Bài viết tìm hiểu vai trò của trí thức nói chung và phụ nữ trí thức nói riêng trong việc xây dựng đất nước đồng thời tìm hiểu quá trình hình thành đội ngũ trí thức nữ ở Việt Nam. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung.
on ^' VAI NET VE Sir nma THAJWI » d i MGC NC TRI THtrc d VIET NAM TRl/Ac ]\AM 1945 Di^NG THI VAN CHI* H fii nghj lfin thQ VII Ban Chfi'p hfinh Trung Udng Dang khofi X hop tQ ngfiy Mn ngfiy 17-7-2008 da Nghj quyit v l xay dUng dpi ngu trf thQc thdi k^ dfiy manh cong nghidp hofi, hi^n dai hoa vfi hdi nhfip tofin efiu Hdi nghj da khang djnh: "Trong mgi thdi dgi, tri thdc ludn Id nin tdng tien bg xd hgi, dgi ngd tri thdc Id lUc liiOng nong cd't sdng tgo vd truyin bd tri thdc Ngdy nay, cung vdi sU phdt trien nhanh chong cua cdch mgng khoa hgc vd cdng nghi hien dgi, dgi ngu tri thdc trd thdnh ngudn lUc ddc biet quan trgng, tgo nin sdc mgnh cua moi qudc gia chien lUOc phdt triin" Trong ljeh svi cung nhU hien tai, phy nQ Viet Nam ludn lfi mot lUc lUdng xa h$i quan trpng chilm mdt nQa dfin sd' vfi ed nhilu ddng gdp vfio edng cudc dUng nUdc vfi giQ nude cua dfin tdc Do dd, lfim the' nfio de huy ddng dUde nguon lUc nfiy gdp phfin vfio edng cudc xfiy dung xa hdi tinh hinh hifin lfi mdt vfi^n d l dUdc Dang vfi nhfi nUde quan tam D l gdp phfin tim hilu vai trd cua tri thQc ndi chung vfi phu nQ tri thQc ndi ridng vide xay dOng dfi't nUdc, bfii vie't chung tdi tim hieu qufi trinh hinh thfinh dpi ngQ nQ tri thQe d Vifit Nam trUdc Cfich m^ng thfing Tfim 1945 N i n gifio d u e N h o h p c vfi vific giao d y e p h u nvt trxl&c k h i Phfip x a m liidc M^e dQ Nho gifio vfio Vi^t Nam tQ dfiu thdi ky Bfic thu§c, nhUng anh hudng ciia Nho giao chi gidi h^n tfing ldp quan l^i Hfin tdc Sang thdi ^f dpc lfip tQ the ky X, tQ dfiu thdi Lf, Vfin mil'u - Quoc tit gifim dfi dUdc thfinh l^ip Dudi thdi Lf, nhk nudc phong kil'n dfi b i t dfiu to ehQe cac kj thi de t u y i n chpn nhfin tfii vfi d^n dfiu thcli Trfin, qua vi$c nhfi Trfin cho d§t tUdng Khong TQ, Chu Cdng, M^nh TQ, ve tUdng 72 ngudi h i i n d l thd vfi giang day "tdthU luc kinh" Quoc tQ vifin cd t h i th§fu Nho gifio dfi dupc trilu dinh chQ trpng vJi trd thfinh bd ph^n quan trpng efic kj thi Dl'n thdi Lg, Nho giao dUde d l cao, viSc thi cQ theo Nho giao dUpc dfiy manh nhfim dfio tao m$t tfing ldp quan lai dap Qng cho nhu cfiu xfiy dung vfl phfit trien dfi^t nUdc Xufi't phfit tQ quan nifim: "Mud'n ed dUdc nhfin tfii, trUdc hl^t phai chon lua ke si, mfi kdn chpn ke si, phai Ifi'y thi cQ lfim dfiu".(Lg Thfinh Tdng), dudi thdi Lg, khoa cii Nho gifio dfic bigt phat trien • TS Khoa Viet Nam hpc va Tiing Viet - Tnidng Dai hpc KHXH&NV • DHQGHN Vai n& vi s u hinh d^l ngu TQ thdi Lg sd, n i n giao dye Nho hpc phfit triin vfi cd ch6 dQng vQng chic ddi song vfin hda - xa h^i vdi ba nfim mdt ki thi HUdng d efic dao vfi ba nfim mfit ki thi Hdi - thi Dinh d Kinh thfinh Nfii dung thi gIm cfic mdn: kinh nghia, chilu, eh^, bieu, thd phu vfi vfin sfich Trong tofin thdi Lg sd ed 29 khoa thi, Ifi'y 988 tiln si Chfnh sfich gifio dye vfi khoa cQ cua nhfl Lfi dfi lfim hinh thfinh ngn mOt tfing ldp Nho si ddng dao ed mflt k h i p ndi vfi hfiu hfi't eac linh vUe: hfinh chfnh, phfip lufit, ngoai giao, vfin hofi - giao due Hp cung giQ vai trd chfnh lUc lUpng sfing tfic vfin hpc thi vfi vi thg' khdng dUde tham gia vflo bd mfiy quyin lUc eung nhU cd tigng ndi cac cudc thao lufin thfim chf chi lfing xa Vi vfiy, vi$c gifio dye phu nQ hofin tofin gidi han nhQng ldi rfin day phy nQ phai Iflm tron bin ph^n ciia minh gia dinh vfi hofin tofin n i r a khudn k h i cua giao due gia dinh qua efie sfich Gia hudn, Ndhudn Sfich Khuyit Hiin ca, bfii B^t dfi giai thfch rd quan nipm cua cac nhfl Nho vl vide giao dye phy nQ: "NgUdi ddn bd cd ngoan hay khdng Id d gia dinh vd cd quan he tdi sU thinh suy cua dgo ngi trg Nhu vgy thi viec rdn dgy khdng thi bo qua Giao dye Nho hoc vdi truyin tho'ng "dl dugc" (4) D l dap Qng nhu cfiu nfiy, nhieu vfin thu si" (ifi'y vfin chpn si) da hUdng sU hoc ddng hp ldn, nhilu tri thQc ldn nhU ThUdng ciia xa hfii vflo vi^c tfch luy kid'n thQe vfin thu Ho Phi Tich, Tigh si Bui DUdng Ljch, hpc, ky nfing sang tfic vfin ehUdng chu ylu lfl Tiln SI Dang Xuan Bang, Tig'n si Nguyen gidi Nho si va tinh thfin ehudng vfin Tdng Khue (5) da soan cac lo^i Gia hudn, xa hdi Vdi quan nifim "vfin di tai dao", Ndhudn dg giao due cai gia dinh cfic Nho SI la nhQng trf thQc dfch thyc vdi Ban Gia hudn ca dUdc cho lfl ban Gia hudn cac ho^t ddng sang tac vfin lipc, truyin bfi, dfiu tien vfl la ban dUdc nhac den nhilu nhfi^t tQng dUpc cdng bo' gin vdi ten tud'i eua giao liiu, sfing tao vfin hoa Nguygn Trai, nhUng dUa trgn vide khao sfit Gifio due Nho hpc d$ cao tinh thfin hilu v l raflt vfin ban hpc va ngfin ngQ hpc, hfiu hpe, tfin sU dao, nudi dUdng tfim hon, h i t cac chuygn gia deu phii djnh nien dai tri vfl ciing el^ n i n tang dao dQc xa hdi the' ky XV ciia ban Gia hudn ca nfiy (6) da tao ndn mdt tfing ldp trf thQc xa Theo thd'ng ke eua Le Thu Hudng (7) thi hdi Vidt Nam thdi phong kig'n Trong bSi kho sach Han Ndm hien cdn lUu giQ canh Vigt Nam phai dSi mflt vdi nguy cd 35 ten tfli ligu thudc t h i loai Gia hudn, Nd mfi't nude cuoi thg' ky XIX vfi tinh trang hudn Trong so 35 tfli ligu nfiy ed tfii lieu thudc dja dfiu t h i ky XX, tfing ldp tri thQc mang tieu de tap trung giao due phy nQ Nho hpe nfiy da ddng vai trd quan trpng nhU: Gido nU di quy cua Trfin Hofinh Muu, cfic cudc khfing chig'n cho'ng xfim lUdc Hudn nd dien dm ca ciia Nguyen Dinh Phfip (1) cung nhu di tifin phong vide Thiit, vfl cac tac phfim khuyfi't danh nhU tie'p thu nhQng tu tudng mdi, phg phfin xa Hudn nd td ca, Hudn nd td gidi, Hudn nd hdi eu, khdi xudng nhQng phong trflo cai tam tu thu, Nd hgc diin ca,Nd bdo chdm each, tfin cudi t h ^ ky XIX (2), dfiu t h i Cac tfic phfim mang tieu d l Gia hudn thadng cung ed phfin dfinh cho eon gfii, de kyXX(3) cfip d i n viec gifio dye tQ cdn d nha vdi Ddi vdi phu nQ, Nho gifio coi phy nQ lfi cha me cho dl'n di ve lam dfiu nha lo^i "tilu nhfin khd day" nen dUdi che dp chong Cfic bai Gia hudn, Ndhudn nfiy hau phong kign phu nQ khdng dUdc di hpe, di Rghl&n CQTI Ljeh siir ag 12.2fM8 h^t dupc trinh bfiy dudi d^ng vfln vfin, t h i loai lyc - bfit, d l nhd, dS t r u y i n khfiu nhU m^t tfic gia da trinh bfiy: "Cdn nhU khdch qudn thoa son phdn, md chfu di sdc xem xet, cdng trudc thudt nhU ndng Thdi, A Tg thi th^c Id hiim ldm Ddi vdi bgn hg lgi cdng khdng thi khdng gido due Nhiing niu nhu chd nghla true trac, gigng vdn cao xa, thi lgi khdng the nhd md ngdm nga dugc [Cho nin], nhdn luc dgy hgc rdi rdi [ta] nhdt nhgnh nhdng cdu cdch ngdn cd vd nhdng cdu ca dao, tuc ngd bang qud'c ngd CO the ldm ldi khuyen ran dugc, sdp thdnh hOn 40 diiu diin qudc dm di ldm chdn ngdn cho bgn ddn bd congdC (8) Npi dung cua Gia Hudn d l cao chQ Hil'n cua Nho gifio, tinh thfin gia t^c, tU tudng tQ bi nhfin fii cua Dao Phfit vfl tfnh c^ng dong Ddi vdi phy nQ Gia hudn, NQ hudn day phy nQ phai tufin thu "Tam tdng" vfl "tQ dQc" Gia hudn, Nd hudn vi t h i dU^c lUu truyin qua nhilu thg' hg, vfi lfi sfich giao khoa chu yg^u cho gifio due phu nQ Tuy nhifin, thUe t^, nhieu gia dinh quan lai, tri thQc cung cho gfii hpc chQ Han vfi ljch sQ Vi$t Nam da tQng xufi't hi§n nhilu phy nQ c6 hpe vfi tham gia vflo ddi so'ng chinh trj vfi vfln hda cua dfin tdc nhu Nguygn phi Y Lan, Nguyen Thj Ld, Tig'n si Nguyin Thj Du$, H i Xufin HUdng, bfl Huy^n Thanh quan Nguyin Thj Hinh song so hp rfl't ft ngudi cd dilu kifin thUe hi§n nghia vu ciia minh nhU nhQng ngUdi tri thQe, gdp phfin phan bi§n xfi h^i C h i n h sfich giao d y e c u a Phfip d Ddng Diidng v a t i n h h i n h gifio d y e p h u nQ d Viet N a m t h d i Phfip t h u p c Ngay sau dflt dUdc fich thong trj len toan cdi Vi§t Nam, vigc lfim dfiu tifin ciia Phfip lfl dfio t£io mdt tfing ldp quan lai chiu anh hudng cua Phap thay t h i cho tfing ldp SI phu ludn noi dfiy cho'ng Phfip Phfip cho r i n g , n i n gifio dye Nho hpc Ifi'y dao Trung qufin lfim c6t loi la nguyfin nhfin lfim bung nS cfic phong trfio chdhg Phfip cfic si phu phong kil'n lanh d^o "V^ v$y, sau chilm dU^c Nam Kf, Ifip tQc Phfip xda bo cac ki thi Hfln hpe vfi thay vfio dd lfi nin giao dye Phfip - Vi§t Myc dfch cua Phfip tiiuc hien chUdng trinh giao dye mdi nfiy trUdc hit lfi di dfio t^o ldp ngUdi thQa hfinh cac chfnh sfich cua Phfip vi$e cai trj vfi khai thfic d Vi$t Nam vfi ca Ddng DUdng, dong thdi t r u y i n bfi tu tudng vfl vfln hda Phap Iflm cd sd n i n tang cho sQ trung thfinh vdi chfnh quyin thUc dan Phfip Theo quy chg" Tong qufit v l Gifio due Cao d i n g d Ddng DUdng nflm 1918, h§ thing giao dye cua Phfip d Vi§t Nam dUde dilu chinh cho phQ hgp vdi cfic myc dfch cung nhu tinh hinh thac tg' d Vi§t Nam thudng dUde gpi lfi Gifio dye Phfip-Vi§t Dfiy lfl h6 thcTng Gifio dye Phfip cho ngudi ban xiT (Enseignement Franco-Indiggne) Trong nen gifio dye nfiy tiShg Phfip dUdc dQng di trao ddi ldp hoc (giang bfii, lfim bai, sfich gifio khoa vi^t bfing ti^ng Phap) Rieng ba ldp dfiu t i l u hpc lfl dUde diing til'ng Vi$t lfim ehuyen ngQ, sau dd tiing Vi$t dupc hpe nhu mdt ngoaii ngQ Ngoai ngQ thQ hai thudng lfi tilhg Anh d bfie Tu Tfii Nl'u ed thfiy day thi ehQ Hfin dUdc hoc nhu mpt mdn hpc t a chpn, mdt tufin mot gid d cfic ldp trgn ciia bfie tieu hpc Hg thdhg gifio due Phfip-Vi$t gom phfin: gifio dye thdng vfi gifio dye cao d i n g chuygn nghi?p, dai hpc Ddi vdi gifio dye phd' thdng, Phfip thfinh l§p mdt so" trudng nhu TrUdng trung hoc Le Myre de Vilers d My Tho (1879) (9), Tnidng Qud'c Hpc Hue (1896), TrUdng trung hoc Bao HO (CoUgge du Protectorat) tQc Tnidng Budi Hfi Npi (1908) (10) lfim ndng cit Ba Vai n6t ve s u hinh fcanh d01 ngu trudng nfiy mdi md chi cd b^lc tilu hpc, m3[y chyc nfim sau mdi cd b^c eao d i n g tilu hpe, cdn bflc Tu tfii ehi cd d trUdng Qufic Hpc Hul'va trudng Budi Nhin chung, h0 thd'ng gifio dye p h i thong Phfip-Vi$t cd b|lc vdi thdi gian lfi 13 nflm TQ nifin hpc 1937-1938 tr§n tofin Vi§t Nara diu fip dung ehUdng trinh Phfip-Vi§t dii ban: Tofin, Khoa hpe, Tri^t Hpe sinh t i t nghidp hoflc ban hofie cd thfim b i n g TQ tfii Phfip (11) se dupc uu tien thi vfio cfic tnidng D^i hpe efi thi tuyin nhU efic trUdng Grandes Ecoles d Phfip hofie cfic trudng Cao d i n g Chuydn nghi$p d Hfi Ndi Trong cfic trudng Cao d i n g cd tnidng Cao ding Su pham (ficole Supfirieure de Pfidagogie) thfinh i^p ngfiy 15-10-1917, nhim dfio tao gifio chQc eho cac trudng su pham sd c^p vfi cfic trUdng cao d i n g tieu hpc, hoc trinh nfim dfi gdp phfin dao tao nhilu nQ giao vign cho h$ thd'ng efic trudng nQ hpc, cd sd d l hinh thfinh doi ngu nQ tri thQc Viet Nam Trudng Cao Dang Mf thufit Ddng DUdng (Ecole des Beaux-Arts de ITndochine) cung gdp phfin dfio tao cae nQ hpa sT, ma nii bfit lfl nQ Hpa si Le Thj LUu nfim 19321933 da cd tranh triin lam eac k^ Hdi chd phy nQ Mflc du chfnh sach vfln hda gifio due eua Phap cdn rfl't han chg* vfi cd tfnh ehfi't nhd gipt, nhUng eung da tao nfin nhQng thay doi sau sac ddi song xfi h$i vfl vfin hda d Viet Nam Vi$c gifio due cho phy nQ khfing hofin tofin dUdc sU ung hd ciia cfic quan chQc Phfip, song qua bao chf, chdng ta dupc biet rfing chfnh mdt && quan lai Viet Nam nhU LUdng Du ThQc (Blh Tre), Pfitrus Kf da d l nghj md trudng hpc cho phy nQ LUdng Du ThQe eho bil't, "tdi xin nhfi nUdc giup sQc l^p trUdng day gfii 47 Lue giQa H$i ding Quan hat, tdi xin thi quan Thdhg Ddc Nam K^ vQa ldng hi$p f, nfin ngfii tU td eho cfic sd Tham bifin, lfip trudng Sd hpc cho gfii" (12) Mfic dQ myc dfch cua chu trUdng gifio dye cho phu nQ eua hp mdi chi n h i m nfing eao tinh thfin vfi trinh d$ d^o dQc eho nQ gidi, tflng sU dfinh gifi vfi tdn trpng efin thii't ddi vdi hpc (Pfitrus KJ) (13), vfi giQp cho hp lfim tdt vai tro Iflm vd, Iflm m? gia dinh (LUdng Du ThQc) [Ndng ci mim ddm, 28-8-1902], nhUng chfnh nhd f kifih cua efic cdng ehQe chi'nh quyin c6 dfiu de edi md nfiy mfi mfit sd" trudng hpe eho nQ gidi dQpc md d Nam K^ Cho dfi'n nfim 1886 d Nam Kf cd trudng nQ sinh vdi 922 hpc sinh nQ (14) O Bfic K^ cd trudng tilu hpe eho nQ sinh (15) Cae Trudng Cao dang Tieu hpc dflnh rifing eho nQ sinh ehi co d Ha Ndi (TrUdng Trung VUdng), Hulf (Trudng Dong Khanh), Sfli Gdn (TrUdng Gia Long cdn gpi la Trudng Ao Tfm) Bfic Trung hpc (bfic Tu tfii) ehi ed d Hfi Nfii (Trudng Budi), Hu^ (TrUdng Khai Djnh), Sfii Gdn (TrUdng PdtrusKy) Tnidng nQ hpc, tnidng Brieux, khai giang ngfiy 6-1-1908 tai Hfl Npi cd 178 hpc sinh (16), nfim hoc 1922-1923 s^hpc sinh hpc bfic sd hpc lfi 129 ngudi (17) Trudng NQ hpc Ding Khfinh d Hu^ thflnh l$p nflra 1917 Nfira hpc 1922-1923 so hpc sinh sd hpc lfi 358 hpc sinh, hpe sinh b§c trung hpe lfi 35 ngudi (18) Nfim 1930, so hpc sinh nQ d Trung K^ lfi 1986 ngUdi, dd cd 47 ngUdi hpc ldp Su phara vfl 494 ngUdi hpe ldp Cao ding tilu hpc (19) O Sfii Gdn tnidng dfinh eho nQ sinh dfiu tign lfi Trudng Ao Tfm khai giang ngfly 19-91915 Nflm hpc dau tidn ed 42 nQ sinh chu yg'u d khu vQc pho", cung cd mdt sd' nQ sinh deh tQ efie dnh lfin cfin Tnidng c6 cfic Rghien cihi Lieh sSt s g 12.8012 ldp tQ Dong fi'u d^n ldp Cao ding Tfi't nghi$p, hoc sinh dupe cfi'p b i n g sd hpc Dfi'n thfing 91922, tnidng cd 226 hpc sinh sd hpc vfl cd thgm Ban trung hpc NQ hpc dudng vdi 24 hpe sinh (20) LQc dfiu hpc sinh vfio hpe chia lfim hai ban: ban Su pham (hpc lfim giao vign) vfi ban Phd' thdng Td't nghidp, hpc sinh dUiJc nhfin bing Thfinh ehung Nflm 1917 quy chg' chung v l gifio dye Ddng DUdng thudng dUpc gpi lfi Hgc chinh ting quy dUpc ban hfinh quy djnh bdn canh vide md cfic trudng tieu hpc d cfic xa eho trai thi tai cfic tinh eQng cd t h i rad ft nhtft mfit trudng cdng cho eon gfii Trong trUdng hpp chUa cd trUdng rifing eho gfii, thi trai, gfii cd t h i hpe chung ra§t trudng, nhUng phai to chQc day rifing cho gai Huyfin ly ldn ed trUdng Tieu hpc, nhUng chi efic tinh ly ldn mdi cd trUdng Sd Hpc hay Tilu hpc dflnh rifing cho nQ sinh Cho deh nhQng nam 1929, sd* lUpng hpc sinh khoang 434.335 vfl ed 551 hpc sinh eao d i n g vfi dai hpe vdi khoang 12.000 ngudi lfi giao vien efic cfi'p (21) Trong tofin coi Ddng DUdng so" nQ sinh khoang hdn 30 ngfin ngudi chu ye'u d cac thfinh phfi" vfi thj trfi'n [Bdn bd, s6 dfic biet nfim 1942] Tai efic lfing qug ca nUde vflo cudi thfing 51929 cd 25.502 hpc sinh, thi chi cd 965 hpc sinh nQ [Nam Phong, 9-1929] Nflm 1930-1931 so nQ sinh d Viet Nam lfl 38.984 (tren tong so 292.694 hpc sinh) (22), d^n nfim 1937-1938 sff hpc sinh nQ lfin tdi khoang 60.000 vfi tdi nfim 1940-1941 B6 hpc sinh nQ da l§n tdi 85.447 ngUdi (d Bic K^: 24.658 ngUdi, Trung K^: 15.436 ngUdi, Nam KJ: 43.353 ngUdi) So nQ sinh hpc lfin cao (sau sd hpc) vfio nflm 1941-1942 Ifi 1096 ngUdi dd co 37 ngUdi hpc d bfic euoi cfi'p, nhilu ngUdi sd'hp da tilp tyc vflo hpe d Dai hpe Ddng Dudng (chUa ke nhilu ngUdi di du hpc tai Phfip) Cfic Tnidng Cao d i n g y khoa, Tnidng cao d i n g sU phgm, Tnidng Cao d i n g Ndng lfim cQng nhfin cac sinh vifin nQ Trong cfic trUdng day nghi nfim 1941-1942 cung c6 khoang 900 nQ sinh (23) NQ giao vidn khoang 1000 ngU&i (24) Trong ehUdng trinh giao due cua Phap, ddi vdi cfic tradng nQ sinh, Hgc chinh ting quy quy djnh moi ngfly phai dflnh mdt hoflc hai gid d l hoc nQ cdng gia chlnh Trong tnidng, hpc sinh b i t budc phai ndi chuygn vdi bfing tieTng Phap (25) Cae sfich giao khoa nhfi trUdng Phfip-Vi^t chii yg'u "rfip khudn" theo mlu sfich dQng h$ thd'ng gifio due eiia Phfip sau da loai bd nhiSng ndi dung bj a)i lfi nguy hilm cd t h i "pha hoai" chg^dd thudc dja, nhfi^t lfl nhQng sfich v l lich sQ, dia If vfi vgn hpc vl v^y cd the ndi anh hadng PhUdng Tfiy dm vdi cae nQ sinh khfi dfim ndt NhQng nQ sinh nfiy vi the dUdc xa hfii gpi dudi ten gd lfl cae "ed gai mdi" hoflc cfic '*tfin nQ lUu" Doi n g u nuT t r i thCfc d Viet Nam Dudi thdi Phap thudc, chi cd 10% dan si nhfin du^e n i n giao dye mdi theo hUdng hign dai cua Phfip, s6 phy nQ dupe di hoc cfing ft hdn, chi chie'm hdn 10% tong so" ngUdi dupe di hpc Tuy nhifin, si nhQng ngUdi dU0c nhSin sii gifio due ciia h$ thCfng gifio dye Phap-Vifit, nhilu ngUdi da t6t nghigp trung hpc, cd ngUdi tfi't nghifip dai hpc Nhu cfi Henriette Biii, tot nghidp Dai hpe Y khoa Pari (nflra 1934), bfi Nguyin Thj SUdng (nflm 1940), cd L§ Thj Hofing tfit nghi$p Cao dfing Y khoa Hfl N6i (nflm 1937); cfi DUdng Thi Liiu (nam 1940), cfi Ly Thj Nguygt tot nghigp Cao dang bfio ch^ Ha Npi, bfi Phan Thj Lipu tfi't nghidp Cao d i n g Canh ndng Hfi Ndi; cd Pham Thi My td't nghidp Cao d i n g Su pham Hfl N^i (nflm 1928), efi Nguygn Thj Chau tit nghigp cQ nhfin Van khoa d Dai hpe Pari Vai ntSt ve sir hinh fcanh dpi ngu (nflra 1936); bfl BQi Thj Cfim td't nghidp Dgi hoc Lufit khoa Pari vfi bfi Nguyen Minh Nguyet tdt nghigp trUdng Cao d i n g Lu^it khoa Hfi Npi Dac bi$t nhQng nflm 1930, phy nQ Vidt Nam da cd ngUdi d^u bang tiln si khoa hoe (Doctores es sciences) cua Phap Dd lfi c6 Hofing Thi Nga Bfio Bdn bd mdi 17-6-1935 gidi thifiu cd lfi ngUdi phu nQ Vifit Nara dfiu tien dftu b i n g tiln si Etat Cd da phai vilt hai ban lufln an 'Troprfetes photo voltaiques des substances organiques" vfi "Structure des molecules et spectres d'absorption" (Nl^u ed la'y bing Doctorat d' Universitfi thi cd chi phai vie't mdt ban lufin fin ) 06 the thfi'y trQ mdt so' rfi't ft nhQng phu nQ ed bang cap cao cam long Iflm ngUdi ndi trd, hfiu het deu hfinh nghe b i n g chinh nganh n g h i da dUdc dflo tao nha Cd Henriette Bui lfim Phd Giam doc nha bao sanh Chd Ldn, bfl Phan Thi Lieu Iflm d Sd nghidn cQu nfing nghigp Sai Gon, ed Phara Thi My vfi cd Nguyin Thj Chfiu Ifira giao sU d Tnidng "Ao Tim" [Bdn bd, s6 d^c biet nam 1941] Va dQ it di, sfi'phy nQ dUdc dfio tao nfiy da cd ddng gdp quan trpng phong trao ddi nQ quyen vfi giai phdng phy nQ cung n h a phong trflo vfin ddng giai phdng dan tdc cua nhfin dan Viet Nam Lfl nhQng ngudi cd tri thQc, hp c6 dilu kign va phUdng tign tilp thu nhQng tU tudng mdi tQ bgn ngofii va nhfin thQc dUpc thuc trang ddi so'ng cua phy nQ Vi^t Nam Hp thuc sU da dam nhfin vai trd nhU nhQng ngUdi tri thQc xa hdi Hp lam bao, viet bao va gdp phfin Iflm hinh thflnh nen ddng bao phu nQ trUdc each mang thfing Tam (26) Qua cfic bfii bao, hp gfip phfin da'u tranh cho sii tig'n bd vfl quyen binh dflng cua phu nQ, da'n thfin vfio cufic vfin dpng vi quyin ldi va sii tig'n bfi cua phy nQ Do chinh la nhQng ehu bfio nhu bfi SUdng Nguy$t Anh, bfl Dam PhUdng nQ sQ, bfl Hu^nh Thj Bao Hda, bfi Nguyin DQe Nhu^n, bfl Le Thflnh Tudng, bfi Thyy An, bfi Nguyin Thj Thao, bfi Nguyin Thj Thanh TQ, efic cd nhu Nguyen Thj Kiera Bing bao chf vfi cfic hogt d^ng xa hpi, hp dfi lfim dfi'y lfin phong trflo phu nQ vfin d^ng d Dfing DUdng Hp khfing chi bao, vi^t bao, sang tac efic tfic phfim vfln hpc, mfi cdn tham gia to chQc hoi ehd, t l chQc dien thuyit, vfin dpng quyen gdp giQp d6ng bfio bj nan, giup hpc sinh nghdo du hpc, giup Hfii Due anh chfim sdc tre m l coi, di dien thuyit k h i p ndi n h i m tuygn truyin vfin ddng phu nQ Xufi't thfin tQ tfing ldp tren, du hp cung khdng thofit khdi ban che cua giai cfi'p minh, va phong trfio ho vfin ddng cung chi khudn kho cua cudc vfin ddng nQ quyin tu san Nhieu ngUdi thara gia vao linh vUc vfin hpe nghe thuat, vilt vfin, lara thd, diln kjch Lfi nhQng tri thQc, hp cung cd dilu kifin tilp thu nhQng tU tudng mdi tQ ben ngofii, ehju anh hudng cua truyin thShg yeu nudc eua dan tde, nhieu phu nQ sd' hp da tiep thu ehu nghia Mac - Lfinin vfi nhfin thQc rd, mufi'n giai phong phy nQ thUc sU trade h i t phai giai phdng dan tde va phai mang lgi quyin lpi cho phfin dong phu nQ Vigt Nam, dfi lfi phy nQ lao ddng d thdn que cung nhu thfinh thi Tidu bieu sd' hp lfi Nguyen Thj Minh Khai, Trfin Thj NhU Mfin, Nguyen Thj Hong, Nguygn Thi LUu, Mai Hu^nh Hoa, Dofin Tam Dan, Nguyin Thj Thye Vign, Vfin Dai, Phan Thj Nga Qua hp trgn cae td bao phu nQ dfin dan eung xufi't hi^n nhilu bfii bao phan anh eufic sfi^ng lao dfing vfi't va, nhQng thiet thdi bfi't cfing cua phfin dfing phu nQ lao dfing dang Ifira vide cac nhfi may, hfim md, don diln dUdi chg' dfi thufic dja Hghien eiiru Ljeh sdr sg 12.2012 so Khfing chi dQng lai d linh vi;tc bfio chf, truyin bfi tu tudng dfin ehu vfl efieh mgng, nQ trf thQe Vi§t Nam thdi kj^ nfiy cdn dfiin thfin vfio cfic hogt d^ng cfich mgng, v^n dfing vfi tfi' c h Q c p h u n Q vfio efic t o ehfle cfich mang tranh vi vfl dfic hUdng d§n lfip dan phy n Q d^u tfic e u n g n h U vi q u y i n c u a p h y nQ t r o n g x a hpi CHU THtCH (1) Phong trfto Cfin Vudng chtfng Phfip cu6i thfi' (13), Trjnh Vfin Thao L'^cole Francaise en ky XIX cfic tri thilc phong kig'n Ifinh d^o nhU Indochine, Paris, Karthala (ban dich tU li$u Khoa Phan Dinh Phdng, Trfin Xufin So^n, Ttfng Duy Ljch BQ, TrUcing D^i hpc KHXH&NV, DHQGHN, Tfin, NguySn Quang Bich, NguySn MAu Kig'n 1995, tr 95 (2) Cfic dS nghj cai cfich ciia NguySn TrUctng T § , P h m Phli ThQ (3) Phong trfio Duy tfin Phan Chfiu Trinh, NguySn ThUtJng Hiin, LUtJng Vfin Can khdi xudng en Indochine L'extreme vfi Paul Bonnetain Orient (dfin theo NguySn Anh, (1967), sdd, tr 42) (15) Theo G Dumoutier- (4) Ky hifu AB.53 kho sfich cua Vifn Nghign cflu Hfin N6m (44 trang, kh5 20x13) gdm ba tfic phft'm N6m: Khuyet dich N8m) vfi (14) Theo PaulluB vfi Bouninais La France hieu ca Tntdng Cdnh phu hdn ca (ban chdm Cdnh ph\i Les d^fbuta de I'enseignement Francais au Tonkin (din theo NguySn Anh (1967), sdd, tr 44 (16) Theo bfio Ddn Bd so Xuan nfim 1942 cho r^ng dfiy lfi trUdng nQ dfiu tiSn tofin coi Biic chdm gSm 26 D i n theo Hofing Vfin Lfiu, T^p san Ky vfi cung lfi trUSng nfl dfiu tien trfin tofin coi Hfin NSm, so 1-1984 Ddng DUdng C6 IS day lfi nhOng tnidng Cao d&ng (5) Xem th#m Ldi gidi t h i | u cua Phara Hotlng Qufin cho tac phfim Gia hudn diin ca Nxb PhUOng D6ng, 2005 tifiu hpc nil dfiu ti€n chinh quyen thu$c dja thfinh lfip (17), (18), (20) Trinh Vfln Thao, Nhd tritdng (6) Hofing Vfin Lau Tfip san Han N6m, stf 119841 Thi Nham Dinh Gia Thuyfi't (1953): Gia hufi'n ca, Tfin Vi|t, Sfii Gon; Nguyin Hong Phong Tim hiiu Gia hudn ca, T^p san Vdn Sd Dia so 27 Phdp dBdngDitOng, tr 130 (19) Nguyen Vy, Tudn - Chdng trai nitdc Viit, Nxb Vfin hoc, Hfi Noi, 2006, tr 92 (21) Nguyen Vfln Khfinh, Ccf cdu kinh tixd hoi vfi 29-1957; Dofin Khoach Gia hudn ca cophdi cua Vi4t Nam thdi thu^ NguySn Trdi khdng? Tap chi Van hoc, so 1-1982 Qu6c gia Hfi Npi, 1999, tr 152 (7) LS Thu Hudng, Sdch co n^i dung gido d^tc gia dinh hi^n liiu trU kho sdch Hdn N6m, T^p chf Nghiin cihi Hdn Ndm, B6 3-1996 dia (1858-1945) Nxb D^i hpc (22), (23) Trjnh Vfin Thao, sdd, tr 138, 152 (24) NguySn Vfin Ky, La societe vietnamienne face d la modernite le Tonkin de la fin du X?Xe (8) Hofing Vfln Lfiu, sdd sUccle (9) Sau nfiy lfi triiSng NguySn Dinh Chifiu L'Harmattan, ell, Recherches aaatiques, 1995, tr (10) TrUcing BuSi lfi tign thfin ciia Tracing Chu 138 Vfin An ngfiy (11) Bling Tli tfii Phap-Viet hofie Tii tfii Ban xit cfi gifi trj nhu b^ng Tii tfii Phap (sfic Ifnh ciia Tofin Quyen Dong DUdng ky ngfiy 12-10-1930) (12) Tr6n Ndng comin ddm, ngfiy 28-8-1902 d la seconde guerre mondiale, Paris, (25) H5i h a u ci^u nQ sinh Gia Long, http://www.gialong.org/history,htmI, tr 1-2 (26) D§ng Thj Vfin Chi, Dong bdo phg nil truoc cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945, Tap chi NghUn ciiu Lich sd, so 11-2006 ... trf thQc xa Theo thd'ng ke eua Le Thu Hudng (7) thi hdi Vidt Nam thdi phong kig'n Trong bSi kho sach Han Ndm hien cdn lUu giQ canh Vigt Nam phai dSi mflt vdi nguy cd 35 ten tfli ligu thudc t h i... Ddng DUdng nflm 1918, h§ thing giao dye cua Phfip d Vi§t Nam dUde dilu chinh cho phQ hgp vdi cfic myc dfch cung nhu tinh hinh thac tg' d Vi§t Nam thudng dUde gpi lfi Gifio dye Phfip-Vi§t Dfiy lfl... vfin hda d Viet Nam Vi$c gifio due cho phy nQ khfing hofin tofin dUdc sU ung hd ciia cfic quan chQc Phfip, song qua bao chf, chdng ta dupc biet rfing chfnh mdt && quan lai Viet Nam nhU LUdng Du