Bài viết nghiên cứu Vân Đồn và vùng Đông Bắc dưới các triều Lý, Trần (thế kỷ XI-XIV) thông qua các chính sách bảo vệ hoạt động kinh tế, an ninh, quốc phòng.
y ^ VA]\ 90N VA VIWG DOIVG BAC D U O I CAC /^ x»^ TRIEU LY, TRAN (THE KY XI-XIV) yv' NGUYfiN THI PHUONG CHI* V i n Ddn thudc tinh Quang Ninh Xfla, Quang Ninh dfldc ggi la Hai Dong Hai Dong thdi Ly, T r i n nim ve phia Dong Bic di't nfldc Cic trieu Dinh, Tien Le, Ly deu ggi l i dao Hai Ddng, ddi Trin ggi la 16 Hai Ddng, ddi Le ddi la lg An Bang Thdi Quang Thuan dat lam Thfla tuyen An Bang Thdi Le Trung hflng kieng huy cua vua Anh Tdng ddi lam Quang Yen (1) Hai Dong - An Bang Quang Yen la nhflng ten ggi khic qua nhflng thdi ky lich sii khic ciia tinh Quang Ninh Hai Ddng - Quang Ninh, phia Dong giip bien ldn (bien Dong), phia Tay giip cic tinh Lang Sdn, Bic Giang, Hai Dfldng, phia Nam giip Tp Hai Phdng, phia Bic giap Trung Quo'c Diy l i vung dieu kien tii nhien phu cho nhieu tiem nang quan sfl, kinh te: "sdng ldn menh mdng quanh vdng bao bgc cic nui cao chdt vdt, chau ng huyen each biet nhfl d coi khic Phong thd va n h i n v i t dong due, giau thinh, viec budn b i n lflu thong ti'p nap; cung l i chd'n phdn hoa d tri'n ngoai, ma t h i t la ndi hinh thing cua nfldc Nam" (2) Vflng bien Hai Deng cd hdn 3.000 dao ldn nhd, dd cd dao dien tich rong 251km^, nhfl ti'm la chin thien hiem phdng thu tren hfldng bien Ddng Bic (3) • PGS.TS Vien Sfl hoc Hai Ddng la ciia ngo quan trgng cua Dai Viet Tfl Hai Dong cd cic dfldng giao thdng thuy, bg nd'i lien mien bien vdi ddng bing Bic Bg nay, co dfldng sang Trung Quo'c, cd dfldng bien ma nhieu thuyen be cac nfldc tu tap trao doi, budn b i n hang hda Vdi dieu kien tfl nhien nhfl viy khi§'n Hai Ddng ndi rieng va vflng Ddng Bic ndi chung sdm trd dfldng chien Ifldc cic cuoc tien cong xim Ifldc Vi$t Nam cua cic trieu dai phong kien Trung Quoc Ket qua khai q u i t khao cd hgc d Khu mg H i n Da Bac cho thi'y, khoang dau the ky II den dau the ky III, t i n g Idp tho'ng tri nha Ddng H i n da p h i t hien t i m quan trgng ve mat kinh te cua vflng hai dao xa xdi nay, da den diy sinh sd'ng, dinh cfl Hg da xiy dflng tri sd tren dia diem nao dd cua cic hdn dao Cai Ban, Van Hai Tfl the ky X, dan tgc dfldc dgc lip, cic vfldng trieu Ngo, Dinh, Tien Le deu chu trgng xiy dflng cac cin cfl, chdt thuy quin d vung Dong Bic, trgng tam la ciia sdng Bach Ding Tai day da dien nhieu chiS'n t h i n g liy Iflng cua dan tgc Ngd Quyen b i t dfldc HoIng Thao, d i n h bai quin Nam Hin T r i n Hflng Dao b i t dfldc O Ma Nhi, Van Bdn va vung Bdng Bfic dinh bai quin Nguyen xim Ifldc, Bien la dfldng giao thong quo'c te quan trgng nhi't cua quoc gia Dai Viet, la trung t i m noi Dai Viet vdi cic nfldc xung quanh, Cic ciia bien Hgi Thdng, Can Hai (thugc tinh Nghe An, Ha Tinh nay) (4), Hgi Trieu (Thanh Hoa) va dae biet la Van Ddn la nhflng trung tam thfldng mai ldn thdi Ly, Tran cic hai khau nhfl Tinh Hoa (5), Trin Phu ch^p An Nam tiic sii ring; "Thuyen be cic nfldc ngoai den tu hgi d diy, md chd tren thuyen, canh buon b i n t h i t l i thinh vfldng" (6) Nhflng qua trinh bien ddi dia ly khien cic ciia bien d Nghe An, Ha Tinh can dan, thuyen be di lai khd khin, hai cang V i n Ddn trd t h i n h trung t i m buon ban thinh vfldng Ve vi tri Vin Ddn da cd k h i nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu (7), vai tro quan trgng die biet cua Van Ddn va Hai Ddng ve quan sfl, an ninh, thfldng mai da dfldc khing dinh Nhi Ly v i nha't l i nha Trin da het sflc chu trgng canh phdng, bao v? ndi phen d i u thfl hai Qua ghi ch6p s^ sich, cac nha nghien cflu deu tho'ng nhi't cho ring: "Thuang cdng Van Don duac lap tren mgt hdn ddo viing vinh Bdi Tii Long kin ddo" (8) Vinh Bii T0( Long cd hing nghin hdn dao muon hinh mudn ve Nguyen Trai Uc Trai thi tap da lam bai thd "Vdn Ddn", md ta dfldng den Van Ddn qua ri't nhieu nui nhflng canh thi dep vo cung Day lai la ndi ngfldi Phien (ngfldi nfldc ngdai) den dd tau (9) Phan Chu thich ciia bai thd da chi rd: "Vin Ddn la hai cang ngoai thfldng ciia nfldc ta d thdi Ly, Tran, t i u ngoai quo'c den nfldc ta chi dfldc d i u d di'y, khdng dfldc vao ngi dia Nfldc ta xfla ggi ngfldi ngoai quo'c la ngfldi Phien, theo tieng ngfldi Trung Quo'c dung de ggi ngfldi cic nfldc thugc phfldng Tay va phfldng Bic" 25 (10) Phfldng Dinh Nguyin Vin Sieu da md ta vi tri nui V i n Ddn va huyen Vin Ddn nhfl sau: "Nui Van Ddn d phia Ddng Bic phii Giao Chau, huyen Van Ddn d bien ldn Hai nui do'i nhau, mgt ddng nfldc chay qua gifla Thuyen budn cua cic phien quo'c phin nhieu hgp d di'y" (11) Cang Van Ddn dfldc n h i Ly khai md thdng thfldng vao nam 1149, hoat dgng cang nhgn nhip suot thdi Ly va thdi Trin Thfldng thuyen nfldc ngoai den diy buon ban ra't ddng Hien tfldng thuyen be nfldc ngoai tu tap budn b i n d Van Ddn dfldc Dgi Viet si ky todn thU (DVSKTT) ch6p nhfl sau: "Ky Ty, n i m thfl 10 (1149) Mua Xuin, t h i n g 2, thuyen budn ba nfldc Trao Oa, Lg Hac, Xiem La vio Hai Ddng, xin d lai budn bin, ben cho lap trang d ndi hai did ggi la V i n Don de mua b i n hang hda quy, dang tien san v i t dia phfldng" (12) Tai day da p h i t hien dfldc nhflng manh gd'm vd cic Idai, phan ldn l i dd go'm men nggc thdi Ly, dd gdm men n i u thdi T r i n v i dd gdm men lam thdi Le dfldc xui't khau nfldc ngoai (13) Van Ddn ddi tfl niia cudi the ky XII, luc dau l i ddn vi trang, den thdi Tran ning len tri'n (ngang vdi ci'p lg), den the ky XIX, trd t h i n h mgt chau thugc phu Hai Ddng (14) Va, ly giai vi lai cd ten ggi Van Ddn, Phan Huy Chu chep: "Trong n i m Thieu Minh ddi Ly Anh Tong cd thuyen buon cua cic nfldc ngoai la Qua Oa, nfldc Lg Hac, nfldc Tiem La, deu den dd xin mgt cho d di'y de budn bin Vua cho d, lap cic trang trai d canh bd bien nen mdi ggi Id Vdn Ddn (TG nhi'n manh) Tfl di'y trd di la ndi khich budn d dong due Thdi Tran, quin Nguyen di lai, tfldng nha Tran thfldng nhii quan Nguyen vao di'y rdi d i n h de lip cdng (15)" (16) Tie gia Dd V i n Ninh dfla tren tfl lieu khao cd hoc da nha'n manh den sfl 26 phdn vinh cua thfldng cang Van Ddn dfldi thdi Ly, Tran Tic gia cho biet: "Trong so' nhflng di vat sfl thi di vat thdi Ly chiem so' ldn Tien thdi Td'ng da tim tha'y hau nhfl gin dii mat cac loai tien cua cic trieu vua Bic Td'ng va Nam Tdng" Va, "Trung t i m m i u dich Van Ddn, qua nhflng hien v i t khao cd da tim thi'y, da cd nhiing ngdy phdn vinh bdc nhdt dUdi thdi Ly" (17) Thdi Trin la thdi phdn vinh cua thfldng cang Vin Ddn Qua ket qua khao s i t cua cic nha khao cd hgc nhflng n i m 1967-1969 da p h i t hien dfldc mgt he tho'ng ben thuyen cd vinh Bii Tii Long nhfl ben Cii Ling, ben Cd'ng Cii, ben Con Quy (dao Hai Van); dao Nggc Vflng; dao Cd'ng Ddng Di vao di't lien cdn gap cic ben Gao Rang vinh Ciia Luc, len phia Bic la ben Van Ninh (Mdng Cii) Hai ben la diu va cudi cua he tho'ng ben cd thugc cang Vin Ddn O day phit hien so'Ifldng di v i t ri't phong phu Nd'i he tho'ng cic ben thuyen co la "con dfldng xuyen vinh Bii Tii Long de len ngfldc xuong xudi v i vio di't lien vflng Bic Bg Con dfldng gan nhfl triing hdp hdin toan vdi dfldng thuy ngiy ma t i u chd khich chd hing di tfl Hai Phdng len Mdng Cai v i n men theo, Rd rang sfl liia chgn cua ddi xfla va ddi hdan tdan tho'ng nha't ve nhflng dia diem thuan ldi tren vung dao" (18) Nhi Ly chu trgng cung cd' vflng bien gidi phia Bdc (19) thi n h i Trin tien len vflng Ddng Bdc, hai cang Van Ddn l i mgt trung tam thfldng mai quo'c te quan trgng Vin Ddn cdn cd gio'ng trai sinh t r i n chau, Cao Hflng Trflng An nam chi nguyen chep: "Chdn chdu gio'ng trai sinh d be Vdn Ddn, thugc Tinh Yen Viin gidm sdt vi viec md chdu phdi cdu thdn, thdn mdi cho chdu to Nhiing ngUdi buon bdn miin bien ndi: ndm ndo dem Trung thu cd trdng thi ndm dy nhieu trdn chdu" (20) Cho nen, vflng bien Rghien cuu Lich siir sd 10.2010 khdng chi la huyet mach giao thdng quin sfl, thfldng mai ma cdn dem lai nhflng ldi ich kinh te Van Ddn vi the ma trd nen het sflc quan trgng dd'i vdi an ninh, quo'c phdng, kinh te cua da't nfldc Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) (21) tic pham: La M6diteranee et le monde medite'rane a I'epoque de Philippe II d i chgn ngi dung "Da'u tranh gianh quyen tho'ng tri the gidi Dia Trung Hai" de nghien cflu, n h i m giai thich mgt vi'n de ldn hdn li tien trinh lich sii cua loai ngfldi Va ngfldi t i c pham "Vflng Dia Trung Hai " khdng phai la vua Philip II ma chinh la bien Dia Trung Hdi Qua tic phim niy, Braudel cho r i n g Dia ly ddng vai tro quyet dinh, neu khdng mudn ndi la tdt dinh lich sii nhdn logi" (22) Vdi vai trd "quyet dinh" ve vi tri dia ly cua Van Ddn va vung Ddng Bic dd'i vdi di't nfldc, nha Ly va nha't la nha Trin het sflc chu trgng bao ve Thuyen budn nfldc ngoii chi dfldc phdp dflng lai d vung Doan Sdn (huyen V i n Ddn) va khong dfldc gh6 vao da't lien vi sd ng^di ngoai tha'y hfl thflc cua minh Va, cung vi tri chien Ifldc trgng yeu cua Van Ddn ddi vdi vung bien Dong, mgt vi tri xung yeu tren dfldng bien Trung Quo'c - Viet Nam - Dong Nam A ma trieu dinh nha Tran da cit cii mgt bg phan quan thiiy den de tang cfldng cho vi tri chien Ifldc Dd la quan dgi cua Trin Khinh Dfl Mic dfl luc dd T r i n Khinh Dfl dang hi tri tgi nhflng la ngfldi tai nen dfldc vua phuc hdi quan chflc, trao cho chflc Phd Do tfldng cam quin tri'n tri d Vin Ddn, lam nhiem vu bao ve vflng Ddng Bic Tai day, cic quan trang (chfl trang quan) hinh tfl thdi Ly cflng vdi quin dgi cua T r i n Khinh Dfl t i n g cfldng cho Vin Ddn Neu so vdi thdi Ly trfldc dd v i thdi Le sau thi nha T r i n bao ve Van Ddn k h i chat Van Bdn va vflng Bdng B^e che Rao gd dfldc dflng len quanh nhflng ndi budn ban v i bai bien xung yeu cua dao Tran Khanh Dfl cdn ngan chin quan Trung Quoc tra trgn vao bing cich cho quin trang Van Ddn dgi ndn Ma Ldi, mgt loai ndn dfldc san xui't tfl hfldng Ma Ldi, Hdng lg (nay la tinh Hai Dfldng) de dl dang nhan quan Dai Viet, vi ngfldi Vin Ddn p h i n ldn lim nghe buon, cich i n mac deu gio'ng nhfl ngfldi phfldng Bic Do t i m nhin chien Ifldc sic va tai bo' tri quan manh tfldng tai nen quin dgi ciia Trin Khinh Dfl da chan dinh dfldc doin thuyen Ifldng cua Trfldng Van Hd vao 13-2-1288, gop phin quan trgng vao chien thing huy hoang cuoc khang chien cho'ng quan xim Ifldc Mdng - Nguyen lin thfl ba Van Ddn tfl ddn vi trang thdi Ly dfldc nang len t h i n h tri'n thdi Tran (nim 1349) Sfl p h i t trien giao thfldng d Vin Ddn (23) suot thdi gian dai tfl niia cudi the ky XII - thdi Ly cho den n^a dau the ky XIVthdi Tran da het sflc nhgn nhip v i trdng dd tiem I n yeu to' de doa den an ninh cua quo'c gia nen trieu dinh nha T r i n da t i n g cfldng kiem soat Vin Ddn chit che Trieu dinh cho dat quan cai quan "van Ddn nhfl mgt trgng tri'n gdm cd quan Tri'n (vo tfldng nim gifl), quan Lg (van quan nim gifl) va quan Sit hai sfl (quan kiem soit m i t bien) va dat d diy mgt dgi quin rieng ggi la quin Binh Hai, cd nhiem vu t u i n tra, bao ve vflng bien Ddng Bic, ddng thdi kiem seit an ninh hoat dgng ngoai thfldng DVSKTT ch6p: "Thing 11 (nim 1349), d i t quan tri'n, quan lg va Sit hai sfl d tri'n Vin Ddn, lai dat quin Binh Hai de ddng gifl" (24) Nhiem vu cua quan Binh Hai d Vin Ddn dfldc xic dinh ro: "\a de ngin gifl giac Hd (quin Nguyen)" (25), ddng thdi quan ly thuyen be nfldc ngoai tdi ndi budn b i n cang ddng, nhi't la thuyen budn Trung Quo'c Dgi 27 quin Binh Hai cang dfldc bo sung len tdi 30 do, mdi dd 80 ngfldi, 30 chien thuyen, mdi thuyen cd khoang 30 tay cheo Khic vdi thflc d i n Phap sau niy, thfldng sii dung cdc nhd truyin gido de thflc hien i m mflu xim Ifldc Viet Nam, thdi Ly, Tran, cic trieu dai phong kien phfldng Bic thfldng sU dung cdc thUdng gia tham tinh hinh Dai Viet Tfl xa xfla, hoat dgng cua thfldng n h i n khdng chi vdi vai trd l i buon bin, trao ddi h i n g hda ma so' hg, la so' it nhflng cd ngfldi lam nhiem vu truyen dao (dao Phat), cung cd ngfldi lam nhiem vu "diep vien" Trong lich sii Phat giio Viet Nam, nhflng thfldng thuyen da tflng thflc hien vai trd truyen b i P h i t giao Khoang the ky II - I tr Cn, dao P h i t vio Viet Nam bing hai dfldng, mgt dfldng tfl An Do vao theo thuyin budn qua dudng bien v i mgt dfldng tfl Trung Qud'c truyen sang Trung Quo'c thfldng sii dung thUcfng nhdn nfldc minh thim tinh hinh Dai Viet va lien lac vdi ngi giin cua Dai Viet cic cuoc chien tranh Tran Ich Tic d i tflng nhd khdch thUOng Trung Quo'c d Van Ddn dem thfl cau vien n h i Nguyen Dieu dd ly giai vi kiem soat hogt dgng ngogi thUcfng lai dfldc cic nha nfldc Ly, Trin (va sau niy l i nha Le) dat nhfl mgt qud'c sdch quan trgng Hgc gia Dao Duy Anh da viet: "Sfl phdng thu Van Ddn va sfl kiem s i t ngoai thfldng d Vin Don l i nhflng viec dae biet quan trgng Cii nhu yeu tfl ve cua nha nfldc phong kien tfl chu Viet Nam da quyet dinh cii xu hfldng kiem sit ngoai thfldng cua nha nfldc Sfl kiem sat ngdai thfldng ngiy cing chit che, sau nay, den thdi nha Le, se chinh sich be quan tda cang nghiem mat" (26) Tuy nhien, nhflng chinh sich dd cd lam han che hay ngin can hoat dgng thfldng mai hay khong cung can tiep tuc nghien cflu (27) Mac dfl 2S Rghien cuu Lich sii sd 10.2010 nha Tran thflc thi chinh sach kiem soit hoat dgng ngoai thfldng, nhflng khong cd nghia l i hoat dgng giao thfldng bi dflng lai m i ngfldc lai, nd v i n khong ngflng dien Nim 1360, nam Dai Tri thfl ba ddi Trin Du Tdng "Mua Ddng, thing 10, thuyen budn cua cic nfldc Lg Hac (Lg Lac), Tra Oa (Trao Oa- Java), Xiem La den Vin Ddn budn bin, tien cic vit la" (28) Dd sfl thdi Tran la mit hang quan trgng dfldc xuat k h i u nfldc ngoai Ket qua khai quat khao cd hgc cho thi'y "Dd sfl Viet Nam thdi Tran ro ring da sinh kip - neu khong ndi l i hdn - dd sfl Trung Quo'c v i l i mgt ngudn hing xui't k h i u quy" (29) Khdng phai nglu nhien ma T r i n Hflng Dao tfl vung A Sao (Quynh Phu - Thii Binh) dfldc trieu dinh dieu ve tri'n gifl vflng Van Kiep tfl sau cuoc khing chien chdng quan xam Ifldc Mdng - Nguyen l i n thfl nhi't (1258) Van Kiep vdi trung t i m diem la thung lung Kiep Bac (thugc hfldng Van Kiep, lg Lang Giang thdi Trin) Kiep Bac CO song, niii vi bao quanh, ti$n ldi ca dfldng thuy l i n dfldng bg Quin xim Ifldc tfl phfldng BIC xud'ng, tfl bien Ddng vio deu chiem li'y vung nui Kiep Bac lam cin cfl quin sfl de tien q u i n vio kinh Thing Long, hoac kiem soit dau mdi giao thong Ngoai Vin Ddn, cic ciia bien xung yeu quan trgng phia Ddng Bic da't nfldc Dai thugc Hai Ddng cung dfldc nha Tran cho Viet Tfl Kiep Bac cd sdu dUdng sdng ( Luc quin ddng gifl nhfl Mui Nggc, An Bang, Ddu giang) de tien ve Thing Long, bien, len phia Bic, vao ddng bing Dd Id sdng Luc Thuy Duong, sdng Cdu, sdng ThUc/ng, sdng Kinh Mdt he thdng cdc thdi dp dUtJc nhd Trdn Thdy, sdng Thdi Binh vd mdt nhanh cua bd tri d viing Ddng Bdc Neu nhfl theo sdng Thdi Binh dd vdo huyen Lang Tdi dfldng thuy, tfl Khim chiu vao Viet Nam (Bic Ninh) (31) Song Thfldng chay vdng theo hfldng Tay - Nam, mgt den chiu phia Tay cua Kiep Bac, cdn ggi l i sdng Vinh An, theo trai Dai Bin (dao Ke Bao Sich Sdng Luc Dau thdi T r i n ggi l i sdng nay) thugc Nggc Sdn, tdi Vinh Thii, Binh Than Ndi da diln Hgi nghi vfldng Van Xuin (vung Van Kiep, song Luc Dau) hiu, bach quan ban ke sich gifl nfldc (12lien tdi Thing Long, thuyen di mi't 1282) Siu dau sdng ddn ve Van Kiep Dd (30) Nhfl vay tfl Van Ddn den Kinh Do l i cin cfl tfl nhien cua thuy quin Dai Viet Thing Long theo dfldng thuy cd the so' Ra ciia Bach Ding, vio song Thfldng, vio ngin hdn nhflng he tho'ng cic thai i'p, thang song Ciu, vao song Dudng, quin Dai Viet mgc i'p d diy la nhflng cho't quin sfl quan ddng thuyen d ben Luc D i u thi cd the de trgng cd the tflng bfldc chin dfldng tien quan ding va nhanh chdng di bi't cfl dfldng nao cua quin xim Ifldc Vung hai cang Vin Ddn Phia Ddng Nam Kiep Bac l i vflng nui Pha cd quin Binh Hai v i quin ciia Trin Khinh Lai Phia Bic l i thung lung Van Yen Chay Dfl Vflng ciia ngo Dong Bic cd thii i'p Tinh gifla thung lung la song Vang, dong sdng Bang (nay thugc Vinh Bao, Hai Phdng) cua n i y l i phfldng tien de thuyen be vio s i t Hflng Nhfldng vfldng Trin Quoc Tang Xudi chin nui Rdng ve Chi Linh (Hai Dfldng) la thai a'p Van Kiep, chdt quan sfl quan trgng O Chi Linh cdn co hai t h i i i'p nfla, mgt Van Kie'p (nay thugc huyen Chi Linh, tinh Hai Dfldng), khdng chi la t h i i i'p cua n h i n v i t lich sii ndi tieng tai gidi, m i cdn la mgt dia diem hiem yeu ve m i t quan sfl ciia Chieu Vu Dai vfldng Trin Qud'c Chin v i mgt cua Thfldng tfldng Trin Phd Duy$t Ngoai t h i i i'p, hai ong cdn c6 dien trang rieng Ve Thii i'p cua Thfldng tfldng T r i n Van Bdn va vung Bdng Bfic Phd Duyet, DVSKTT da ch6p: "Chiu Chi Linh vdn la cua rieng cua Thfldng tfldng Tran Phd Duyet " (32), nhflng khong cdn di'u vet va khong cd tfl ligu nen khdng the md ta cu the Cdn ve thii i'p, dien trang cua Chieu Vu Dai vfldng Trin Qud'c Chan, DVSKTT da tflng nhic den; "Qud'c Chdn d Chi Linh" Tfl lieu dia phfldng cho biet, den thd T r i n Qud'c Chan d xa Van An (huyen Chi Linh, tinh Hai Dfldng), khong cdn Sau nay, n h i n d i n xiy lai nhflng chi mang tinh tfldng trflng Trfldc diy quanh den thd cdn mgt khu rugng ggi l i rugng Tfl nha" (Dong - Tiy - Thfldng - Ha) khdang 40 miu, Tran Qud'c Chan de lai lam rugng thd minh (33) Tfl Chi Linh (Hai Dfldng) theo sdng Hdng ve Hflng Yen (thdi Trin l i Khoii lg) li i'p thang mgc cua tfldng quin Nguyen Khoii Tfl Hflng Yen ve ciia ngo phia Bic cua Kinh t h i n h Thing Long la thii i'p cua Trin Quang Trieu Sfl bd' tri tfldng ddi day die cic t h i i i'p d Chi Linh v i dgc dfldng nfldc tfl Chi Linh den Thing Long the hien tim chien Ifldc quin sfl cua trieu dinh nha Trin viec bao v^ Thing Long va sfl phdng thii dae biet dd'i vdi vflng Ddng Bic trgng yeu ciia da't nfldc Tfl lieu van bia cdn cung cap them dia diem dat phong (co the la thai i'p hoic thang mgc i'p) d huyen Ddng Trieu, tinh Quang Ninh, Trong Bia ddt Tam Bdo ndi Thien Lieu (Bia ve dat Tam Bao nui Thien LieuThien Lieu sdn tam Bao dia) dfldc tim thay tren nui Thung (34) (xfla ggi la nui Thien Lieu), d xa Yen Dflc, huyen Ddng Trieu, tinh Quang Ninh nim diy nui Yen Tii, mgt danh thing bac nhi't cua Vi^t Nam Vin bia cho biet, trang Ma Lieu (nay la xa Yen Dflc, huy$n Ddng Trieu) la dat dai ciia Dd Khic Chung va vd dng l i cong chua Bao Hoan Bd Khic Chung la quan chflc cao ci'p cua trieu 29 Trin, c6 nhieu cdng lao cic viec ngi tri v i ngoai giao cua trieu dinh, nen dfldc ban hg Tran (Trin Khic Chung) Ong dfldc nha vua ga cho cong chfla Bao Hoin Vao nam Trung Hflng (1285-1293), ngfldi Nguyen vao cfldp, cha me Bao Hoan hing giic, rugng di't, t i i san deu hi tich thu sung cdng Den vua Tran Anh Tdng len ngdi, xudng chieu tra lai Trang Ma Lieu cd the l i di't phong ciia cha me Bao Hoin (35) Tim bia la tai lieu nha't noi ve tinh hinh dien san cua Trin Khic Chung d vflng Dong Trieu Nhflng ddng thdi cung cho thi'y chi tiet quan trgng l i cha me cong chfla Bao Hoin dfldc phong cap di't dai d diy, khien cho so' Ifldng thii i'p, thang mgc i'p d vflng Dong BIC them nhieu, cing chflng minh them t i m quan trgng cua vflng di't niy Dieu cin nhi'n manh nfla li, vflng Dong Bic khong chi quan trgng bdi hai cang vin Ddn ma d diy cdn cd trung t i m P h i t giio ldn nhi't nfldc - Thien p h i i True Lim Sfl hien dien cua Thien phai d Yen Tii vdi n h i Thien hgc - N h i vua - Thai thfldng hoang t i i gidi, uyen bac (vua T r i n N h i n Tdng, td thfl nhi't ciia p h i i True Lim) khong chi ddn thuan la ndi tinh tam, nghien cflu v i truyen giang Thien hgc m i cdn nhieu kha n i n g di'ng minh quin ngfl tren nui Yen T^ vi de quan s i t dgng tinh ndi bien cfldng Ddng Bic Yen Tii dfldc coi l i phuc dia thfl tfl thien Le Tic An Nam chi lUcfc cho biet, vio nam Dai Trung Tfldng Phfl (1008-1016), Dgng Uyen dai sfl Ly Tfl Thong ding "Hai nhac danh sdn dd" (Dia nui sdng danh tieng) len vua Td'ng, cd chu ro: Phflc dia thfl tfl (trong thien ha) cd nfli Yen Tii, Giao Chiu [q.l, Cdtich] Tran Nguyen D i n da tflng dflng am tren nfli Cdn Sdn khdng chi de di dfldng tinh than m i cdn de mflu sau ke xa, gifl yen di't 30 nfldc, bao ve nhan dan nhfl vua Trin Nghe Tdng ca ngdi ong bii Minh khic Bia dgng Thanh Hu (d nfli Cdn Sdn, thugc xa Cong Hda, huyen Chi Linh, tinh Hai Dfldng), Dgng Thanh Hfl Tfl dd Trin Nguyen Dan sing lap lam cho nghi ngdi sau nghi viec quan Dgng cu khdng cdn, Tren niii Con Sdn hien ti'm bia "Thanh Hfl dgng" (36), Bai Minh d m i t sau ti'm bia da bi mdn md (37) Trong bii Minh, vua Tran Nghe Tdng ca ngdi tai nang, uy vgng va pham chat cao thfldng cua quan Tfl dd Trin Nguyen Dan, Trin Nguyen D i n dflng am tren nfli, khong phai de tim lac thfl rieng, ma cd y thfldng ngoan danh thing cua di't nfldc Am la ndi di dfldng tinh thin, de cd mflu siu ke xa, gifl yen di't nfldc, bao ve nhan dan, doan ket rong rai cic bac hien tai, khdi phuc nen thinh tri budi Trflng hflng (38) Vdi he tho'ng cac t h i i i'p, thang mgc i'p, ke ca quin dgi cua T r i n Khanh Dfl d V i n Ddn la cai d phia Dong Bic cua da't nfldc vi tri hdp mgt he tho'ng phdng thii chic chin d vflng Dong Bac Tfl bien gidi Ddng Bac vao Dai Viet, den Van Ddn da cd dgi thuy quan Binh Hai cua trieu dinh va cua Tran Khinh Dfl, rdi quin cua T r i n Khic Chung d Ddng Trieu (Quang Ninh), den Tinh Bang (Hai Phdng) cd quan cua Tran Qud'c Tang, den Chi Linh (Hai Dfldng) cd ba dgi quin cda T r i n Qud'c Chin, Tran Pho Duyet v i Tran Qud'c Tui'n, xudi ve Khoii Chiu (Hflng Yen) cd quin ciia Nguyin Khoii, tdi Gia Lam (Ha Ngi) cd quin cua T r i n Quang Trieu He thong phdng thu q u i hoin hao, khien ta lien tfldng tdi he tho'ng thai i'p d phia Nam, tfl ciia ngo phia Nam Kinh t h i n h Thing Long tdi Thien Trfldng Tren true dfldng nfldc Bic-Nam, noi hai trung t i m chinh tri ldn nhi't nfldc Thing Long-Thien Rghien cuu Lich sit, sd 10.2010 Trfldng cd cac t h i i i'p Dfldng Hda (Duy Tien, Ha Nam) cua T r i n K h i n h Dfl, Quic Hfldng (Binh Luc, H i Nam) cua T r i n Thii Dd, Cao Dii (Binh Luc, Ha Nam) cua T r i n Quang Khai Dieu dd chflng td nha T r i n rat chfl trgng bao ve nhflng vflng da't trgng yeu cua da't nfldc va quan trgng hdn la giad trach nhiem cho cic vfldng hau, quy tgc t i i gidi cua trieu dinh thflc hien nhiem vu die biet dd Trong sfl nghiep bao ve vung Ddng Bic cflng cd sfl ddng gop quan trgng ciia cic thii i'p Tran Kit luan Cd the ndi, ddi vdi Vin Ddn v i vung Ddng Bic, vai trd ciia n h i Ly l i khai md Vin Ddn, dfla thfldng cang Vin Ddn vao hoat dgng va hgi n h i p vdi giao thfldng qud'c te Trfldc V i n Ddn, n h i Ly chfl trgng den hai dia b i n la phia Nam va phia Bic Phia Nam cd cac cang bien nhfl ciia Tha (Thdi) va ciia Vien (Quen) d chiu Dien (Nghe An), d phia Bic, chu yeu giao thfldng vdi Trung Quo'c d cic Bic dich trfldng thugc Ung chiu, Khim chiu nhflng de tri hoat dgng giao thfldng d Van Ddn v i bao ve an ninh qud'c phdng cua di't nfldc tai ciia ngo Ddng Bic thi n h i Tran dat den h o i n hao N h i Trin vdi vai trd cua cic tfldng linh t i i gidi dfldc dieu ve vflng Ddng Bic khong he l i sfl ngiu nhien, tim hieu vi'n de mdi thi'y het t i m chien Ifldc tai gidi cua vua tdi nha Trin Nhd the, hoat dgng giao thfldng quo'c te d V i n Ddn nhgn nl^p v i p h i t trien nhieu the ky Thdi Ly, Tran, nhflng vung di't dfldc die biet chu trgng de xiy dflng the t r i n phdng thu la: mien nfli phia Bic, Tiy Bic, ven bien Ddng Bic, phia Nam v i vung "di't cin ban"- que hfldng cua trieu dai Dd 31 Van Bdn va vung Bdng Bac la c i c vflng da't t r g n g yeu, c i c t r i e u Ly, T r i n k h o n g chi bao ve can t h i n ma cdn n h i m p h i t h u y t h e m a n h cua nhflng v u n g di't dd t r o n g q u i t r i n h x i y dflng da't nfldc, bao ve n e n dgc l i p d a n tgc Vi the, n h i Ly, T r i n thflc h i e n n h i e u c h i n h s i c h bao ve CHU h o a t ddng k i n h te, a n n i n h , qud'c p h d n g (39) Thdi Ly, T r i n , t i m n h i n hfldng bien v i k h a i t h a c c i c n g u d n ldi tfl bien khong chi dfldc n h a nfldc chu y ma cdn tich cflc tri v i p h i t trien THICH (Ij Lg Hai Dong c6 mgt phii goi la phu Hai (7), Ve vi tri thUdng cang Van Don, xin xem Dong, theo thong ke cua P h a n Huy Chii Lich them: Do Vfin Ninh: Vdn Bon, triiu hien chiictng logi chi gom "4 huyen, chau: Viet Nam, Dd thi cd huy^n Hoanh Bo, huy?n Yen Hung, huyen Hoa Trinh Cao TUcing: Bdo cdo so bg vi cudc dieu tra Phong, huy$n Tan Binh, chau Van Ninh, chau Van nghien ciiu thUOng cang Vdn Don 2000, TU lieu Nxb, Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1989; Don, chau Vinh An Theo P h a n Huy Chii: Lich Vien Khao co hgc; H a n Van Kh^n: Boi diiu triiu hien chiiOng logi chi, tap I, muc Dii dia chi, gdm thuong mgi miin vi Bdc Viet Nam the ky XV- Nxb, Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi, 1992, tr, 137, XVII, NhUng du6i ehii thfch, eae dich gia da hieu chinh v a n Kim: He thdng thUOng cdng Vdn Bon qua tU nhu sau: theo Dii dia chi ciia Nguyen Trai thi ehi lieu lich sii vd khdo co hgc Tap chf Khdo co hgc, c6 chau Tan Yen, khong c6 huygn Tan Binh, eo le so 4-2006, ten la ddi Nguyen m6i dat, Huyen Hoa Phong, sau doi la Nghieu Phong, lai doi la Cat Hai (tiie la dao Cat Ba va mgt so dao xung quanh no V^n Ninh- la M6ng Cai) chi, sdd, tr.l37, 137-138 (3) Xem: Anh hiing ddn tgc thien tdi qudn sii Trdn Qud'c Tudn vd que hUOng Nam Dinh, Nxb Qufin dgi nhan dan, Ha Ngi, 2000, tr 336 (4) Bgi Viet sit ky todn thU (DVSKTT) ch^p: Ciia bien Tha, Vien (e6 le la ciia Thdi va ciia Quen) chau Dien tiJ thdi Ly thuyen buon da den dau Dg'n thcfi Tr£n cac ciia bien nong can, nen khong phat huy vai tro thUdng nghiep, Thuyen bd nU6c ngoai den Dai Vigt buon ban da chuyen den Vfin Don, (5), C6 le TrSn Phu da dich n h a m T h a n h Hoa la Tinh Hoa d chau Ai (tiic T h a n h Hoa nay) (6) T r i n Nghia: Mdt biic ky hoa vi xd hdi nUdc ta thcfi Trdn - Bai thd "An Nam tiic sU" cua Tran Phu, Tap chf Vdn hgc, so 1-1972, tr 108 (8), Do v a n Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Bon, UBND huygn Van Don, 1997, tr 136 Ngay nay, huyen dao Van Don gom 600 hon dao, dien tfch 584 km^ dugc chia t h a n h qudn dao: Quan dao Hai Van, (2), (16) Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hien chuang logi chi, tap I, mncDudia Tap chf Khdo cd hgc, so' 1-2004; Nguyen dign tfch 315 km^, qudn dao Cai Bdu, dign tich 269 km^ Dan cU dUdc phan bo tren 20 hen dao, ndi dong diie nh&'t la Thi tra'n Cai Rong, xa Dong Xa, Ha Long va Quan Lan Dan so toan huygn tren 33.000 dan gom dan tgc anh em la Kinh, San Diu, Dao, Tay, Hoa, Cao Lan, Mudng, Nilng, Xem Do v a n Ninh: Huygn dao Van Ddn, UBND huygn Van Don, 1997, tr 5-6 (9), Nguyen Trai: Vdn Don, Nguyin Trdi todn tap, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi, 1976, tr 322 (10) Chii thich ciia lie Trai thi tap, Nguyen Trdi todn tap, sdd, tr 680 (11) PhUdng Dinh Nguyen Van Sieu: Dgi Viet dia du todn bien, Vign Sii hgc- Nxb Van hoa xua't ban Ha Ngi, 1997, tr 112 (12) DVSKTT, Ngi, 1972, tr 281 tap I, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha 32 Rghien cuu Lich siir sd 10.2010 (13), (18), Xem: D6 Van Ninh: Vdn Don Trong: Do thi cd Viet Nam, sdd, tr 161, 158 (14) P h a n Huy Chii mo ta phu Hai Dong nhu sau: "Phil Hai Dong quay lUng vao niii, trU6c mat (20), Theo P h a m Trgng Diem, Nguyen Dong Chi (dich): Mgt it tdi lieu lich sH vi An nam nguyen chi Tap s a n Vdn Sii Dia, so 20, t h a n g 8- 1956, tr, 60 t6i bien, the da't rong rai Cach song (21) Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) la nha sU hgc 16n la chau Van Ninh, lai each song la chau Van CO ddng gdp quan trgng nha't eho phUdng phap giai Don,.," {Lich triiu hien chUOng logi chi, tap I, muc thich Uch sii so cac sii gia ciia trUdng phai Du dia chi, sdd, tr, 138), Bien nien Cong t r i n h cua ong c6 nhieu anh hudng (15), Khoang nam Trung HUng (1285-1293) deli nhiing t h a p nien 1960 vk 1970, dae bigt vdi Tran, quan Nguyen hai lan sang xam la'n nu6c tac pham La Mediteranee et le monde medite'rane Nam, Thuyen quan deu 161 Hai Dong, Van Don a I'epoque de Philippe 11 (Viing Dia Trung Hai va vao song Bach D i n g Pho tu6ng Tran Khanh Du, the gidi Dia T n m g Hai vao the ky XVI thdi d^i don danh quan Nguyen d Van Don, thuyen gao ciia vua Philip II cua Tay Ban Nhaj, Paris: Arinand tudng Nguyen la TrUdng Van Ho' bi dam het Quan Colin David Moon Day la quyIn sii viet tren mgt Nguyen vi the t h u a to, Theo P h a n Huy Chii: Lich binh dien rong, Braudel cung bat ddu vdi moi triiu hien chUOng logi chi, tap I, muc DU dia chi, trudng dia ly cua vung Dia Trung Hai qua sU mo sdd, t r l ta ve niii, ddi, ddng b i n g , bd bien, bien,, va each (17), (30) Do v a n Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Don, sdd, tr 218, 132, (19) Dudi trieu Ly, vi sd ngUcti Trung Quo'c du6i chieu bai buon ban de tham tinh hinh Dai Viet nen vua Ly chi cho ph6p ngUcfi nUde ngoai dugc ph6p buon ban d mgt so' dia dilm nha't dinh va chiu sU kiem soat ciia nha nU6c, NgUdc lai, ma chiing da a n h hUdng den lich sii cua vung (22), Dan theo T r a n Thi Bich Nggc: Lich sii vd phuong phdp lich sii, Tap chf Khoa hgc xd hgi, Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi vUng Nam Bg, so 9-H0/2007, tr, 68-69, (23), Ve hoat dgng giao thUdng d Van Ddn xin Trung Quoc cQng vay, chi cho ph^p thUdng n h a n tham khao Nguyen Van Kim: He thdng Dai Viet den buon ban cl mgt so' dia diem thugc cdng Vdn Don qua tU lieu lich sU vd khdo co hgc, Ung chau, Kham chau Cac dia diem buon ban d bdd; tr, 46-66; Nguyen Thi PhUdng Chi - Nguyen bien gidi hai nUdc dUde Chu Khii Phi ggi la "Bac Tien Diing: Vi cdc mdi giao thUOng cua Quoc gia dich trudng" (hoSc bac dich trUdng) Ung chau ed hai bac dich trudng ldn: mgt la trai Hoanh Sdn, ndi mua ngUa va cac lam san, dUdc phdm cua dia phUdng va muo'i Hai la Trai Vinh Binh, mgt cac bac dich trUdng quan trgng, Neu nhU viec buon ban d bien gidi hai nUde tai cac dia diem thugc ehau Ung, chau Kham diln nhgn nhip dUdi thdi Ly thi den thdi Tran lai trd nen md nhat va khong tha'y ghi ch6p sii cu, TrUdc do, dUdi thdi Tien Le, nSm Dgi Viet thdi Ly, Tran thuong (the ky XI-XFV), Tap chf Nghien ciiu Lich sH, so 7-2007, tr 23-38 (24), (25), (28), (32), DVSKTT, tap II, Nxb, Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1971, tr,152, 59, 163, 53, (26) Dao Duy Anh: Vdn de hinh thdnh cua ddn tgc Viet Nam, Xay dung xua't ban Ha Ngi, 1957, tr.84, (27), Tac gia Do Van Ninh cho r i n g chfnh sach nha Tran dUa lam h a n che' ngoai thUdng, Tac gia viet: "Sang thdi Trdn che tap quyg~n phat triln 1009, vua Le Ngga Trieu da "cau thong thUdng vdi cao hdn, mat khae ba ldn chien tranh xam lUde cua Ung chau" nhUng vua Td'ng "chi eho thong thUdng quan Nguyen da lam cho eac vua Trdn dUa vdi Liem ehau va tra'n NhU Hong (tiie chau Kham) nhiing chinh sach han che ngoai thUdng" (Do Van thoi", theo DVSKTT, tap I, sdd, tr.l83 Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Don, edd, tr, 218-219), S3 v a n Bdn v a v u n g Bdng B d c (29) Do v a n Ninh: Huyen ddo Vdn Don, sdd, tr, 220 Dd sii thdi Trdn ngoai dae diem ke tue io thdi Ly Trdn tren ddt Dong Trieu, Bao Vdn nghe, so t h a n g 2-1995 sii thdi Ly, cdn cd nhiing dae diem rieng khoe (36) Tran bia k h i c chQ trign ldn: Long manh ve kieu dang, mdu men trang tri son nau Khanh ngii thU Long K h a n h la nien higu cua vua gian di nhUng t h a n h thoat de Ua, Nen, nd la mgt Dug Tong nha Trdn (1373-1377) Bia dgng T h a n h nhiing mat h a n g n i m danh muc dd Hu dUdc dung sau dgng lam xong, Bia cd'ng cua Dai Vigt sang nha Nguyen, k h i c chii hai mat M a t trUdc k h i c ba chii ldn (31), Cd ngudi cho r i n g sau song dd la song "Thanh HU dgng", la biit tich ciia vua Due Tdng Lue Nam, song ThUdng, song Cdu, sdng Duong, M a t sau k h i c bai Minh ciia Nghe Tdng NhUng song Thai Binh va song Kinh Thdy, ehie la nhdm bia de lau ngay, tren mat bia chi cdn lai cac chii vi sdng Luc Nam xa qua (xem Nguyen trign ldn, k h i c sau "Long K h a n h ngil thu" va Trdi todn tap, Nxb Khoa hoe Xa hgi Ha Ngi, 1976, tr 567) (33) TrUdng HQu Quynh; Che rugng ddt d Viet Nam theky XI-XVHI, "Thanh H u dgng" (37) Ra't may Ik bai Minh ciia Nghd Tong dUdc tap I, Nxb Khoa hoe xa P h a n Phu Tien va Chu Xa sUu tap va dua vao sach (34) Bia dUdc p h a t hign vao nSm 1990 Khi Cdn Son Thanh HU dgng bi minh, vk chii ro chii: hgi Ha Ngi, 1982, tr 159 Viet dm thi tap vko khoang nam 1433, vdi ddu de: phat hien, bia dUdc chdn ngSp da't, kich Nghg Tdng ngU che chii "Ngi^ thu" cua Dug Tong thudc la 1,2m va 0,8m, Tran bia va xung quanh va bai Minh eua Nghg Tdng sang tac vao nam bia khong trang tri hoa van Bia khde ehii mgt 1373-1376, trUdc Dug Tdng di danh Chiem mat, gdm ddng, viS't doe tif tren xuong, til phai Thanh va tii tr&n, va trUdc Nguyen Dan ve sang trai, hien eon dgc dUdc 133 chii (gdm ca ehii hUu (1385) ddu de); dg 24 chii bi mdn md khdng nhan dUde, (38) Trinh K h i c Manh: Bia ddng Thanh HU, chQ ddu de bia thi chii 'Thien Lieu sdn" viet trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam, tap II, Thdi ngang tren t r a n bia, cdn chii "Tam Bao dia" lai Trdn, tftp Ha, National Chung Cheng University viet dgc d giiia bia Bia hign cdn cl ndi dUdc phat Chia Yi- Vign Nghien ciiu H a n Ndm, Ha Ngi, hidn Vi^n Nghien ciiu Han Nom ed gill mgt ban 2002, tr 615-616 rap (ehUa cd ky hieu) (35) Hoang v a n Lau: Bia ddt Tam Bdo Thien Lieu, trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet (39) Nha Ly thudng ga cong chiia eho cac tu nui trUdng d mien niii phfa Bic Nha Trdn ciing ga Nam, cdng chiia cho vua Chiem T h a n h la Ch§' Man d tap II, Thdi Trdn, quyen Thugng, National Chung phfa Nam va Ignh cho dan trang Van Don Cheng University Chia Yi- Vign Nghien eiiu Han khdng duge dgi non giong ngUdi phUdng Bic, Nha Ndm Ha Ndi, 2002, tr 333-334, Xem them: Lai Trdn Ignh cho n h a n dan khdng dUdc b i t chudc v a n Hilng-Pham Nggc Lan: Nhiing di tich vdn hgc tieng ndi ciia ngudi Ai Lao va Chan Lap