam tfl r i t sdm Nam 1920, chi sau mgt nam, ke tfl thdnh lap, Qud'c te Cgng san da phai ngfldi cfla minh den Sai Gdn chuan bi cho viec td chflc mgt trung tam tuyen truyen chu nghla cdng san cung vdi hai trung tam khac d phfldng Ddng, la Thfldng Hai va Xingapo Vi nhflng ly khach quan va chu quan, hai ngfldi Nga dfldc Qud'c te Cgng san phai den phai trd ve nfldc (4) Tiep dd, tfl gifla thap nien 20 den cudi thap nien 30 cua the ky trfldc, Qud'c te Cgng san da tiep nhdn va dao tao cho Viet Nam mgt dgi ngu can bg dang khoang tren 60 ngfldi (5), cd trinh ly luSn vk nang lflc td chflc, lanh dao each mang, dd cd lanh tu kiet x u i t cfla each mang d i t nfldc la Hd Chf Minh, nhflng nha lanh dao each mang tdi ba va nhQng cay ly luan sic bdn nhfl, T r i n Phu, Le Hdng Phong, Nguyen Thi Minh Khai, Nguyen Khanh Toan, Tran Van Giau NhQng can bg dang tren day cung vdi ddi ngu can bg each mang dUdc Nguyen Ai Qud'c ddo tao d Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) ket hdp vdi lflc Ifldng each mang dfldc dao tao trflc tiep nfldc da trien khai kha hieu qua dUdng Id'i vk chu trUdng cua Qudc te Cdng san vdo Vigt Nam NhQng tien de cho mgt phong trdo each mang theo xu hfldng vd san dfldc hinh thdnh va phat trien nhanh chdng Tfl nam 1925, Hgi Vigt Nam Cdch mang nien Nguyen Qud'c 46 lap ma nhQng hoat ddng cfla nd g i n lien vdi ten tudi cfla Ngfldi, vdi chfl trUdng cfla Qud'c te Cdng san, thi tU tudng eua Cach mang Thang Mudi, cfla chfl nghla MacLenin dUdc td chflc truyen ba, da cd vu manh me phong trao cdng nhan phat trien nhieu ndi, nhU Sdi Gdn, Nam Dinh (1926), Da Lat, Thai Nguyen (1927) vdi muc dfch ddi quyen dan sinh, dan chfl cd ban Tfl nam 1928, "Phong trao vd san hda" cua Hdi Viet Nam Cach mang nien di vdo q u i n chung cdng ndng da thue diy nhanh chdng sU phdt trien ve qui md va chit cua phong trao Neu nhU hai nam 1926-1927, dien 17 cugc d i u tranh cfla cdng nhan, thi cac nam 19281929, sd lUdng cac cudc d i u tranh len den sd tren 40 d h i u k h i p d i t nUdc (6) NhQng cudc d i u tranh deu cd td chflc va quy md cang ldn, khdng chi ddi cdc quyen ldi kinh te, ma cdn n h i m ca muc dich chfnh tri, nhfl cho'ng lai cac chfnh sach ap bflc bdc lot cfla thflc dan phong kien Cugc da'u tranh cfla cdng nhan, ddng thdi ldi cud'n cac t i n g ldp nhan dan lao dgng khac tao thdnh lan sdng manh me va la tien de trflc tiep cho phong trao each mang 1930-1931 Tii giQa nam 1929, cac td chflc cgng san: Ddng Dfldng Cgng san Dang, An Nam Cgng san Dang va Ddng Dfldng Cgng san Lien doan l i n Ifldt ddi, deu gifldng cao nggn cd cfla each mang vd san Trfldc ddi hdi cfla thflc tiin, va sU chi dao cfla Qud'c te Cdng san, d i u nSm 1930, cac td chflc cgng san thd'ng nha't vao mgt Dang Cgng san Su kign "ddnh ddu mdt biidc ngogt cdn bdn lich sit cdch mgng Viet Nam, "Dd la lich svt cda nhiiu cao trdo cdch mgng lien tuc vd nhiiu cugc khdi nghla anh dung" (7), dd phong trdo 1930-1931 la Rghito eihi Lieh sfl sg 3.2010 cudc tap dugt each mang d i u tien giai cip vd san lanh dao Cd the ndi, dudi tac dong trflc tidp cfla Qudc te Cgng san, anh hudng manh me cfla Cach mang Thang Mudi, nhQng dieu ki$n va tien de cho phong trao each mang 19301931 da dUcfc chuin bi, la nhQng cugc da'u tranh soi noi cfla giai c i p cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dgng, sU ddi cfla cac td chflc cgng san va sU lap Dang Cgng san Day, la ddng gdp vd cung ldn lao cfla Qudc te Cgng san ddi vdi each mang Vigt Nam ndi chung, cugc tap dUdt each mang 1930-1931 d i u tien ndi rieng Ben canh nhiing ddng gdp to ldn, Qudc tM Cgng san cdn cd nhQng han chd n h i t dinh, dang chii y la mgt sd chfl trUdng tai Dai hgi VI nam 1928, da gay khd khan cho phong trao giai phdng dan tgc tren thd gidi, anh hudng tieu ciic den phong trao each mang 1930-1931 dang phat triin d Vigt Nam Trong gidi cim quyen cac nUdc tU ban k h i n g dinh sU ben vQng cfla chfl nghia tu ban, tfl nam 1928, Qudc td Cong san da nhan dinh sang sudt va khach quan ve mgt cugc khflng hoang kinh te toan dign s i p bung phat the gidi tU ban Tfl sU nhan dinh cd can cfl nay, Qudc te Cong san phan doan ve mgt cao trao each mang s i p dien pham vi toan c i u va sU cao chung ta't yeu cfla chfl nghia tU ban (8) Them vao dd, la bai hgc t h i t bai cfla phong trao giai phdng dan tgc d mgt sd nUdc chau A, dd cd bai hgc xUdng mau cfla Cdng xa Quang Chau nSm 1927 (Trung Qudc) da tac ddng manh den chfl trUdng cfla Qudc t^ Cgng san Trudc het, Dai hgi VI Qudc te Cgng san nam 1928 da dUa sU danh gia chfl quan ve giai cip tu san dan tgc d cac thuoc dja vk phu thugc Tac dgng cfla ygu tg bto ngoai Luan CUdng va Nghi quydt cua Dai hgi VI QTCS chi ro, "giai cap til sdn ddn tdc dd ddnh mdt y nghla site mgnh cudc ddu tranh chdng chii nghla de qud'c" vk anh hudng cfla nd q u i n chung dang bi thu hep, vi vay, c h i nghla dan tdc tU san "trong mdi quan hi vdi giai cdp cdng nhdn CO rdt it cd hgi thdng ldi (9) Trong cde van kien eua Dai hgi VI s^ chi ring, mgt sU phan hda chfnh tri cfla cac giai cip dat den mflc nao dd, thi quang dai ndng dan va cac t i n g ldp ban vd san thi sin sang di theo giai cip cdng nhan, dd hg trd ddi khang vdi giai cip tfl san Vi the, nhigm vu giai phdng khdi ach thdng tri cfla chfl nghla de qudc cin phai gin lien vdi nhigm vu thiet lap ba quyen lanh dao cfla giai cip cdng nhan phong trao giai phdng dan tgc, ddng thdi phai thfl tieu b i t ky sfl lien minh nao cfla Dang Cdng san vdi nhdm ddi lap qudc gia-cai Ifldng (10) Tren thflc te, giai cip tfl san dan tgc d nhieu nfldc phfldng Ddng dang gifl vai trd khdng nho cugc d i u tranh giai phdng dan tgc Ve diem nay, tfl nam 1920, Lenin da lflu y Qudc te Cdng san, mgt mat, nhflng dieu kien n h i t dinh, phai ung hg cac lflc Ifldng ddn chfl tfl san d cdc nfldc thugc dia va phu thugc cugc d i u tranh chdng chu nghla de qudc, mat khac "phdi kien quyet giU vUng tinh dgc ldp cda phong trdo vd sdn, dii cho phong trdo ndy cdn d dudi hinh thiic phdi thai nhd't" (11) Tfl sfl danh gia chfla dung giai cip tU san dan tgc, Dai hgi l i n thfl VI Qudc te Cgng san da nhanh chdng thay dd'i sdch Ifldc ddi vdi cac thugc dia va phu thudc Dai hdi dat nhigm vu trfldc Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc la phai gianh chi'nh quyen Cdn ddi vdi Dang Cgng san An Do, Dai hdi yeu ciu p h i t cao k h i u hieu d i u tranh thiet lap chuyen chi'nh vd san va chuyen chfnh 47 ndng dan b i n g dfldng bao ddng vQ trang, tap trung lflc Ifldng chdng giai cip tU san nUdc (12) Dai hgi da dUa nhflng quyet dinh quan trgng, dd tuyen bd chim dflt cac mdi lien he vdi cac dang qudc gia, giai cip tfl san, thflc hidn dfldng ldi d i u tranh giai cip trigt de, tang cfldng tinh chien d i u dgc lap cfla giai cip vd san, giQ vQng lap trfldng kien dinh cfla cac Dang Cgng san, ddng thdi chl dao cac Dang Cgng san d i u tranh gianh chfnh quyen Ngay sau Dai hgi VI Qudc te Cgng san 1928, nam 1929 Hgi nghi toan the l i n thfl X Ban Chip hanh Qudc te Cgng san nghi quyet vd viec chinh Dang tinh hinh mdi cfla phong trdo Cgng san qudc te : "Trong Hnh vUc chinh sdch ndi bd ddng, nhiem vu trgng tdm cda Qud'c te Cgng sdn Id ddu tranh chdng chu nghla ca hdi-vdt truyin ddn cdc xu hUdng xd hdi-ddn chU phong trdo cdng sdn Khdng tien hdnh lgc cdc ddng cdng sdn nhdm logi bo cdc phdn tit cO hgi cdng khai vd gidu mat thi cdc ddng cgng sdn khdng the tien len phia trUdc mdt cdch thdng Icti nhdm gidi quye't cdc nhiem vu mdi dUcfc ddt cudc ddu tranh giai cdp trd nen gay gdt giai dogn mdi cua phong trdo cdng nhdn" (13) Tai Dai hgc phfldng Ddng va tai cac trfldng cao ding cgng san khac, ndi cd hgc sinh Viet Nam theo hgc cung tien hanh mgt ddt lgc can bg sau rdng, n h i m loai bo "nhiing phdn tit xa lg vdi ddng lot vdo trUdng" (14) Tfnh chit ta khuynh da anh hfldng trflc tiep den phong trao each mang 19301931 Khi Nghi quyet cfla Qudc td Cgng san dfldc trien khai, thi d Viet Nam, cac td chflc va dang chinh tri theo xu hfldng vd san 4S Rghien cihi Ljch sfl sg 3.2010 dang d i u tranh gianh quyen lanh dao each mang Cac td chflc va dang chinh tri da bflde vdo mgt "cupc chgy dua" Hg xuc tien van ddng q u i n chung d i u tranh vdi chfldng trinh hanh dgng va nhflng khau hieu cung r i t ta theo tinh t h i n Dai hgi VI Qudc te Cgng san Dieu dd dfldc the hign hdng loat tai lieu cfla nhflng dang Ching han, Tuyen ngdn cfla Ddng Dfldng Cgng san Dang, Ldi keu ggi, hoae cac tai lieu tuyen truyen cua Dang ndy nam 1929, thfldng xuyen de cap den vigc lap chfnh quyen Xd vidt hoac chfnh phfl Xd viet (15), chfla dfl dieu kien de lam cugc each mang Dae bigt, nhflng dip ky niem ldn nam 1929, nhfl ky niem Cach mang Thang Mfldi, Quang Chau Cdng xa, Ddng Dfldng Cgng san Dang da dfla nhflng khau hieu hoac phat hanh nhQng so' bao dae biet mang tinh hieu trieu q u i n chung dflng len lam each mang, dd nha'n manh "lap Chinh phii Xd viet cdng-ndng-binh Ddng Duang! "Thiic hdnh chuyen chinh vd sdn vd chu nghla cdng sdn!." (16) Khi lan sdng each mang bflde vdo thdi diem cao trao, nhan Qud'c te dd, ngdy 1-8-1930, Dang Cgng san phat dgng ddt da'u tranh mdi vdi nhflng khau hieu: "- Ddnh dd de qud'c Phdp, dia chu vd quan ldng! - XUDdng Duang hodn todn dgc lap! - Lap chinh phu cdng ndng!" (17) Khdng phai ngdu nhien, bao eao gfli Qud'c te Cgng san 5-3-1930 ve phong trao each mang d An Nam nam 1929, mgt mat, Nguyen Ai Qudc k h i n g dinh nhflng ddng gdp tfch cflc cua Ddng Dfldng Cgng san Dang, mat khac, Ngfldi cung ehi nhflng han che cua Dang ndy "Thi du mgt cugc dinh cdng no ra, hg phdt nhiing truyin dan cd in ddu Xd Viet Cd khi, vdi mdt nhdm ngUdi dinh cdng, hg cdng dinh td chiic xdviei (18) Thfldng nhflng ddt ed dgng, nhat la nhQng dip Cach Mang Thang Mfldi, "dd tdc dgng rdt mgnh den qudn chiing" (19) Tfnh c h i t ta khuynh dfldc the hign ro ndt hai tinh Nghe An va Ha "Hnh Ching han, phong trao dang xudng, vao thang 4-1931, Xfl fly Trung Ky Chi thi dang Ngay sau dd, Tinh fly Nghg An chfl trfldng: "dudi sgch sdnh sanh ngodi hit thdy nhiing bgn tri, phu, dia, hdo Neu ddng chi ndo mud'n ldm cdch mgng, tii nguyen diing vi phia giai cdp vd sdn md phdn ddu cdng khdng cho diCng Ddng" (20) Hdu qua la, dd'i tfldng thugc dign dang p h i n ldn \k trf thflc xuit than tfl nhflng p h i n kha gia ed tinh t h i n yeu nfldc da h i p thu chfl nghla MacLenin vk cd ddng gdp dang ke cho sfl nghiep each mang da bi loai khdi vi tri edng tac de nhUdng chd cho nhflng dang vien cd thdnh phan x u i t than tfl edngndng, nhflng trinh t h i p , da lam phong trao vdn dang xudng trd nen tram trgng, d i n den bi te liet Dang da kip thdi cd nhflng ud'n n i m sai l i m ndy cfla cac cip uy Trung Ky Ngay sau b mgt sd huygn nhfl, Thanh Chfldng, Nam Dan lap cac Xd Viet, Dang da ehi rd: " chu trUdng nhu the thi chUa dung hodn cdnh vi trinh du bi cua Ddng vd qudn chung nUdc chUa du, vu trang bao ddng cung chUa cd-bgo ddng rieng li vdi dia phUdng luc bdy gid Id qud sdm, la manh ddng (putschisme)" (21) Nhfl vay, tfnh c h i t ta khuynh cua Dai hgi VI Qud'c te Cgng san \k nhan td trflc tiep thuc d i y phong trao each mang 19301931 d Viet Nam trd nen gay git, quyet liet, d i n den sfl lap gfldng dp cac Xd viet b Nghg-TInh T6c dgng ciia ygu tg ta^ ngoai 49 Cach mang Viet Nam va each mang ngfldi cdng san Viet Nam da td chflc ky Trung Qud'c vdn cd mdi lien he qua lai Moi nigm Cdng xa Quang Chau bing cac hinh sfl kien ed t i m quan trgng d Trung Qudc thflc nhfl, mft tinh, rai truyen ddn d nhieu deu tac ddng den tinh hinh Viet Nam dia phUdng Bic Ky va Trung Ky Nhflng Quang Chdu edng xa la mdt nhflng hoat ddng ndy ddng thdi eung phu hdp vdi sfl kien dd Trfldc hdnh dgng phan bgi eua Nghi quyet eua Dai hgi VI Qud'c te Cgng Tfldng Gidi Thach da tan sat cae cd sd cua san 1928 ve vigc flng hd vk noi theo each Dang Cdng san d nhieu ndi, nhflng ngfldi mang Trung Qud'c "Qudng-chdu cdng xd cgng san da lanh dao q u i n chung cdng cung Id mdt yeu td' thuc ddy phong trdo ndng dflng len khdi nghla, md tieu bieu la d cdng nhdn vd ddn tdc Viet Nam de'n mdt phd Quang Chau Tai day, 30.000 budc ngogt" (23) edng nhan vk binh si da chiem linh Cugc khung hoang kinh te the gidi 1929phd va lap Cdng xa Quang Chau 1933 da gay hau qua nang ne dd'i vdi t i t ea mdt hinh thflc chfnh quyen edng ndng theo cac qud'c gia, nha't la nhflng nfldc tfl ban, md hinh Xd viet eua nfldc Nga Quan dgi dd cd nfldc Phap Cugc khung hoang Qudc Dan dang cua Tfldng Gidi Thach da kinh te the gidi nd d i u tien d My vao dan ap da man, giet hai g i n 10.000 ngfldi, cud'i thang 10-1929, sau dd lan cac nfldc dd cd hang ngdn dang vien va khoang tfl ban ldn nhfl, Anh (cud'i 1929), Itaha (diu 100 cgng tac vien cua lanh sfl quan Lien Xd 1930), Nhat Ban (thang 3-1930) Cdn d (22) Tuy bi t h i t bai, nhflng Cdng xa Quang Phap, khung hoang kinh te chi b i t d i u tfl Chau da ed vu manh me phong trao each gifla nam 1930 va kdo dai den 1935 mang dang dang eao d chau A, n h i t la d Vigt Nam Tfl bai hgc cua Cdng xa Quang Bieu hien khung hoang d i u tien d Phap Chau, nhflng td chflc vk dang ehinh tri theo la sfl pha san cua hang loat ngan hang va xu hfldng vd san d Viet Nam, n h i t la sau dd kdo theo nhieu nganh kinh te khac nhflng dang vien eua Hgi Vigt Nam Cach La thugc dia cua Phap, Viet Nam eung mang Thanh nien dang hoat dgng d Trung n i m vdng xoay cua cugc khung Qud'c, ma so' dd, ed nhQng ngUdi trflc hoang dd Nhflng d i u hieu cua khung tiep tham gia vdo cugc khdi nghla bi bit, da hoang d Viet Nam eung b i t d i u tfl gifla nhan thflc mgt each sau sic ve cugc d i u nam 1930 vdi sfl sut giam dot nggt cua gia tranh khdng khoan nhfldng vdi t i t ea cac gao Thang 4-1930, ta gao \k 13 ddng, xu hfldng phi vd san, ve vai trd lanh dao thang 9-10,6 ddng, thang 3/1931-7,Iddng, cfla nhflng ngfldi cgng san vigc td thang 7/1932-5,62 ddng vk thang 11/1933chflc, vdn dgng quan chung edng ndng dflng 3,2 ddng (24) Hang loat cac edng ty thugc len d i u tranh Qua thflc tien, hg nhan thflc cac Hnh vflc kinh te khac nhau, nhfl ndngring, ehinh quyen sau gianh dfldc se la lam-ngfl nghiep, md ham da, cdng nghigp chinh quyen cfla giai cip cdng ndng theo che bien, cdng trinh xay dflng, van tai, md hinh Xd viet, nhfl Cdng xa Quang Chau thfldng mai, bat dgng san, ngan hang-bio Diu hieu d i u tien tfl sfl tac dgng cua cdng hiem bi pha san Nam 1930, cd 17 cdng ty xa Quang Chau dd'i vdi each mang Vigt pha san vdi so' tU ban chi mdi 42.966 Nam la sfl ddi cua nhflng td chflc cgng francs, thi vao cae nam 1931, 1932, 1933, san va sfl thd'ng n h i t vao mgt Dang Cgng eac ehi sd tfldng flng la, 26-108.657; 24san Ngay 12-12-1929, lin d i u tien, nhflng 37.635.000; 26-49.920.000 (25) Sfl suy 50 thoai cua h i u het cac linh vUc kinh te da anh hudng triic tiep den ddi sd'ng cac t i n g ldp xa hgi Viet Nam d nhflng mflc khac nhau, dd quan chung lao dgng chiu hau qua nang ne n h i t , dae biet la giai cip edng nhan va ndng dan Nam 1929, ndng dan ban 0,5 ta gao (gia 11,58 ddng/ta) du xua't thue than, thi vao nam 1932, phai ban ta (gia 5,49 ddng/ta) va 1934, phai ban g i n ta (gia 3,20 ddng/ta) (26) Sd cdng nhan that nghigp mdi nam mgt tang Nam 1930, sd edng nhan md la 45.700, vao cac nam 1931, 1932 giam xudng cdn 36.000 vk 33.500 Tfl cudi 1930 den cudi 1934, rieng sd cdng nhan md bi mat vigc len tdi g i n 11 ngan ngfldi Vao nam 1931, Ifldng binh quan cua cdng nhan nam chi Id 0,38 ddng/1 ngay, nhflng nam sau dd tiep tuc giam (27) Rghien ciJru Lich sfl sg 3.2010 quyen lanh dao tuyet ddi cfla Dang Cdng san Day, Id nguyen nhan trflc tiep d i n den sfl bung phat cao trao each mang 19301931 va Xd viet Nghe-Tlnh Sfl kien nsy " khdng dinh thiic te q-j,yen ldnh dgo vd ndng lUc ldnh dgo cdch mgng cua giai cdp vd sdn md dgi bieu Id Ddng ta; d chd no dem lgi cho ndng ddn niim tin viing chdc vdo giai cdp vd sdn; ddng thdi dem lgi cho ddng ddo qudn chung cdng ndng Ibng tU tin d sUc lUc cdch mgng vl dgi cua minh" (29) Tuy nhien, khung hoang kinh te the gidi eung la mgt nhQng nhan to' thuc d i y sfl phat trien cfla cao trdo each mang 19301931 va Xd viet Nghe Tinh Ben canh nhflng tac dgng tfch cflc, phong trdo each mang 1930-1931 va Xd viet Nghg-Tlnh cdn chiu nhQng tac ddng qua ta tfl mgt sd chfl trfldng chfl quan eua Qudc te Cgng san Hau qua la, phong trao bi thflc dan Phap ddn ap d i m mau, gay tdn t h i t kha ldn cho each mang P h i n ldn eac fly vien Ban c h i p h a n h Trung fldng Dang, dd cd Td'ng Bi thfl T r i n Phu; cae fly vien Xfl fly Bic Ky, Trung Ky vk nhieu can bg chfl chd't khac cfla Dang bi b i t va hy sinh He thdng td chflc Dang h i u nhfl bi pha tren pham vi toan qudc Hang ngan dang vien va can bg flu tu bi sat hai Hang chuc ngan ngfldi bi tra t i n , giam cim cac trai giam Cach mang bflde vao thdi ky thoai trao Nhfl vay, tac ddng cfla ydu td ben ngodi dd'i vdi eao trdo each mang 1930-1931 va Xd Viet Nghg-Hnh la ca mgt qua trinh, dd anh hfldng cfla Cach mang Thang Mfldi Nga vk Qud'c te Cdng san ddng vai trd to ldn Sfl tac dgng ndy da lam eho xu hfldng giai phdng dan tgc b Viet Nam tren ldp trfldng cfla giai cip vd san t h i n g the vdi Ngay nay, d i t nfldc dang bflde vao xu the hgi nhdp, tac dgng cfla nhflng yeu td ben ngoai cang ldn va het sflc da dang Bai hgc tfl sfl tiep thu nhflng yeu td tfch cflc va loai bd nhflng yeu td tieu cflc phu hdp vdi dieu kien cfla Viet Nam ma cao trao each mang 1930-1931 va Xd viet NghgTlnh de lai v i n cdn nguyen gia tri Qua dd cd the thiy, tfl cudi nam 1930, cugc khung hoang mdi that sfl anh hfldng den Viet Nam Tren thflc te, neu khdng ed cugc khung hoang, xa hdi Viet Nam ndi chung, nen kinh te ndi rieng, v i n ludn rdi vao tinh trang "khung hoang kinh nien" (28) CHUTHlCH (1) V.I.Lenin: Todn tap, t i p 37, Nxb Tien bp, MatxcPva, 1978, tr 597 (2) V.I.Ldnin: Todn tdp, t i p 41, Nxb Til'n bp, Matxcdva, 1978, tr 199 Y&c dgng cfla ygu tg ben ngoai 51 (3), (11) V.I.Ldnin: Toin tip, tip 41, sdd, tr 204 (18) Hd Chi Minh: Todn tap, tip 3- 1930-1945, Nxb Chfnh tri qudc gia, Hi Npi, 1995, tr 37 (4) Nguyin Thinh: Qudc te Cgng sdn vd cdch mgng Ddng-Duang Tap chi "Cpng san", sd 2-1983, tr 55 (19) Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam Vdn kiin Ddng todn tap, tip 2-1930 Sdd, tr 36 (5) A.A Xoeoldp: Qudc te Cdng sdn vd Viet Nam Nxb Chi'nh tri Qudc gia, H i Npi, 1999, tr 64 (6) Ngo Vin Hoa, DUdng Kinh Quoc: Giai cdp cdng nhdn Viet Nam nhiing ndm tnidc thdnh lap Ddng, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi H i Npi, 1978, tr 335 (7) Le Du^n: DUdi Id cd vi vang cua Ddng vi dgc lap, tu vi chu nghia xd hgi tii'n lin gidnh nhdng thdng lai mdi, Nxb Su Thit, H i Npi, 1972, tr 11 (8) Vi^n Hin lim Khoa hpc Lidn X6: Lich sd the gidi Tip Nxb Kinh td'-xi hpi, Mitxedva, 1962, tr 169 (Tid'ng Nga) (9), (10), (12) Qudc ti' Cgng sdn vd phuang Ddng, Nhi xui't ban sich phUdng Dong, Matxcdva, 1969, tr 155-156, 156-157, 156 (Tid'ng Nga) (13), (14) A.A Xoeoldp: Qudc te Cdng sdn vd Viit Nam Sdd, tr 110-111, 111 (15) Dang Cpng san Vi$t Nam Vdn kiin Ddng todn tdp, t i p Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia, Hi Npi, 1998, tr, 212, 226, 237, 238 (16) Ban Chi'p h i n h Dang bp Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam tinh Nghp An Lich sd Ddng bd Nghi An, tip I, (1930-1945) Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia, 1997, tr 49; Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam Vdn kiin Ddng todn tdp, t i p 1, sdd, tr 582 (17) Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam Vdn kiin Ddng Todn tdp, t^p 2-1930 Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Hi NOi, 1998, tr 53 (20) Ban nghidn ciiu lich sii Dang tinh Ngh§ Tinh Xd - Viet Nghi Tinh Nxb Su Thit H i Npi, 1981, tr 78 (21) Dang Cong san Vipt Nam Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap, t i p 2-1930 Sdd, tr 83 (22) Vipn Sit hpc, The gidi-nhitng sU kien lich suf the ky XX (1901-1945) Nxb Giao dijc H i Npi, 2001, tr 203 (23) Trin Vin Giiu: Tdc phdm dUac tang gidi thudng Hd Chi Minh, Quyen I Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi H i Npi, 2003, tr 522 (24) Paul Isoart: Chu nghla ddn tgc Viet Nam, tr 52 (TL 62(15), lUu ThU vi^n Vi^n Sii hpc) (25) Pham Dinh Tin: Chu nghla dequdc Phdp vd tinh hinh cdng nghiip d Viet Nam dUdi thdi thudc Phdp, Nxb Su Thit, H i Npi,1959, tr 62, 65 (26) Trin Huy Lipu, Nguyin LUdng Bich, Vin T?io, Hudng Tin: Cdch mgng Can dgi Viet Nam, Ban nghidn ciiu xui't ban vin sii dja 1956, tip VI tr 122 , , (27) Trin Huy Li^u, Nguyin LUdng Bich, Vin Tao, Hudng Tin: Cdch mgng Can dgi Viet Nam sdd, tr 132 (28) Dang Cpng san Vipt J*Jam Vdn kien Ddng Todn tdp, t i p 4-1932-1934 Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia H i Npi, 1999 tr 156 (29) Ld Du^n: DUdi Id cd ve vang cua Bdng vi ddc ldp, tu do, vi chu nghla xd hdi tien len gidnh nhdng thdng lai mdi Nxb Si^ Thit Hi Npi, 1972, tr 37 ... phii Xd viet cdng-ndng-binh Ddng Duang! "Thiic hdnh chuyen chinh vd sdn vd chu nghla cdng sdn!." (16) Khi lan sdng each mang bflde vdo thdi diem cao trao, nhan Qud'c te dd, ngdy 1-8 -1 930, Dang Cgng... khau hieu: "- Ddnh dd de qud'c Phdp, dia chu vd quan ldng! - XUDdng Duang hodn todn dgc lap! - Lap chinh phu cdng ndng!" (17) Khdng phai ngdu nhien, bao eao gfli Qud'c te Cgng san 5-3 -1 930 ve phong... ea cac gao Thang 4-1 930, ta gao k 13 ddng, xu hfldng phi vd san, ve vai trd lanh dao thang 9-1 0,6 ddng, thang 3/193 1-7 ,Iddng, cfla nhflng ngfldi cgng san vigc td thang 7/193 2-5 ,62 ddng vk thang