Vài nét về lịch sử người Mường ở huyện Bá Thước, tỉnh Thanh Hóa

Bài viết nghiên cứu lịch sử hình thành người Mường; cấu trúc người Mường; thiết chế xã hội; đời sống kinh tế; đời sống tinh thần và giao lưu văn hóa của lịch sử người Mường ở huyện Bá Thước, tỉnh Thanh Hóa.

VAI MET v £ LICH St I^GlTdl MlJdiVG d iiuYiiM B A TinTdr, xii^iH THAI^H H A NGUYEN VAN B A N G ' MAIVANTfJNG" B & Thudc lfi mft huyfn miin nfli tinh Thanh Hda, cd difn tfch tM nhidn lfi 771,01km', cfich Thfinh p h i Thanh Hda 108km vl phfa Tfiy B^c Phia Bic Bfi Thudc gifip vdi tinh Hda Binh, phfa Tfiy gifip vdi huyfn Quan Hda, Quan Sdn; phfa Nam gifip vdi huyfn Lang Chfinh; phia Ddng giap vdi cfic huyfn Ngoc Lfc, Cim Thuy vft Thach Thfinh vi tri dia 1;^ nfty tao thufin Ipi cho Ba Thude giao lUu ldnh ti, -vftn hda - xa hdi vdi cfic dia phUdng khfie thdng qua efie Quie If £17, 15A vfi dudng Hi Chf Minh Huyfn Ba Thfldc 1ft vflng dft't cd lieh sfl binh thftnh vft phftt triin tfl rf't adm Thufc Hfu kf Dfi eu cfich ngfiy hfing vyn nfim, cfic nhft khao co hpc da tim thft'y b nhflng hang dfng, mfii dfi hfing ehyc dfi'u tfeh cua ngUdi nguyen thuy, tieu biiu nhit lfi mfii Da Dilu, mfii Dfi Nudc, hang Lftng Trang (Lfim Xa) Cflng vdi qufi trtnh vfn dfng vft phfit triln khdng ngflng cua Uch sfl, Bfi Thude da cd nhiiu thay dii v i dia danh Tfl thdi Hflng Vfldng, An Dfldng Vfldng din nhflng nfim diu Cdng nguydn, ' ThS Trudng D^i hpc Su phym Hft Nfi " TS Trudng D^i hpc Hong Dflc Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn Dd Lung ciia bf Ciiu Chfin rii qufin Ciiu Chfin Thdi thufc Dudng (thi ky VII), Bfi ThUdc thufc huyfn Trudng Lfim Trai qua cfic triiu dyi Dinh, Tiin Lfi, Lf Trin (thi ky X - XIV), Bfi Thudc cd tfin 1ft Lfii Giang, mft 14 huyfn cua Thanh Hda Iflc biy gid Thdi Ld Sd (1428 - 1527), Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn Quang Binh, phu Thifu Thifin Nfim Minh Mfnh thfl 12 (1831), thufc chfiu Quan Hda, phu Thp Xufin Nfim T^ Dflc thfl (1851), chia td'ng: Sa Lung, Thiit 6ng, Ci LOng vft Diin Lu thufc chfiu Quan Hda Nfim Khai Djnh thfl (1925), ting tren dUpc cit chuyin dl Ifp chfiu mdi 1ft chfiu Tfin Hda gim 30 xa vft 221 chdm Sau Cfich myng thfing Tfim, ly ad chfiu Tfin Hda ddng tyi La Hfin (xa Ban Cdng) Thfing 10-1945, chfiu Tfin Hda dxKfc dii tfn thftnh Bfi Thudc dl ghi nhd cdng lao cua Cim Bfi ThUdc, mft thu linh ngudi Thfii qu6 b Thfldng Xufin phong trfto Cin VUdng ching Phfip Thfing 3-1948, Chu tjch Hi Chi Minh da k^ S&c lfnh so 148-SL, ddn vi hfinh chfnh chfiu Bfi Thude dxlpc d^i thftnh V6i nit vi lich aiSr ngudi mu6ng huyfn Bfi Thudc Huyen Bfi ThUdc Iflc diu cd xfi 1ft: Quo'c Thftnh, Vftn Nho, Thiit Ong, Hi Diin, Quy Ludng, Long Vfin vft Ban Cdng Ly sd ddng tai Cftnh Nfing Ngfty 2-51964, theo Quyit dinh eua Bf Nfi vu, chia xa Qu;^ Ludng, Hi Diln, Long Van, Vfin Nho vfi Quic Thftnh thftnh 18 xa Nftm 1965, xa Tan Lfip dUpc thfinh Ifp, nfim 1984 xfi Diln Lu dfldc chia thftnh xa Diin Lu vft Diin Trung Nftm 1994, thftnh Ifp Tbi trfiii Cftnh Nfing tren ed sd cua xft Lfim Xa Hien nay, Bfi ThUde gim cd thi trfi'n (Cftnh Nfing) vfi 22 xa, 1ft huyfn miln nfli da tfc ngUdi, vdi td'ng dfin so 1ft 103.449 ngUdi (nfim 2007), dd ngudi Mudng chiim 51%, ngUdi Thfii chiim 32%, ngudi Kinh vfi mdt s i dan tpc khac chiim 17% dfin si Lich sU hinh thdnh Ngudi Mudng la mdt 54 dfin tpe b Vift Nam Trong ddi s6hg, ciing nhU y thflc tu gific tfc ngudi, dong bfio Mudng tU nhfin minh lfi Moi, Mon, Mui Ngudi Mudng d Tbanh Hda song rai rfic d 11 huyfn miin nfli vft mft so xa mien xudi Tfp trung dong nhfi't b cfic huyfn Thach Thftnh, Cim Thuy, Bfi ThUdc, Ngpc Lftc, Nhu Thanh Dia bftn cU trfl cua ngudi Mudng Thanh Hoa chu yeu 1ft vflng ban sdn dia, ven cfic llfu vUc sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Am, adng Ciu Chfty, sdng Budi, sdng Muc khu vUc nfty CO nhflng thung lung ldn, dfi't dai mfiu md, cfi nhflng hfii bii ven sdng Bdi vfiy ngudi din ty cU tfl rfi't lfiu ddi vft phfit triln sdm nghi ndng lua nUde Bdn canh canh tfic rudng nUdc ngUdi Mudng cdn kit hdp canh tfic nUdng rfty Ngofti ra, khai thfic tu nhidn nhU sfin b^t, hai lupm, dfinh cfi ciing 1ft hoat dpng kinh t i gifl vi tri quan trpng xa hdi truyin thing Trudc kia, kl ea gin dfiy, ngUdi MUdng b Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi b Ba ThUdc ndl rieng v5n nhfin minh lfi ngUdi b "trdn Mudng" de phfin bift vdi ngudi d "dudi Chp", tflc ngudi b dudi ddng bSng (miin xudi) mft lfiu ngUdi Mudng quen gpi lfi ngUdi Kinh khai nifm "kinh k^ ke chp" Hofic tfl nhftn lfi ngUdi d mudng Khd, mUdng Ong Theo tac gia Trin Quic Vupng vft Nguyin DUdng Binh thi tfl "Mudng" xufi't hifn vfio khoang t h i ky thfl XVII Sfic lfnh eua Kinh lupc sfl Bic Kj^ Nguyin Trong Hifp di ngfty thfing nfim Dong Khanh (23-6-1888), tai diiu c6 ghi: "Lap mot tinh gim cac dfi't (cua dan Mudng) xUa thudc cfic tinh Hung Hofi, Sdn Tfiy, Hft Ndi, Ninh Binh" Dfiy c6 the lfi vfin ban chinh thflc diu tien cua Nhft nUdc phong kiin Vift Nam dflng danh tfl Mudng dl chi nhom cU dfin nfiy (1) Cho din trUdc Cfich mang thang Tfim nfim 1945, Ba ThUdc 1ft dia bftn sinh ty cbu yiu cua hai dfin tfc Mudng vfi Thai NgUdi Mudng sing tfip trung chu yiu 15 mudng, dd cd mUdng ldn: mfldng Khodng, mudng Kho, mUdng Lau, mudng Kf, mudng Ong, mUdng Ai, mudng Diln, mUdng Khddng Bay mUdng nhd la mUdng Pa Khan, mUdng Doi, mudng Dfio, mUdng D6n, mudng Rim, mUdng Am, mUdng Chfiu Hp cua ngudi Mudng 1ft cac hp Hft, TrUdng, Pham, Cao, Qufich, Le, Bfli NgUdi Mudng Bfi Thudc thufc nhdm Mfldng Trong (Mudng goc/ban dia Thanh Hda) cd dfic dilm rieng ve ngdn ngfl, trang phye, phong tue so vdi Mudng Ngofii (3 eac tinh phia B^c) Mudng Trong dUde phfin thfinh hai nhdm: mUdng Ong (mfldng que ngoai) vft mudng Ai (mudng que ndi) diu 1ft mft goc eua ngudi Mudng Trong 56 Rghian ciJru Ljch ait s6 3.2012 Nhin chung, Bfi Thfldc 1ft vflng dit cd ljch afl hlnh thfinh vfi phfit triln tfl rfi't sdm, 1ft dja bfin sinh ty chu yiu cua hai dfin tfc Mudng vft Thfii Trong dd, ngudi Mudng 1ft eU dfin ban dja cd nln vfin hofi dfc aic Dd 1ft nin vfin hofi thung Iflng g^n liin vdi ho^it dfng kinh t i Ifla nfldc, nUdng rfiy vft khai thfic lfim t h i san Ngofti cdn luu gifl jihiiu dfi'u fi'n vfin hda Vift ci Vied'u true miidng Lftng xdm cua ngudi Mudng thfldng dfl^c xfiy dyng b chfin dii, chfin nfli, ndi dfi't thoai, gin sdng, suii TrUdc dfiy, mdi lftng cua ngUdi Mudng c6 khoang vfti ehyc nde nhfi, lftng nfto ddng dflc thi khoang bin, nfim chye nde nhft Nhin tfl xa, lfing cua ngudi Mudng thudng i n minh nhiing Iflm cfiy quanh lfing, nhiiu ndi cd nhiing rfing tre bao bpc, nhUng i n tUdng hdn ca 1ft hiu bet cac lftng mUdng dfldc t i dilm bing nhiing-hfing eau cao vflt NgUcli Mudng Ba ThUdc, Cim Thuy, Lang Chanh ndi rieng vft Thanh Hofi ndi chung gpi lftng lfi lung (2) Dfiy lfi ddn vi cd ad cua xfi hpi Mfldng gim nhiiu tiiu gia dinh phy quyln Lfing cdn 1ft mft khii cU dfin lfim thftnh mft ddn vj cd ddi song rieng v i nhilu mftt Trong xa hfi truyin thing (trUdc nftm 1945), lftng (lung) thufc a^ quan If eua mudng Mudng (miidng) Ift ddn vi to chfle xfi hfi, tfip hdp nhilu lftng eflng mft thung lung, hay nhiiu thung lung liln k i Ddn vi t i chflc mudng dft dudi sy quan 1^' cua mft ddng hp qu^ tfc, gpi 1ft lang (f(io Cy t h i nhU lftng Cha, lfing Ki, lfing Chiing Cie trudc nfim 1946 thufc mudng Ong, dudi ay quan ly eua ddng hp Phgm Cdng; cac lftng Chiing Triu, Chiing L§m, lftng Cd, lftng Xfim, lftng Sio thudc mudng Khd, dudi sU quan ly eua ddng ho Hft Cdng (3) Trong xfi hfi truyin thing, ngudi Mudng ndi chung 1ft cU dfin lftm ndng nghifp, kinh t i ehu dyo 1ft cfty Ifla nfldc, vi t h i dia bftn ty cu cua hp gfin liin vdi hf sinh thai thung iQng Do dd, tim dft't Iftp mUdng, ngUdi Mudng chpn nhflng khu vyc thung lung hfi ty diy du cfic diiu kifn cin thiit nhU cd nUdc dl sinh hoyt, san xuit vft khai thfic thuy san, dfi't trflng d l lftm rudng, cd rflng dl khai thfic ngudn lfim san, cd t h i dit cao b^ng d i dung nhft, hudng d i t thoang dfing vfi di lyi giao lUu vdi cfic viing lfin cfn phai thufin tifn Qua nghidn cflu khao sfit cfic mudng trfin dja bfin huyfn Bfi Thudc vfi vflng lfin cfn budc d i u chujig tdi thiy, thdng thudng mft mUdng ci trudc dfiy dupc ciu thfinh b dd ft n h i t lftng co djnh, dd 1ft lftng Chu (Chiing), lftng Ngooc (Ngpc) vft lftng Coc (Goc, Cdc) BSn canh lfing nfiy cdn cd cfic lftng khfie, nhiiu hay ft la tfly theo difn tfch dfi't dai, hch afl hinh thftnh, t i n tai vft phfit triln cua tiing mudng Ba loyi lfing k l trfin gin Uin vdi aU hinh thftnh vft ton tai ciia tflng mfldng Bao gid mft mfldng eiing cd nhiSng ngudi din d}nh cu vft Ifp lftng diu tidn, nhflng lftng dd thudng dupe gpi tdn 1ft lftng Cdc, cd ndi sau nfty gpi trfch di 1ft Gic hay Cpe NhUng Cie, Gic hay Cfc diu cd nghia 1ft gdc, 1ft diu tidn C6 t h i lift kd mft s i tftn lftng tren dia bftn huyfn Bfi ThUdc vft mdt s i khu vyc cua huyfn Cim Thuy dl thiy sU tUdng d6ng: O mUdng Ong cd lftng Lung Cdc (4) (lftng Cic), thupe xa Thiit 6ng mudng Ai ed lftng Lung Cfc, dii ten thfinh lfing Mot thupc xa Lam Xa O mudng Khd ciing cd lftng Lung Cfc, 1ft mft bf phftn cua Lftng Am thufc xa Diin Quang Vfti n6t v& lieh si ngudi Hluimg , lfing Sfio xa Thiit Ke (xUa thufc mUdng Khd) cd xdm Coc, lfi xdm hinh thftnh diu tidn eua lfing nfty mudng Ai cd lftng Lflng Ngpc, gpi 1ft lfing Ngpc Sinh thufc xa LUdng Ngoai, huyfn Bfi ThUde d xft Thanh Lfim (dia bfin ngfldi Thfii) cd ban Coc, gifip mUdng Ai eu cfla ngUdi Mfldng mUdng Tram (Cim Thuy) ed lftng Liing Cdc, thufc xa Cim Lign mUdng Pbfi'm (Cim Thach Cim Thuy) c6 lftng Coc - Vfin Ngofii ra, mft s i lfing cua ngudi Mudng cdn cd ten 1ft Cd, Cfn gin fim vdi tfl Coc, tUdng dUdng vdi Cic, cd nghia 1ft gic mUdng Tram c6 lftng Lung Ngpc, thufc xa c i m Thfinh, huyfn Cim Thuy Mudng Kim cd lftng Ngpc, thupc xa Cim Ngpc, huyfn Cim Thuy Qua dfiy chflng tdi thfi'y dia danh huyfn Ngpc Lfic phai giai thfch nd b ^ g ngon ngfl ban dia Mudng Vi ngdn ngfl Mudng, Ngooc Rgac (J^gooc Ift nguon, Rgac 1ft nUdc) dl chi nguon nUde NhU vfty, Ngpc Lfic Ngooc Rgac phai c6 nghia dl chi ndi ed nguon nude doi dfio thi dflng hdn Mdt loai hinh lfing khfic chinh thi ciu true 1ft lfing Ngope, cd ndi phfit fim trfch di 1ft Ngpc Nhu vfiy, Ngope hay Ngpc diu ed nghia nhu nhau, theo tiing Mudng Ngope - Ngpc cd nghia la nguon Nguon dfiy de chi nguon nUde Bdi vi, ngUdi Mudng lfi cU dfin quen song d viing thung lung cd truyin thong lua nUdc lau ddi nen chon dfi't lfip mUdng bao gid hp cung dfit yeu to nude len hfing diu Do dd phai chpn nhflng ndi thufin ldi ve nguin nUdc dl ainh hoat vft Ift'y nUdc san xufi't Vi vfty, nhflng lftng sing d diu ngudn nUde la nhflng lftng cfi lich sti dinh cU lfiu ddi, nen ngudi Mudng gpi ten 1ft lftng Ngope di chi dfic dilm cU trfl Chinh vi b diu nguin nfin vi trf cua lftng Ngooc thudng b nhflng khu vUc heo hut hdn, sfiu hdn, vft khd di lai hdn so vdi nhflng lang khfic Chung ta cd t h i tim thiy b tren dia bfin huyen Bfi ThUdc vft b mot a i khu vyc Iftn cfn nhu C^m Thuy, Ngpc Lfc nhflng lftng mang ten Ngope hay Ngpc eu the nhu sau: mudng 6ng cd Ngpc ling, 1ft mft khu dit thufc lang Chieng, thuoc xa Thiet 6ng, huyfn Ba thUde Loai hinh lfing thfl ba 1ft nhflng lftng mang tin Cbu Hien dfi'u vit cua nhflng lftng mang ten Chu kha md nhat Hiu nhu ngudi dan cl day khdng cdn nhd gi nhieu vi nhflng lftng nfty NhUng dfl cd ciu t i chflc mft mUdng co cua ngUdi Mudng trudc dfiy cd lftng Chu Lftng Chu 1ft ndi d cua lang dao mpt mUdng Cd the hieu ddn gian 1ft "tbu dd" cfla mdt Mudng, ndi ddng dd cfla lang dao mUdng Cd t h i kl dfiy mpt so diu vit vi loai lang nfty tren dia bftn Bfi ThUdc vft Quan Sdn nhU sau: mUdng 6ng von cd lftng Lung Chu, sau dd'i thftnh lftng Cha (nay thufc xa Thiet Ki, huyfn Bfi Thudc) Day lfi ndi cd dia danh dii "Lai Ly Lai Lfing, cd cfiy Chu da lfi Chu dong, bdng thau qua thiic", lfi dia danh dfldc kl Mo sfl thi Be ddt di niidc cua dfin tfc Mudng Mudng Ai cung cd lftng Lung Chu (nay thupc xa Tfin Lfip, huyfn Bfi ThUdc) cdn ed ten khac lfi Chu San xa Thfinh Lam (dfi't ngUdi Thfii d hien nay) cd ban Chu, giap mUdng Ai cu cua ngudi Mudng sa Ngofti ra, cdn cd dia danh mUdng Chu San, thufc xa Sdn Thuy vft Sdn Difn huyfn Quan Sdn Sau nfty, nhflng ndi cl eua lang dyo dflng diu mft mudng gpi 1ft lftng Chiing Do dd mUdng nfto cung cd mft lfing Chiing, thf m chi ed mudng hai lfing chiing nhfl mfldng Khd ed lftng Chiing Triu vft chiing LSm diu 1ft ndi b cua lang dyo ddng hp lang dyo Hft Cdng Dfiy 1ft mudng nhfi't cua ngudi Mudng b Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi Bfi Thfldc ndi nfing c6 hai lftng Chiing Theo chflng tdi vfi mft s i nhft nghidn cflu cho r^ng, cd li dia danh lftng Chu 1ft tdn gic c6 lieh afl lfiu ddi, cdn dja danh lftng Chiing xufi't hifn mufn hdn sau nfty (rft't ed thi anh hudng tfl ngudi Thfii?) Lfing Chiing din trd ndn phi biin hdn, cfl chi nfio cd lftng Chiing thi dd 1ft ndi b cua lang dgo trudc dfiy Do vfy, vi trf cua lfing Chu, lftng Chiing bao gid cung b nhflng ndi trung tfim cua mft mfldng, cd dong rufng rfng, dfi't dai mftu md, dfin cU ddng due, nhilu gia dinh khfi gia, di lgi thufin tifn Cd t h i thing kfi hfing ehyc lftng Chiing tren dja bftn huyfn Bfi Thudc vft mdt s i huyfn lfin cfin nhu Lang Chanh, Cim Thiiy, Ngpc Lfc de thiy tinh p h i biin eua loyi lftng diln hinh nfty Chiing Ong (thufc mudng 6ng, thufc xfi Thiit 6ng, huyfn Bfi ThUdc) Chiing Lim, chiing Triu (thufc mUdng Khd, thufc xa Diln Lu, huyfn Bfi Thudc) Chiing Ai (thufc mudng Ai, thufc xfi Ha Trung, huyfn Bfi Thudc) Chiing Dfla (thufc mudng Khiing, thufc xa LUdng Trung, huyfn Ba ThUdc) Chiing Mung (thudc mUdng Tiln, thufc xa Diln Thupng, huyfn Bfi Thudc) Rghian eflu Ltch sir, s i 3.2012 Chiing Ddng (thufc mUdng Phft'm, thufc xa Cim Thych, huyfn Cim Thuy) Chiing Trim (thufc mUdng Tram, thufc xft Cim Thftnh, huyfn Cim Thuy) Chiing Vong (thufc mudng Vong, thufc xa Cim Giang vft Cim