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KHAI nOANG VEN BIKN (Jf NAM DINH TH0I Ul SO QUA NGHIEN COU TRUONG HCfP KHAI HOANG m dQUANANH, HUY$NHkHJjiU (1485-1511) DAO 16 UYfiN* TRAN VAN K I £ N " C h u trifdng k h a i h o a n g thdri Le sd Thdi Le sd (1428-1527), ehinh sach khai hoang la mdt nhQng nhan td gdp p h i n phue hdi va thuc d i y nen kinh td ndng nghiep cang phat t r i l n manh N h i t la dQdi thdi vua Le Thanh Tdng, vi^c di dan khai pha cac vung ven bien la mdt chii trQdng ldn da thidt Iftp nen nhidu Iftng xa Khai hoang la boat ddng thQdng xuyen eua edng ddng dan cQ tren lanh thd nQdc ta g i n lien vdi vi^c md rong dien tich canh tac va thidt lap cae lang xa mdi TQ thdi Tran, khai hoang trd chii trQdng ciia nha nQdc, la mdt dftc an nha vua ban cho cac than vQdng, quy toe va trQdng edng ehua Thdi Le sd, khai hoang cang cd vai trd quan vi nd khdng ehi gdp p h i n khdi phuc dien tich san x u i t ma eon cd tac dung md rong quydn sd hQu d i t dai cua nha nQdc va nhan dan NhQng chii trQdng khai hoang tich cQc da dQdc ban hanh dQdi cac trieu vua Thai To (14281433), Thanh Tdng (1460 - 1497) va Hien Tdng (1497-1504) Nam 1427, eude khdi nghia Lam Sdn cdn chQa kdt thuc hoan toan, Le Ldi da l$nh eho dan phieu tan trd vd que efty rupng, khdng d l d i t hoang Sau cuoc khdi nghia t h i n g ldi, nha Le sd dQdc thiet lap, nhQng khd khan be bdn cua d i t nQdc h$u qua chidn tranh da dat nhieu v i n de cip bach ddi hdi phai dQdc giai quydt kip thdi, dd phuc hdi vft phat triln san xuit ndng nghifp cd vai trd quan Nhan thft'y nhQng mftt tich cQc ciia vi§c thiic diy khai hoang phue hda ddi vdi nen kinh td ndng nghiep, vua Le Thai Td da ban hanh l$nh k h i n hoang, khuydn khich nhan dan phuc hdi san x u i t tren di^n tich d i t dai cae lang xa trQdc day Thang 12 nftm Ky Dau (1429), vua ban chieu "ZenA cho cdc phu, Ip, chdu, huyen, xa: xa nao c6 nhiiu rupng dat nhUng it ngUdi, de bo hoang thi cdc quan ncfi cho nhiing ngUdi khdng c6 rupng d cdc xa khdc den cay cay, ngtldi chu rupng xd khdng diidc chiem giU roi bo hoang Ai vi pham se bi xit theo toi cUdng bUc chiem doat" (1) Trong tQ tQdng trj nQdc cua Le Thai To va h i u het cae vua • PGS.TS Khoa Lich sQ - TrUdng Dai hoc SQ ph?im Ha Ndi " Th.S Khoa Vi^t Nam hoc - TrQdng Dai hpc Su pham Hft Ndi Khai hoang ven bi&i Ram fiinh i h « L6 So trieu Le sd, ndng nghiep dQqie coi la gdc re d l ciing cd, xay dQng d i t nQdc vdi phQdng cham "di ndng vi ban", "thQc tue binh CQdng" DQdi cac trieu vua Thai Tdng (14331442) vft Nhan Tdng (1442-1459) h i u nhQ khdng thft'y cd cac chinh sach khuydn khich khai hoang cua nhft nQdc NhQng sang thdi Le Thanh Tdng, kinh te ndng nghi$p phat trien g i n lien vdi nhieu chinh sach ciia nhft nQdc vd mong dft't da thuc d i y boat ddng khai hoang bung phat ngfty cang nhieu Nftm 1460, mdi len ngdi, Thanh Tdng da c i t d i t cdng de ban cho 30 cdng t h i n lam rudng thd nghi€p Nam 1477, dng thQc hi^n che ban eft'p Ipc dien rong rai CQ xem ldi bftn Khdm dinh Viet sii thong gidm cUcfng muc thi mdi t h i y dQdc sd rudng d i t nha vua ban cho cdng t h i n ldn thd nao, CUdng muc vidt: "bay gid cUctng viic chUa dupe rdng ldn, md rupng dd't ban cho nhieu den nhu vdy, thi thue cdng cua qude gia cdn dupe bao nhiiu Viic ndy e chUa du tin" (2) Cung vdi chd ldc diin, nha vua cung cho thQc hi$n che qudn diin theo quy dinh nam chia lai mot l i n Theo dng thi cham lo phat triln kinh td ndng nghi$p la nhi^m vu quan trong, vfty cae quan dia phQdng phai ludn khuydn khich nhan dan phat triln nghe ndng, khdng dQdc bd "gdc" theo "ngon" Cd the thft'y, cac chinh sach rudng d i t dQdc thQc hi?n lien tue d i u thdi Hdng DQc vft nan chiem d i t cdng Iftm dft't tQ d nhidu dia phQdng da Iftm giam sdlQdng dft't cdng Iftng xa, eung vdi sQ gia tftng dan sd tao sQc 6p ddi vdi nha nQdc, bupe ehinh quydn Le Thanh Tdng phai md rpng di^n tich d i t ndng nghi$p Do vay, bd may chfnh quydn ed them cac chQc quan khuydn ndng vft phu trach de didu, boat ddng k h i n hoang dQ^e nha nQdc quan tam diy manh hdn trQdc, cac chinh sach khai hoang Iftp 33 Iftng dQdc ban hftnh thQc hien rdng rai nhan dan DQdi nien hieu Quang Thuan (14601469) da cd mdt sd quan lai dia phQdng de nghi nha nQdc thuc d i y viec khai hoang (3) NhQng ldi tau cua cae vien quan nfty da giup cho nha nQdc thdi Hdng DQc (14701497) cd nhQng chinh sach md rdng dft't dai hQu hieu Ddi vdi quan ddi va dan cQ vung ydu, vua Le Thanh Tdng thQc hien chu trQdng d i y manh boat ddng khai hoang lap ddn didn, dd khai thae ca sQc lao ddng ciia tu nhan Ddi vdi thQdng dan, dng ban hanh phdp thdng cao vk chiem xa tao dieu kifn thuan ldi eho moi ngudi ed the tham gia vao cdng eude khai hoang Vdi phep thdng cdo, nha nQdc cho ndng dan dQdc den nhQng ndi cd rudng d i t hoang boa d dia phQdng minh de khai k h i n Rudng d i t sau k h i n xong dQdc xdp vao hang cdng dien va cho ph6p ngQdi thdng cao cay ciy nop thud budng mdt ddi Rieng phep chiem xa cd hai each luftn giai khac Ghi ch6p ciia Pham Dinh Hd Vu trung tiiy but eho biet: "Thdi Hong Diic, sau cdn binh loan, rupng dd't bo hoang nhieu, triiu dinh bdn thi hanh phep chiem xa, sai cdc thi'gia hdo hQu tiiy siJCc khai khdn ddt hoang, sau thdnh rupng ddt cho ghi vdo so cua bp Ho, mdi mdi givC Idm cua rieng" (4) NhQng theo nhQng nghien cQu trQdc thi phep chiem xa Ift eho nhQng ngQdi khdng cd rudng hoae it rudng d lang xa khac thuoc huyen, phu khac dQdc phdp tQ tim Iiy nhQng khu dft't hoang boa de xin eft'p tren khai khftn, cay ciy nop thud Rudng d i t sau khai khin, theo quy dinh mdt niia dQdc xem 1ft rudng vinh nghiep, phai chiu mdt sd thud nh^ hdn rudng edng, niia cdn lai Ift rudng cdng cua lang Kdt qua nghien cQu dQdc the hi$n ndi dung giai thich khai niem "chiem 34 xa dien" tren Bach khoa todn thi/ Viet Nam: "chiem xa diin Id mot loai rupng ddt hoang thudng d viing ven bien ddn ngheo til ndi khdc di cii diin khai khdn dUdi thdi Hdu Le Sau khdn hod, mot niCa trd thdnh rupng tit vinh nghiep cua ngitdi dd bo cong lao ddng, mot niia la rupng cong chiem xa, ditdc liu tien dong mdc to nhe cho Nhd niidc Theo the le nam 1670, miic to hdng nam cua rupng chiem xa la 20 thdng/mau, miic to rupng cong khdu phan la 30 thdng/mdu" (5) Chu trQdng chi phdi boat ddng eua nhidu eude khai khan d i t hoang d n^a cud'i thdi Le sd nhQ trQdng hdp ho Ninh d lang Ninh Xa, huyen Vong Doanh, phu Nghia HQng, Sdn Nam da theo ph^p chidm xa di khai k h i n dat Yen Md, Iftp lang Cdi Dam De khai thae tdi da d i t dai phue vu phat triln kinh td ndng nghiep, dap Qng nhu ciu ciia dan sd mot tang cao dat nQdc thai binh, vua Thanh Tdng cho nhan dan td chQc khai hoang tren cac bai sa bdi D l cung cd' cac vung d i t bdi va khuydn khich cac eude khai hdang vung ven biln, tQ d i u thdi Hdng DQc nhft Le cho d i p eon de biln dai tQ Quang Ninh ddn Thanh Hda nay, dan quen goi la de Hdng DQc Thang 11 nam Hdng DQc thQ 16 (1485), "nhd vua sdc linh cho cdc viin phu huyen: phdm cho ven nui ven biin cdn rupng bo hoang chUa khai khdn hit thi cdc viin quan phu, huyen deu phai di khdm thiic, don doc de nhdn ddn khai khdn cdy trong" (6) NQa nam sau, thang nam Hdng DQc thQ 17 (1486), lai lenh eho cac phu, huyen, xa ring: "ndi nao c6 rupng bo hoang d bd bien md ngiidi it rupng tinh nguyin boi ddp di' khai khdn nop thui' thi phu huyen xet thiic cdp cho Idm" (7) Vi thd, tQ giQa ddi Hdng DQc trd di nha Le sd da huy ddng dQdc kha ddng dan cQ cae lang xa ft rudng d i t di Rghien curu Lich sit sH 5.2009 khai hoang lap i p d nhQng vung bai bdi ven biln Vung d i t Cdng Thuy, thuoc huyen Yen Khanh (Ninh Binh), d i t Quin Anh, thuoc huyen Hai Hau (Nam Dinh) ddi eung la ket qua ciia vi?c thQc hien chinh sach Thang 10 nam Canh Thdng thQ (1499), vua Le Hien Tdng lenh cho ThQa ty Thanh Hoa di kham x6t ndi d i t hoang dl dQa nhQng gia dinh iQdng thien ddn khai k h i n Chu trQdng khai hoang theo dinh 1§ ciia phdp chidm xa tidp tue dQdc thQc hi^n cho ddn d i u the ki XVI D l dam bao hi^u iQc ciia chinh sach nay, nam 1501 vua L§ Hidn Tdng xudng chidu nhftc lai eho cac phu huyen rd ve che rudng chidm xa Chidu vidt: "Ndi nao cd rupng ddt cdn bo hoang, trUdc dd cdp thdng tiC cho ngUdi cdy cdy nop thue theo le quy dinh Neu Id ngiidi ngheo tdng, triidc dem gia dinh di khai khdn rupng ddt hoang d cdc phu huyen khdc theo ldi chiem xa, thi theo li diidc truyen cho chdu cdy cdy " (8) NhQ vay, vdi cac chii trQdng ldn ve khai hoang phuc hda, nha Le da tan dung nhQng bien phap tdt n h i t de tftng cQdng phue hdi va md rdng di?n tich d i t san xuit, chu thuc diy ndng nghiep ngfty eftng phat triln Hoat ddng khai hoang 1ft bQdc md d i u dat nen mdng cho sQ phuc hdi vft phat trien ndng nghiep ciia d i t nQdc sau hai mQdi nam dd ho ciia nha Minh va cung chinh sQ phat trien eua ndng nghiep nhQng nam cudi thd ki XV lai thuc d i y qua trinh khai hoang phat trien di md rpng hdn nQa di^n tich canh tac Chinh sach k h i n hoang cua nha Le sd cdn ed tac dung quan nQa la cdng hQu hda mot p h i n rupng d i t nhan dan khai k h i n , md rpng di^n tich sd hQu nha nQdc vft tftng them thu nh^p vi d the ki XV nhft nQdc khdng danh thud Khai hoang ven bi&i Ram Dinh thfiri L& So rudng tQ TQ day, nhft Le khdng ehi giai quyet dQtJc nan bd hoang rudng dft't Iftng xa mft cdn lap nen nhieu cac lang xa mdi DQ(?e sQ khuydn klu'ch ciia nha nQdc, tQ nhieu dia phQdng ven biln phu Thien TrQdng thuoc Sdn Nam thQa tuyen, cac iQc iQdng khai hoang tidn hanh khai k h i n cae bai bdi ven bien Rieng ddi vdi Sdn Nam, thang 11 nftm Tan Mao, Hdng DQc thQ (1471), nha vua da ehi du eho cac quan thQa tuyen, phii, huy$n phai cham lo ddn viec khuydn ndng, dd ma quan lai Sdn Nam cang tang cQdng hdn nQa vipc ddng vien nhan dan phat trien nghe ndng Day vdn la vung d i t ddng dan' cQ d vung iQu chau thd sdng Hdng, tQ thdi T r i n cac boat ddng k h i n hoang da dien kha sdi noi nen cQ dan d Q u i n Anh, huypn Hai Hau, tinh Nam Dinh cung tidp thu dQdc khdng it cac kinh nghiem cua idp ngQdi di trQdc (9) Qu& trinh khai k h a n dat Quan Anh 2.1 Ve dia bdn vd lUc litang hoang khdn Que hQdng cua nhQng ngQdi d i u tien den md xa Q u i n Anh la thdn LQdng Ndi, xa TQdng Ddng, tdng T h i n Lo, huyfn Tay Cbftn, phii Thien TrQdng (nay Ift thdn Npi, xa Nam Thanh, huy^n Nam TrQc, Nam Dinh) Ndi day nhQng nftm cudi thd ki XV dft't chat ngQdi ddng, lai n i m ben sdng Id, nhan dan di tan tim kiem vung dft't mdi kha nhidu Sau hoftng dd Le Thanh Tdng ban hftnh cac sic Ipnh khai hoang, tQ nhQng nftm 1485 - 1486, bdn dng T r i n Vu, Vu Chi, Hoang Gia, Pham Cap da quydt d}nh dQa gia dinh tQ TQdng Ddng ddn dinh cQ khai k h i n tren bai bdi d phia ddng nam huy^n nha Dfty la mpt dai cdn bai n i m giQa hai sdng la sdng Lach Giang (sdng Ninh Cd) va 35 sdng Sd (sdng Ha Lan), hai nhanh cua sdng Hdng chay hai cQa Lach Giang va Mudn Hai Vdn cd dia hinh ciia vung giao thiiy nen d day ed nhQng ngudn ldi tQ sdng va bien tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cdng eude khai hoang, hai nghe ca mudi da hd trd nhieu eho cac gia dinh ho lin diu tien dat chan den day Ngay tQ sdm da cd mdt sd dan chai ddn bai bdi ngu cQ kiem sdng, ho thQdng lam nha tam tren cac dai d i t cao, ddn nQdc len lai rut vao lang NgQdi Cat Chii thi ngu d phia bic, dan chai iQdi Giao Thuy lai d phia ddng, cdn phia nam la nhQng ngQ dan chuyen nghe biln Pham vi khai k h i n ciia cQ dan Q u i n Anh sau ehi la mdt vung tren bai sa bdi rdng ldn iy, thQdng goi la bai bdi Lach Lac TQ ten goi cho thiy d i t sa bdi n i m ngoai sdng Lach Giang xUa la bai lau lac Bdn ho da lap mot ban tftu xin khai k h i n d i t hoang lam rudng tQ goi la Dia dn tU diin, dd xac dinh mdc ranh gidi tQ nhien eua vung d i t bai nhQ sau: "Ddng: cdn Quay, cdn Bp; Tay: nui Ne, T h i n Phu; Bic giap sdng ldn; Nam sud't ddn be sau mUdi tam thQdc nQdc" (10) D i t bai Lach Lac trQdc phu sa sdng bdi tu vQdn d i n bien Mat ngoai bien phia Ddng Nam la ddng chay ngim xd eat len nhieu cdn dd'ng, mftt phu sa sdng Lach Giang (phia tay bic) va sdng Sd (phia ddng bic) chay xudng gap ddng hai iQu ven biln, phu sa khdng chay ngoai dQdc dan ndi len tren cat, tren dd mdi cd mdt sd' cdn ddng ndi len qua mat nQdc Cho ddn de biln dQdc hdp long thi cat be ngQng chay vao cdn phu sa tiep tue dQdc phii day len vi vay dia tang phd bien ben dQdi la cat ben tren la dat Vdi dia hinh ciia vung sinh Iiy ven bien, bai Lach Lac ed dia the thap d i n tQ Tay Bftc xudng Ddng Nam, dd sau dia t i n g canh tac 36 khdng deu Cung td'c bdi tu nhanh cham khac nen eac vung d i t phia Tay giap sdng Ninh thQdng hinh nhanh va vQng chic hdn so vdi vung dat d phia Ddng Nhd nhQng ddng chay ldn dd ma ed the eho ph6p eon ngQdi nhanh ehdng thidt lap mot he thdng kenh mQdng d i n thuy nhap dien T Q lieu cdn lai cho bidt, nhQng ngQdi di khai khan deu la ndng dan ngheo Dl ed the cai tao dQdc vung d i t bai can ed mot qua trinh c h u i n bi lau dai, dd viec tri san xuat ndng nghiep chidm mdt vi tri quan vi nd tao nen hau phQdng vQng chic cho "doan quan" tidn sang ehinh phuc bai bdi Khi mdi ddn, bdn ho xin tam t n i d HQdng Cat, vung dat ben bd bic sdng Ninh Cd, mua g i n 20 m i u rudng la'y iQdng thQc phue vu boat ddng khai hoang Day chfnh la vung ban dap cua iQc iQdng khai k h i n NhQng ngQdi dan dng khoe manh ngay ehd nQdc thuy trieu xud'ng vQdt sdng sang bai, dQa vao cae eon cao san d i t d i p de VQdt qua nhieu khd khan nhQng ngQdi khai hoang da chu ddng "la'y n g i n nudi dai", tQng bude day lui bien, Iftp nen nhQng lang xdm d i u tien Nhd vay, nhQng cdn cao cang dQdc eung cd' trd dai dat lien n i m sat sdng Ninh Cd, hinh khu dat mdi, goi la xdm Bd De Khi dd cac gia dinh da chuyen cQ b i n sang vung d i t bai, dQng nha d tren nhQng khu d i t cao, viec d i p de ngSn mftn vi the thuan ldi hdn NhQng cd' ging ban d i u cd y nghia quan trong, nd khftng dinh dQdc sQc lao ddng eon ngQdi se chidn t h i n g nhQng thii thaeh cua thien nhien vung ven bien, md kha nang ldn dd'i vdi edng eude khai hoang •Vi dia ban khai khftn r i t rdng nen edng cuoc khai hoang d Lach Lac can sQc lao ddng ciia mdt edng ddng dan cQ ddng due Rghien curu Lich siSr s6 5.2009 Den dau the ki XVT, dan cQ chin ho Lai, Nguyen, Le, Bui, Phan, Doan, Do, vft Trin, Vu phai khac tQ Thanh Hoa, Hai DQdng vft cac lang xa viing da den hdp cung bdn ho hinh thftnh iQc iQdng lao ddng kha hau gdm "tQ tinh, e^u tdc" chung sQc md rdng dia ban, tien hanh quai de, lin bien, quy hoach sdng ngdi ddng rudng Trong qua trinh dd, T r i n Vu la ngQdi dQng dau, ddng vai trd cua mdt "tdng cdng trinh SQ" td chQc dan chung khai hoang, pha hoa Vu Chi la ngQdi chiu trach nhiem ehi huy viec tri thuy, vi vfty nhan dan goi dng Ift "Phd Ba tQdng quan" Hoang Cap ngoai viec td chQc lao ddng cdn chiu trach nhipm md trQdng day hoc cho eon em lang Trong ki Qe eua nhan dan, dng chinh la thay dd khai tam Nho hoe cho dan Cdn ip, md nen vftn hoc eho d i t Q u i n Anh Pham c a p dQdc giao trach lam chQdng ba, chuyen trach viec quan ly nhQng ngQdi ddn khai hoang cung sd iQdng rudng d i t khai trQng dQdc Do vay, dng la ngQdi n i m dQ(?c rd nha't dia hinh dia the eung vdi cae loai da't dai d Q u i n Anh Tuy mdi ngQdi deu cd vai trd rieng edng cuoc khai hoang md d i t song ho da doftn ket nhft't tri, tren dudi ddng long mQu nghipp ldn lau dfti 2.2 Qud trinh lap lang xd khai khan vd thiet Trong edng eude khai k h i n nfty, vin de tri thiiy va thiiy ldi dQdc dftt tQ sdm, 1ft nhan to' quyet dinh hftng d i u den sQ thftnh bai cua toan bd qua trinh khai khin, danh da'u viec nhan dan Q u i n Anh ed kha nftng bao ve dQdc thftnh qua lao ddng ciia minh TrQdc hdt 1ft viec d i p de ngan man cd ^ nghia quan vi nd khdng chi "de ehdng niidc Id hoae nitdc bien trdn vdo, gdy nin nan ngap lut khung khie'p, khdng chi giiJt niidc sinh hoat hdng ngdy, md chu yeu cbn nham khoanh viing, ldn biin, md Khai hoang ven biin d Ram Binh thin L& So rdng dien tich canh tdc" (11) TQ nhQng yeu ciu cip thidt phai ed de khoanh Ift'y vung khai k h i n nen tQ nhQng ngfty d i u tien bdn ho dftt chan ddn ndi nfty, cdng tac d i p de da nhanh ehdng dQdc tien hanh Vi$e d i p de nfty gftp r i t nhieu khd khftn chfin de toftn cat vft bun non, dft't d i p vfto gftp nQdc thuy trieu lai trdi hdt Vi vay, nhQng ngQdi khai k h i n phai nao vdt chan de sdng, dung thuydn ehd d i t thit gia tQ ndi khac ddn l i p tQ Idng sdng dd, rdi d i p cao rdng ma Cudi eung de Ddng da dQdc dQng len, tQ Bic ddn Nam dai hdn nftm nghin trQdng, Ift eon de d i u tidn va quan ddi vdi edng cuoc trQng k h i n d dfty TQ cho ehi d i p dQdc nhQng doan de ngin tidn ddn hinh thftnh ca nhQng de dai vft ngfty mdt vQng vftng, nhd dd dft't bdi nhanh ehdng len thftnh cdn ft'p, rdi lang xa TrQdc sau cae iQc iQdng khai hoang da d i p dQdc de gdm de Ddng, de sdng Ninh Cd, de Hau Ddng, de Ddng Mdc vft dd Nam Nhan dan Cdn ft'p tQ nhQng ngfty d i u khai k h i n eung tich cQc tham gia d i p doan de Hdng DQc qua dia phQdng minh Nhd cd de Hdng DQc vQng chai mft ddng dft't Cdn i p tiep tue dQdc md rdng, nhan dan da sii dung cac phQdng phap bao vp mat de, thfin de hftng cd ga, cd chan ret va dQa dai r i t hQu hieu D I nhanh ehdng thau ehua rQa man, ngot hda ddng rudng, iQc iQdng khai hoang da tidn hanh dao sdng, xe mQdng Iiy nQdc ngot tQ sdng Ninh Cd, d i n phu sa vfto rupng Mdt hd thdng sdng ngdi, mQdng mftng kha dfty dftc hinh xUdng ca da dQdc hinh vdi true chinh Ift sdng Muc va sdng Tr^ chay qua giQa Iftng (goi Ift Trung Giang) H$ thdng thiiy ldi khdng chi cung cip nQdc cho canh tac ndng ngbipp va sinh hoat ma cdn la eon dQdng giao thdng 37 chinh He thd'ng cdng dap eung nhanh ehdng ddi, giup cho viec d i n thiiy nhftp dien, tieu cam phpAg ung NhQ vfty, de didu, thuy ldi chinh 1ft thftnh qua rQc rd mftt trftn dft'u tranh cai tao thien nhien cua ngQdi lao ddng Quin Anh nhftm giftnb d i t vft nQdc dl cQ tru vft trdng trot Q u i n Anh da trd thftnh ndi thu hut dQdc nhieu gia dinh den Iftm ftn sinh sdng Dat dai eung cang dQdc md rdng dap Qng sQ gia tftng dan sd vung T Q lieu dia phQdng cho bidt qua vdng de thQ n h i t tQ de sdng Ninh den de Hau Ddng da lap nen trai Quin Anh Khi cQu tdc den hdp sQc d i p vdng de thQ hai tQ de sdng Ninh vao de Ddng Mdc d i t trai Quin Anh dQdc nftng thftnh Cdn ft'p eho dan tdi day dinh cQ Iftp nghiep Bia ehua Phuc Sdn cdn ghi: " td; td khai sdng tii xd Tiidng Ddng ven sdng md xudng Chin hp Lai, Nguyin, Li, Biii, Phan, Doan, Dd vd hai hp Trdn, Vd khdc den tii'p Hai ldn ddp di ven bien diing nin Con dp" (12) Gia pha hp Vu dai tdn eung ndi tQ td cung ciiu toe chuyen cQ den bai bdi Lach Lac cung khai k h i n thi cae gia dinh "bat ddu tim chd dd't cao lam nhd ciing d, dat tin la Cdn dp" (13) Day chfnh 1ft lang d i u tien hinh thftnh tren dft't Quin Anh, va cung 1ft diu tien tren dft't Hai Hau Khi mdi den hp tap trung d d i t Phu CQdng, sau hai dng Trin, Vu chuyin d cdn Bd De, dng Hoang d khu d i t Cdn Gang (cdn hp Hoang), dng Pham d khu Cdn Cat, dd 1ft dft't "ed trach" ciia bd'n hp md d i u khai khin Dia hinh "cdn ft'p" sau nfty v i n cdn tdn tai d nhieu ndi xa TQ sau d i p xong doan de Hdng DQc, ngQdi den xin cung khai k h i n mdt them ddng, Cdn i p dQdc ddi Quin CQdng i p , nghia la ndi tap trung sQc manh ciia doftn ngQdi khai hoang pha hoa d vung Rghito curu Lich si a6 5.2009 38 cdn ven biln Theo doftn ngQdi di khai khan, dat cang them rdng, ngQdi cung cang them ddng nen nhan dan Q u i n CQdng lam sd dinh, sd dien de xin lap xa Nam Hdng Thuftn thQ (1511), vua Le TQdng DQC c h u i n eho Q u i n Cudng i p nang len thftnh xa, goi la xa Q u i n Anh - nghia 1ft ndi nhieu ngQdi tai can nhdm hop lai vdi Bia tQ dien Quan Anh dQng nftm Canh HQng thQ 27 (1766) cd vidt: " chS Qudn Anh dat ten lang, mdi bdt ddu tii nam Hong Thuan tha 3" (14) Bai minh d bia dQng Vftn dan xa nftm Canh HQng thQ 46 (1785) cd viet: "tin xd Qudn Anh cd tU nam Hong Thuan" (15) Lai theo thd iQu tftng eua Tidn si Bai DQdng Ift Ngd The Vinh cd cau: "Hong Thuan tam nien thvC dia ddu I Tii gia bdc trdc chi kim liiu", tam dich la "Nam Hong Thuan thU ba, ddu tien md ddt xd ndy / Bon nhd Trdn, Vd, Hodng, Pham boi diidc dd't lanh, khai vd de lai cho chdu" (16) NhQ v^y khoang nam Hdng Thuan thQ ba Q u i n Anh len xa thuoc tdng T h i n Lp, huyen Tay Chan la cd t h i tin c^y dQdc (sau vi kieng buy Tay Dd VQdng Trinh Tac nen ddi Iftm huyen Nam Chan) Xa Quan Anh ed dien tich kha rdng gdm ndi mQdi giap, ngoai bdn thdn dan cQ lai ngfty cang ddng due, cae xQ ddng dQdc nhan dan tidp tue cai tao cho them mftu md 2.3 Thdnh hoang qud rupng ddt sau khai Khi mdi tQ TQdng Ddng xud'ng xin dQdc khai khan bai bdi Lach Lac, ban dia an bd'n dng T r i n , Vu, Hoang, Pham da cd y xin dQdc Ift'y Iftm dft't tQ dien the nghiep nhQng mong dQdc truyen lai cho eon chau ddi sau Bia tQ dien Q u i n Anh ed vidt: " dd't ndy ven be Nam biin ndi mdi dpng, tii triidc vd'n Id bdi biin lay Tiin nhdn dem Idng tinh todn lo viec khdn triing, ddn xin mdy ldn diidc nhd vua cho phep Tii dd quai dat ddp di, san nin khdn rudng Khoang ba miidi nam hdn van khoanh ciia khu hoang man thdnh rudng ddu rSi" (17) Sd iQdng rudng dft't ban d i u Qdc iQdng mdi chOng "hdn van khoanh" mft chQa xftc dinh cu t h i 1ft bao nhieu vft dQdc chia iftm miy xQ ddng Do vfty, eon chau Q u i n Anh ddi sau dQng bia, viet sach ciing deu dQa sd rudng dft't Qdc chOng ri^t khae Theo nhQ pha hp T r i n khai sang d Quin Anh, thftnh qua eua cdng cuoc khai hoang Ift'n biln ngfty d i u Ift "khai khdn thdnh lap mot dp, rupng dd't lidc hdn mot van mSu, dinh ngach Id tii dien qudn nghiep" (18) NhQng bi ky ghi cdng lao khai k h i n ciia tien td tai tQ dQdng hp Vu dai tdn thi: " mot khu bdi be mdi boi, lidc cd hai van mdu" (19) Dd eung Ift sd dQ^c Qdc iQdng ghi bia den li?t td vft bia tQ dQdng hp Hoang Bia ghi vipc xay dQng nha thd tQ td Q u i n Anh ed vidt: "Budi ddu cdc cu ndu mudi ddnh cd, Idy nguSn ldi cua be de phdt quang cd lan c6 ldc, thdi v6 sd v6 ven thdnh rudng Ve sau cdc hp xud'ng hdp liic ddp di bi' ngan niidc man, dao sdng thdng thuy bien dong hoang vu thdnh dong rupng mdu md Cdi tao chd sut lay thdnh cao chdc, sdng hodnh, sdng xe, bd ngang ddi dpc, miidng ngdi ddn ngot thau ehua tieu dng, quy md gidng nhil phep chia rupng hinh chvC tinh Vi tri Ddng gidp gidi Giao Thuy, Nam gidp bi, Bdc vd Tdy gidp Ciidng Giang, tdng dien tich lidc tren hai van mdu, gdm cd bdn bdn xd cdng vdi ddt Ninh Ciidng, Ldc Mdn triidc vay" (20) Tac gia Qudn Anh tieu sit lai cho ring: "khi tie tdta (Trdn, Vd, Hodng, Pham • TO chu) khai sdng, phia Bac vd phia Tdy din sdng ldn, phia Nam den bi, phia Ddng gidp huyen Giao Thuy lidc hdn bdn v^n mdu" (21) Khai hoang ven bi^n d Ram Dinh ih£rt L& So Q u i n Anh, rudng d i t trQng k h i n dQdc tQ cudi the ky XV d i u the ki XVI chinh la chiu sQ chi phdi ciia ph6p chidm xa, dd rupng d i t tQ chidm sd iQ^ng kha ldn dQdc cip cho nhQng ngQdi cd edng khai khin Ddi vdi loai rudng d i t nay, nhft nQdc trQc tidp edng nhftn quydn ban eua ngQdi khdi XQdng nhQng nguyen t i e sd hQu toi cao vd rudng d i t vSn thuoc nha nQdc, tQc 1ft nhft nQdc cd quydn cdng hQu boa cin thidt Rudng dft't chidm xa khdng chiu sQ ehi phdi ciia nhft nQdc phQdng thQc vft qua trinh phan phdi mft nhQng ngQdi chii rudng tQ chuyen nhQdng, phan phdi eho chftu gia dinh nhQng bft't luftn nhQng ngQdi nfto dQdc ke thQa ddu phai thQc hipn nghia vu nop thud, du thue' loai rudng nfty nhp hdn so vdi edng dien Trong bia ghi cdng dQc hp T r i n d Q u i n Anh ed vidt: "con chdu bd'n nhd cdng ddng, cdc hp triidc sau Idp Idp ndi md den, ddp vdng di ngoai, xin ngach tii dien" (22), nhan dd rudng d i t ban d i u mdi trQng k h i n dQdc chQa the trdng eft'y nen ehi chiu nop thud cd bang thdc MQc dp thu thud ciia nha nQdc Le sd ddi vdi d i t dai hoang man d day tu^ theo chan rudng td't xft'u nhQ pha hp T r i n cd ch6p: "Qudn Anh triidc chiu vi ngach thuediim hoang (dong ehua niidc man), cd mdu tiin, cd mdu tiin cd nam, trung gian ddi thue thdc nhiing rupng dd't Idu rdt nhiiu" (23) Chinh sQ Qu dai ciia cac tridu dai phong kien tren vung dft't phu sa tre nfty mdt l i n nQa ed tac dung khuydn khich nhQng ngQdi lao ddng them p h i n hftng hai, gdp p h i n thuc diy cdng eude k h i n hoang tren vung dft't bai Q u i n Anh NhQng hftng chQng sau nay, nhft't 1ft tQ li$u vd quft trinh khai k h i n d dia phQdng, gdp p h i n minh chQng them cho quyen sd hQu rupng dft't tQ d Q u i n Anh Pha ky hp lA dai tdn xft Trung ed vidt: "sd cu khai 39 hoang cua xd ta de lai noi rdng: cu Trdn Mai diidc cdp rupng chiem xa d xit Con Chdn 780 mdu, dpi trii bdn lay sdng ngdi thiic cdn chiu thue 120 mdu Cu Le Thinh, Li Ldi diidc cdp rudng chiem xa d xii Phii Sa, Vy Chdu 450 mdu, thiic chiu thue 350 mdu" (24) T i m bia tQ didn dQng nam 1766 nhan ky niem sQ edng ciia nhan dan xa Quin Anh viec kien tri de nghi vdi trieu dinh eho nop thud tQ dien nhQ cu la mdt hftng chQng quan trpng khing dinh tfnh ehft't sd hQu rudng d i t d Quin Anh, rudng chidm xa da trd tQ dien vinh vien (25) Dieu cho thiy rudng chidm xa cd le dQdc phd bien khai k h i n bdi ndng dan ngheo hdn la gin vdi cac nhft quydn thd nhQ ghi ehdp ciia Pham Dinh Hd Sd iQdng rudng dft't cdng cu the 1ft bao nhieu thi khdng rd nhQng d Quin Anh cd sQ tdn tai rudng sd hQu chung Iftng xft nhQ rupng thd, rudng hpc, "rudng ban xa" Sd iQpng rudng edng dQdc bd sung ngfty eftng nhieu tQ eac eude khai k h i n thdi Trung HQng ve sau ph6p chiem xa khdng cdn hipu iQc c a n cQ vao vipe chia d i t ciia xa eho quan vien vao niia cudi thd ki XVIII vft bien ban Iftp dia ba vft giao Qdc dien tho Quin Anh chia xa nftm 1804 cho thiy sQ cd mftt ciia loai rudng d i t d day song cd le sd iQdng khdng nhieu Lftng xa nim quyen quan ly sd rudng d i t rdi giao cho nhan dan cay ciy nop td thud hoae de sQ dung cho viec chung Nftm Canh HQng thQ 23 (1762) xa Q u i n Anh tidn hftnh dac khu d i t xQ TQ Trung, Iiy rudng cua Nguyen Vu Canh va rudng cua ngQdi thdn Tay CQdng khai k h i n ve phuc vu cho vipe td le la 12 mftu, dd ehi eho vipe den nhang mdng mdt, ngfty rftm mftu, den nhang cho thii tQ mftu Cdn mftu cu vft miu mdi chia cho dan d Ha Khe xQ Ddng Hoftnh efty ciy ndp thud cho lang xa theo dinh lp mdi miu 40 quan, sd tien deu chi cho viec xuan mdi e i u phuc Khi Q u i n Anh chia xa thi rudng te den Td'ng Hau d dft't Vy Chau, Ninh CQdng cung dQpe chia Iftm ba p h i n : Q u i n Anh ThQdng ed mftu sfto thQdc; Q u i n Anh Trung cung dQpe mftu sfto thQdc; Q u i n Anh Ha dQdc chia mftu sfto thQdc ta'c Ve t i n h h i n h k i n h t e - x a hoi d Quan Anh Cdng eude khai hoang da Iftp nen nhieu lftng i p ndng nghiep song budi d i u dft't cdn hoang mftn chQa t h i trdng lua dQdc Khdng ehi cd bien phap dQa nQdc ngot tQ sdng Ninh Cd vfto thau ehua, rQa mftn mft viec trdng eft'y cdi vft dau cung gdp phan cai tao chan rudng nen d Q u i n Anh mdi ed d i t "tang dien" Vung trdng cdi sau cdn dQdc tri d d i t Trai Day ven sdng Bia tQ dien Q u i n Anh eung viet: " tie quai ddt ddp de, san nin khdn rupng, khoang ba miidi ndm hdn van khoanh dd thdnh rupng ddu roi", sau d i n tQng bQdc giai quydt dQdc v i n dd tri thuy, ngan man mdi chuyen sang trdng lua Viec phat triln nghe ndng chfnh la sQ ghi nhan bQdc phat trien tien trinh khai pha va cai tao dat dai cua cQ dan Q u i n Anh De khuydn khich nghe ndng, hang xa da lap nen eac quan canh d cftc xQ ddng cho nhan dan Iftm ndi tru chan di ciy cay, gat hai Ban d i u ngQdi ta cho dQng mdt quan d ben Tay sdng Mim, phfa tren ciia Sach Sam lam ndi tru chan cho hanh khach va nhQng ngQdi Iftm rudng tranh nftng, tranh mQa, cho nfty thQdng gpi la quan Ddng Sau dd vao cuoi thd ky XV, cQ dan Quan CQdng lai eho dQng quan Kim Long d sat de Hdng DQc Cung vdi nghe trdng lua, nhan dan cdn khai thae cac ngudn ldi thuy hai san nhu Rghi&i curu L|ch si!r s^ 5.2009 danh ca, n i u muoi SQ tri vft phat triln cua rudng dau g i n lien vdi hoat ddng chftn t i m va det lua, phu hdp tren vung dft't pha cat ven bien d Q u i n Anh Cd thdi ky lua Q u i n Anh da trd san p h i m ndi tieng tren thi trQdng vft dQdc nhieu ngQdi biet den NgQdi Q u i n Anh trdng nhieu loai cay ftn qua vft phat trien chftn nudi gia cim, gia sue O day da hinh thftnh mdt sd khu vQc chuyen canh nhQ trdng dau nudi t i m d khu vQc Cdn Dau, trdng lua cd ehft't iQdng d Ddng Sau, Ddng TrQdc, cd ca vung chuyen trdng rau d Trai Rau, hay khu vQc chftn nudi Cdn Muc (sau thQdng gpi 1ft Cdn Mdc) Nhan dan Q u i n Anh cdn md them nhieu nghe thii cdng khac nhQ nft'u mftm, Iftm gaeh ngdi, nhudm vai, dan thuydn, Iftm ndn tftng them thu nhftp luc ndng nhftn Nghe thd mdc, thd nd phat trien, bftn tay tfti hoa cua ngQdi thd thii cdng da dQng nen nhQng cdng trinh kien true vft vftn boa ed gift tri tai que hQdng nhQ eiu Ngdi, ehua LQdng Trong xa cac chd eung d i n moc len Iftm ndi nhan dan trao ddi ban budn, cd ca ch(? tdng hdp Iftn chd chuyen tieu thu mpt vfti san p h i m n h i t dinh nhQ chp chuyen ban ca, mudi nhQ chd Ca d Trung CQdng, ehd Mudi d xdm Phu CQdng Ngay tQ sdm chd LQdng da dQdc md tren dia bftn Giap Thftp nftm trQdc ehua LQdng TQdng truyen ca chp va ehua deu mang ten thdn cu LQdng Npi, TQdng Ddng la sQ gdi nhd eua nhQng ngQdi khai k h i n vd que hQdng ban quan ndi hp da sinh ra, gin bd, trQdng thftnh Nhiing ngQdi den trQdc Iiy sdng Trung Giang Iftm true d l hoach dinh lftng ft'p thftnh 10 giap, thQ tQ tQ ddng sang tfty d d i u ddng la Giap Nhft't vft d i u tfiy Ift Giap Thftp NhQng ngQdi ddn sau thftnh Iftp bdn thdn xung quanh mQdi giap theo bdn hQdng vft dat theo ten ciia ciia i p Q u i n CQdng Khai hoang ven biin Ram Sinh thin L& So gdm Ddng CQdng, Tfty CQdng, Bftc CQdng va Nam CQdng, thQdng gpi chung 1ft "ndi thftp giap, ngoai tQ thdn" Ca vung Q u i n CQdng deu nftm dd Hdng DQc, moi thdn cung nhQ giap deu ed dinh rieng d l nhfin dan tu hpp Vi ddng Trung Giang chay qua long cae giap nen moi giap ddu cd xfiy mdt chide e i u da bftc ngang sdng, g i n chide dinh cua giap cho dan hai ben sdng tipn di lai vft trao ddi Moi giap dQdc quy hoach mdt ngd de tien cho viec di lai, sinh sdng cua nhftn dftn va quan ly ciia lftng ft'p Xung quanh lftng thQdng cd sdng ngdi vft luy tre bao hpc, lftng cd nhidu ao ehudm Mdi quan hp than tdc, ddng hQdng dft giup cho vipe g i n bd, doftn kdt cQ dan cac ddn vj hftnh chfnh nhd Tinh t h i n doftn kdt lao ddng dft cho hp sQc manh de d i y lui bien ca, giftnb Ift'y dft't sdng cho eon ngQdi, da tao nen s(?i dfty ben ebftt cd kdt cpng ddng Dd 1ft 8i;J g i n bd tQ nhien ciia nhQng ngQdi eung ddng cam cpng khd tren vung d i t mdi Qua trinh khai hoang g i n lien vdi vipe lap lang d Q u i n Anh k6o dai g i n 30 nftm nen spi day gftn kdt edng ddng lftng xa ngofti ydu td thfin tdc, ddng hQdng cdn 1ft sQ doftn kdt, dum hpc l i n ciia nhan dan lao ddng Chfnh vi vfty, tren que hQdng mdi, cQ dan mdi dia phQdng mang theo tftp tue sinh boat d lftng cu cua minh song nhQng tftp quan vftn hoa da hoft quy$n vfto thfeh Qng vdi thdi quen sinh boat mdi eua cQ dfin vung ven biln, tdn tao vft Iftm dpp them ndp sd'ng vftn boa tQng thdn ft'p Cuoc di cQ ciia nhQng ngQdi khai k h i n khdng tftp trung thftnh tQng doftn ddng dao nen hp khdng t h i mang theo vi thftnh hoang d lang cQu ciia minh day, hftng ngfty nhQng ngQdi lao dpng phai doi m$t vdi sdng to gid ldn de 41 doa den ddi sdng nen hp tdn thd nhQng vi t h i n cd t h i phu hd, bao ve vft che chd eho hp trQdc thaeh thQc ciia biln ca Vi nhfin t h i n d i u tien dQdc tdn thd d Quin Anh la hft Hoftng hftu hp DQdng, dan gian quen gpi la ba Tdng Hau (26) Tidp sau dd, pham vi lang xa, nhidu vi nhien t h i n dQdc phung thd Trong ddi sdng tam linh cua ngQdi Viet, tQ lau dao Phat da ed mdt cho dQng vQng vang va r i t dQdc tdn sung Ngay sau lap nen Cdn ft'p, nhftn dan Quin Anh da cung xfty dQng ehua Phuc Lftm, tue gpi 1ft ehua LQdng Bia ehua Phuc Lftm Iftp nftm Vinh Khanh nguyen nien (1729) ed viet ve thdi ky dQng dft't Iftp ehua "d Cdn dp ndy cd chiia Phuc Ldm, sdng Ciidng ddn mach sau, bi' biec chdu mat triidc" (27) Chua LQdng khdng chi 1ft trung tam tdn giao cua lftng xa mft cdn 1ft trung tam vftn hda ciia dftn cQ tren vung dft't mdi, 1ft tam dilm ciia boat dpng le hpi ndng nghifp vft tdn giao hftng nftm Kdt l u a n Cuoc khai hoang Iftp xa Quin Anh 1ft mdt nhQng kieu khai hoang ven bien kha tieu bilu thdi Le sd, nd phan anh nhQng cd gftng ciia chinh quydji vipe phue hoi vft phat triln san xuit ndng nghipp, ddng thdi eung eho thiy sQ tidn bd eua nha nQdc dQdng thdi bing nhieu phQdng each khae di md rdng dipn tich canh tac So vdi nhidu vung d Nam Dinh vft ca nQdc, eude khai k h i n d Quin Anh dien khdng sdm nhQng da khing dinh cd t h i tvtag bQdc bien nhQng bai bdi hoang mftn ven bien nhQng rudng ddng mau md, dd vipe dip de, dao sdng, xe mQdng ed vai trd dac bipt quan trpng Day la cuoc khai hoang ndng dan nghdo chu dpng tidn hanh nhieu nam Rghito curu Lich siSr s6 5.2009 42 mdi lap nen mdt xa Do dia ban rdng ldn, dieu kien tQ nhien khic nghiet nen cdng eude quai de Ift'n biln diin chftm hdn nhidu l i n so vdi eac cuoc khai hoang nha nQdc, quy tdc hay nhQng nhft giftu tien hftnh nhQ khai hoang Iftp dien trang thdi Trin, doanh didn thdi Nguyen Muc dfch eua eude khai hoang cho thft'y rd mong mudn ciia ngQdi ndng dan vd quyen sd hQu rudng d i t lau dfti la gdc re Ifiu ben sinh cd Ifip nghipp vft truyen lai cho chau sau Quyen tQ hQu rudng dft't dQdc nhft Le sd cdng nhftn la ddng iQc quan trpng thiic diy cdng eude cai tao bai bdi Lach Lac cdng Do vfty, cung vdi qua trinh k h i n hoang, cQ dfin d day da tQng bQdc Iftp nen nhQng lftng xa mdi Cudc khai hoang Iftp xa Q u i n Anh 1ft miji khai hoang tien phong cho qua trinh khai hoang Iftp lftng d bai bdi Lach Lac Dd clifnh la viing di^t td ciia cac lftng xa mdi cung pham vi khai k h i n , 1ft bftn dap d l cQ dfin hdn ba the ki sau dd tidp tue vQdn biln md rdng dia bftn cQ tni, Iftp nen nhieu Iftng xa mdi, dQa ddn sQ thftnh Iftp huyen Hai Hftu d cudi thd ky XIX, mdt huyen ndi tieng 1ft "my tue kha phong", "thi$n tue kha phong" tQ thdi Nguyen Trong dan gian da tQ Ifiu truyln tung cfiu ca: "xii Nam Qudn Anh, xit Thanh Bong Hdi" chinh Ift sQ ghi nhftn d i t Quin Anh ndi tieng giftu cd vft vftn vftt tQ thdi Iftp lftng CHU THlCH (1) Dai Viet siC ky todn thii, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hk N§i, 2004, tftp II, tr 323-324 (2) Khdm dinh viet su" thdng gidm ciMng muc, Nxb Giao due, Uk Npi, 1998, tftp II, tr 372 Theo tinh to6n ciia TrUOng Hi3u Quynh Chi dd rudng dd't d Viet Nam tU the ki XI - XVIII, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, 1982, t^p 1, tr 212-221, nhk Le da ckt khoang 5-6 van miu Ipc diin ban cho hoing thfin quoc thich vk khoang 200 quan Igii cao ca'p (3) Nfim 1462, Lang trung tham tri d^o Hai Tfiy, Hofing Thanh dfing tfi'u sd xin Ifip don diin b nhiing vdng dfi't xa kinh thfinh qufin d§i dam nhi^m Tiep sau d6, nfim 1467 cfic quan lai S Tfin Binh (nay thupc khu vi^c tii Quang Nam dSii Quang Binh) de nghi nhfi vua cho dko kenh Tfin Binh phi,ic vy vipe khai hoang phyc hoa dfiy Cung nfim nfiy, Tham nghj thiia tuyen sii ty H6a Chfiu, D^ng Thilp dang ad trinh bfiy dieu gfiy Ipi, d6 c6 vipe chieu mp dfin lUu vong khai khin dfi't hoang chau Bo Chfnh