THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
1 PREAMBLE Reason for selecting the topic The choice of the socialist path has given unprecedented changes in the history of Lao PDR It is not only the national independence that has been completely and gloriously recovered, but also the revival of the country's development progressively.The people's life has been gradually improved, the facilities international integration have become more prevalent and the place of Lao PRD in the international arena has been emphasized The superiority of the socialist path is deeply expressed in the indispensable trend of the link between economic growth and the realization of social justice, the protection and development of human life, especially the blue collar Since the years ofDoi Moi, the Lao party and State government have increasingly awareness of an important role of this connectivity that plays in the successive stagesof the socialist transition There are more strategized strategies to move towards these trend in order to accomplish greater economic growth and address an issue of social justice Though, the economic growth issues associated with social implementation, including complexity of both economic and social in social justice It is also theoretically new issue in workplace in Lao PDR It has been set up with all countries, especially developing countries Lao PDR, it is not a question of whether economic growth is linked to the implementation of social justice, but methodology of implementing this bond can be fully effectively taken Therefore, the selection the topic of "the connectivity of economic growth with social justice in Lao PDR" is the topic for doctoral dissertation Purpose of the study: The dissertation is aimed as the following purposes: The rationale of Interpretation for the connectivity of economic growth with social justice to clarify the scientific, revolution and progressive significance of the Lao Party and State during the construction of socialism The Study some countries’ experiences in linking economic growth with social justice in order to bring lessons in the process of creating and developing the country Practical research has linked economic growth with the introduction of the social justice process into the justice system for almost 30 years Propose guidance and solutions forbetter integrating economic growth with social justice in subsequent stages in Lao PDR Objective of the research: The thesis is concerned with economic growth, social justice, the linkage of economic growth with the implementation of social justice sResearch cope : Time period: Focus on the period from 2006 - 2015, orientation to 2020 and vision to 2030 Scope: International experience’ Studies, especially experience of the country in the form of socialism ; Socio-Economic Development Practices in Lao PDR Research questions + What is the link between economic growth and social justice? What is the content of the mount? + Assessment criteria for the link between economic growth and social justice? What is the content of the mount? + What factors influence the link economic growth with social justice? + The situation linking economic growth with social justice in Lao PDR What are the advantages, what is the limitations? What are the causes of these limitations? Based on the socio-economic development strategy of the Lao PDR with a vision of 2020 in the context of domestic and international context, , the perception of link between economic growth with social justice in the People's Democratic Republic Laos in the future? In theory , from the practical experience of some countries, from the limitations and causes of limitations of Lao PDR on linking economic growth with the implementation of social justice, the coming time to strengthen and raise High efficiency cohesion need to have breakthrough solutions? Research Methodology Approach: According to this thesis, the topic that links economic growth with the implementation of social justice is the State Therefore, the State must identify the objectives, develop the strategy, from the strategy to build the roadmap, step and issue appropriate policies for each stage and organize the implementation of that policy With this approach, the thesis is conducted in a way that combines qualitative research with quantitative research: - Qualitative approach aims to assert that the economic growth associated with the implementation of social justice in Laos is increasingly promoted, so that the awareness of the Party and the Lao government has become increasingly deeply inevitable of this career in the transition to socialism, due to economic necessity in the process of orientation to sustainable development to develop the country and integrate into the international life - Quantitative research aims to clarify the status, level, progress, achievements and limitations of economic growth associated with social justice in the reform period It can also determine the relative content of the lessons Contributions of thesis - Giving insights on the link between economic growth and social justice; content that links economic growth with the implementation of social justice; identify the factors that influence the link between economic growth and social justice - New proposals + Economic growth is a material condition that ensures social justice; Social equality is the driving force for high and stable economic growth economic growth must be done simultaneously with social justice in each step; + Suggestions on how to link economic growth with social justice in Lao PDR that consist of: 1) Improving quality in developing strategies for linking economic growth with public performance social; 2) Develop a roadmap, a step to link economic growth towards social justice; 3) Raising the leadership role of the Lao PDR Party in applying the relationship between the state and the market to build an institution that links economic growth with social justice; 4) Complete policies to promote economic growth Structure of thesis Apart from the introduction, conclusion, annex and reference list, the thesis is structured in chapters Chapter 1: Overview of research situation Chapter 2: Theoretical bases and practical experience on linking economic growth with social justice Chapter 3: The Situation of Linking Economic Growth with the Implementation of Social Justice in Lao PDR Chapter 4: Viewpoints and solutions that continue to link economic growth with social justice in Lao PDR Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH 1.1 Research works related to the topic are conducted in Vietnam and abroad - Addressing issues at the macro level, most notably is "About the great relationships that need to be addressed in the transition to socialism in Vietnam." This is an important theoretical book in Vietnam, edited by General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Nguyen Phu Trong - Research topic of PhD Pham Xuan Nam "The relationship between economic growth - social justice and environmental protection" is complex and in-depth scientific research - Research by Prof Dr Hoang Duc Than with the title "Linking economic growth and implementing social progress and equality in our country", published in Communist Magazine September 13, 2015 is one products directly related to this topic - Research by Dr Nguyen Dinh Chien, National University of Hanoi provides many suggestions for the contents to study to establish a link between economic growth and social justice - A study by an Indian author named "Reducing Poverty in India - The Role of Economic Growth" by Pradeep Agrawal (2015) This paper examines the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction in the case of India - The study by Huck-ju Kwon and Ilcheong Yi entitled "Governing Multifunctional Institutions in Korea: Economic Development and Poverty Reduction in Korea: Managing Multifunctional Institutions" (2008) To combat poverty, it is necessary for developing countries, where the majority of the poor live to strive for economic development Combining economic development and poverty reduction is a challenge for developing countries - The article by Douglas Voigt: "Economic Growth and Social Justice: Testing a Third Way of Assumption on the German Case" (Experiment on a Third Assumption on the German Case) (2016) This paper aims to examine whether economic growth contributes to social justice as is specifically assumed by proponents of the Third Way approach for labor market policy 1.2 The research works related to the topic by the Lao authors + Ph.D in Economics of "Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Lao PDR" by Phonesay Filaysack (2010) National Economics University, emphasizes the impact of FDI on socio-economic life in Laos, contributes positively to resources to promote both economic growth and social justice way + The scientific report in the workshop of Khammary Intharath (2011), entitled "Attracting foreign investment, developing solutions for Lao power industry", confirms that principle It is important to develop technical infrastructure to improve people's lives and solve many jobs + Ph.D thesis "Reality of poverty reduction policy in Upper NorthernLao PDR through practice in Xieng Khouang province" by Feuangsy Laofoung - National Economics University provides important material in real life High rates of poverty reduction the most difficult area Laos The Ph.D thesis on economics of Khamphanh Pheuyavong (2013), National Economics University with the theme "Improving poverty reduction policy of Lao PDR" is a comprehensive research topic on policies Strategic significance of many countries 1.3 Overview of some key contents of the research related to the topic The research we have covered in the last two sections deals with almost all of the issues related to the research objectives of this thesis, the inevitability of the link between economic growth by addressing a satisfactory social problem as the society strives for holistic and sustainable development Forms of coherence have been put into place in the following theoretical and practical insights The first is a widely recognized general perception as the basic lesson learned after studying any coherence that has been made, that cannot be ignored in either side, or Two areas, one on the one side, economic growth and one on the other hand address the social problems that arise in the process of economic growth dependence on an external economy for economic progress, economic ruin in the last moments cannot be anticipated Although there are many different interpretations, the term is very close to the concept of "sustainable development" increasingly mentioned in theories of economic growth, in the economic perspective of governments In other words, improving the quality of economic growth is a way of achieving continuous economic growth that has a direct effect on other areas of social life However, researchers sometimes use this term to indicate progress in a particular area, such as investment quality (investment in the right direction, reasonable investment versus GDP, effective investment fruit, quality of labor, quality and knowledge content in the product cost The second is a theoretical understanding, it is in essence life, economic growth is not a purely economic process, but it must be a social process Thirdly, it is the general social change as a result of economic growth and social equality that inevitably leads to the fact that effective policies, plans and methods are missing out on obsolete The problem is: How to know that the need to adjust, innovation as appropriate This is an extremely difficult field, because social development itself is always a process of design, construction, no predetermined, no "magic wand." Which arguments outline the path and solution Addressing this issue depends on the stature and competence of governments, as a place to plan and command social development programs Finally, the application of the lessons that countries have left to apply to the process of linking economic growth and social justice in Lao PDR must always be considered on two areas On the one hand, it is necessary to learn good experiences with a modest attitude On the other hand, the use must be very creative and practical, in particular, impossible to stereotype, machinery In short, there is no specific study linking economic growth with social justice in Laos, both in terms of practicality and general theory This is also the reason for us to select this topic as the research topic of the thesis Chapter INTELLECTUAL PROBLEMS AND GOOD PRACTICE ON ASSEMBLY ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL EQUIPMENT 2.1 Theory of economic growth 2.1.1 The concept of economic growth Economic growth refers to the increase in the output of an economy (world, region, country, region, sector ) over a given period (usually one year) In terms of economic growth, GDP (gross domestic product), gross national income (GNI), national income (NI), total production value (GO) average per capita income Quality of economic growth The birth of the word "quality of economic growth" is a step forward in the understanding of the social significance of economic growth The fact is that economic growth has not always brought about social progress and human wellbeing Although it is only a matter of purely economic consideration, economic growth is not always economy If we destroy our environment, create more gulfs between the rich and the poor, exploit our resources and accept our 2.1.2 Growth metrics a Gross output is the sum of the value of a physical product and service produced on a country's territory over a given period (usually one year) b Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the sum of the final value of a physical product and service resulting from a country's economic performance over a given period of time c Gross national income (GNI) This is an indicator that appeared in the 1993 SNA table instead of the GNP index used in the 1968 SNA In terms of content, the GNI and the GNP are the same, but using the GNI is a telling approach Enter, not the product aspect of production as GNP In this respect, the GNI is the gross income from the final product and service produced by a citizen of a given country for a specified period of time GNI = GDP + Difference in factor income from foreign countries Income difference factor = Earn factor income Pay off factors abroad with foreign countries from abroad d National income (NI): is the value of new products and services created over a specified period of time NI is the gross national income (GNI) after excluding the fixed capital depreciation of the economy (Dp) NI = GNI − D p e National Disposable Income (NDI) is the national income for final consumption and net accumulation for a given period of time NDI = NI + Difference in current transfer with foreign countries Difference in current transfer = Current transfer revenue Payment of current with foreign countries with foreign countries transfer abroad f Per capita income In terms of income, GNI and GNI are also used to measure the per capita income of each country (GDP per person, GNI per capita) This indicator reflects economic growth taking into account population change The scale and growth of per capita incomes are important indicators to reflect and a prerequisite to raising the general standard of living The steady increase of this indicator is a sign of sustainable growth and is also used in comparing living standards among nations begins and ends on 45 °, which means that 0% of the population corresponds to 0% of income and 100% of the population to 100% of income The points on the Lorenz curve reflect how many% of the population correspond to how many% of income (figure below) 100 Thu nhập cộng dồn (%) 2.1.3 Growth drivers 2.1.3.1 Factors that directly affect the total supply - Capital (K) is an important input material that has a direct impact on economic growth - Labor (L): They are laborers with production skills, laborers who can operate complicated machinery and laborers who have new ideas and methods in economic activities - Natural resources and land (R): Land is an important factor in agricultural production and is an indispensable factor in the arrangement of economic establishments in the industries and services - Technology (T) Technological elements need to be fully understood in two forms: first, they are the achievements of knowledge, ie knowledge of science, the study of the principles, the trial of product improvement, technological process or technical equipment; Second, the widespread adoption of research and experimental results in order to improve the general level of production 80 Đường 450 60 Đường Lorenz 40 20 20 40 60 Dân số cộng dồn (%) 80 100 Figure 2.1 Lorenz Street 2.2 Basic issues of social justice 2.2.1 The concept of social justice Social equality is the set of principles and practices that are created by the state, the law and social relationships to establish realities that meet physical and mental needs, The social conditions for the members of the society, aiming to ensure the society is always harmonious, stable and development (ii) GINI coefficient A measurement, widely used in practice today, is based on quite successful succession, and at the same time overcomes the limitations of the Lorenz line tool, which is the GINI coefficient, named a statistician The Italian study (Corradio Gini), 1912 study The quantitative calculation of GINI is also consistent with Lorenz's comparison of the income gap between population groups and gross national income (total income made by the population group) (iii) Kuznets ratio The Kuznets ratio is the ratio of the income proportion of the population to the highest income level and the share of income in the population of the lowest income population, (x may be different from y, and Value 5%, 10%, 20% etc ) These ratios are essentially "pieces" on the Lorenz Road, and it only serves to assess the degree of social divide between the richest and the poorest poles (iv) Proportion of income of the poorest people This measure is the share of income in x% of the population with the lowest income (x can be 10% or 20%, etc.) 2.2.1 The measure of social justice (i) Lorenz curve The Lorenz curve is expressed in a graph, where the vertical axis is the percentage of cumulative income (20%, 40%, etc.), and the horizontal axis (horizontal axis) is Percentage of cumulative population is sorted by population group with increasing income (20%, 40%, etc 100%) The 450 reflects the distribution in absolute equilibrium (what percentage of the population is the percentage of income), we call this the theoretical distribution The Lorenz line 2.3 The relationship between economic growth and social justice Economic growth and the realization of social justice are two distinctive categories, nevertheless there is a mutually reinforcing relationship in the process of socio-economic development of a country Hence, when developing the development orientation for each specific period, there must be a proper combination between economic growth and social justice The objective of economic growth should be implemented at the same time or in conjunction with the implementation of social justice The early combination of economic 2.1.3.2 Factors affecting aggregate demand Macroeconomics has shown that there are four direct elements of aggregate demand: - Expenditure for personal consumption (C) - Government spending (G) - Expenditure on investment (I) - Spending on import and export (NX = X-M) 9 10 growth and good social justice is an important factor in sustainable development goal in building a prosperous, democratic, developed and civilized country On the one hand, the principles and rules of the market mist be adhered to and committed to international integration to create a sufficient and transparent environment and incentives for resources utilization and continuous market improvement and Social investment On the other hand, it does not absolutize role of the market, neglecting the role of tectonic and macroeconomic adjustment of the state 2.4 Linking economic growth with social justice 2.4.1 The concept of linking economic growth with social justice: Linking economic growth with social justice is a process of deliberate and meaningful action by the state through strategies, plans, laws, policies, and regulators The economy and social relations in order to stimulate and create conditions and motive force for economic growth; at the same time, step by step organize and implement the equality of community 2.4.2 The need to link economic growth with social justice - Linking economic growth with the implementation of social justice to achieve the goal of sustainable development of socio-economic of the country - Linking economic growth with the implementation of social justice is the basis for stabilizing the country's politics - Linking economic growth towards social justice is inevitable both in theory and in practice 2.4.3 Content linked economic growth with the implementation of social justice 2.4.3.1 Strategically, the focus must be on economic growth with social justice in the sense that it will create resources, including material resources and human resources, for sustainable development Linking economic growth with social justice has a role to play in implementing sustainable development 2.4.3.2 Developing a roadmap and steps to link economic growth with social justice On the roadmap, the steps to link economic growth with the social justice of the Party congresses and the five-year plans of the state will be tasked to summarize the situation in the previous periods, clearly aware and honestly the achievements and omissions and the causes On that basis, set goals, measures and concrete steps over the next five-year period and visions further It is necessary to avoid impatience and willpower while setting goals and targets, always respecting the rationality in linking economic growth towards social justice 2.4.3.3 Applying the relationship between the State and the market in building institutions link economic growth with the implementation of social justice The relationship between the state and the market in creating institutions that links economic growth with social justice are not a conflicting, eliminating, and restraining relationship, but there is a mutual relationship Together, they are mobilizing and complementing each other in one body and towards the common 2.4.3.4 Promulgate and implement policies to promote economic growth to achieve social justice If the establishment of a steering committee dedicated to promote economic growth is difficult, the development of policies and measures to link economic growth are many reasons to apply This work may cover the following areas: First of all, investment policy and investment activities promote growth This is a great potential opportunity link economic growth with social justice Investment policies are the key tool for execution of economic and social programs, Depending on the state and local economic development plans, Second, policy and development measures for economic sectors Third, financial and monetary policy measures to raise capital for investment and development sectors This is a very effective tool to achieve the goals of promoting economic growth Fourth, policy and implementation measures for infrastructure development Infrastructure is an important condition for promoting socio-economic development For countries in the process of moving to market economy such as Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia The construction of a modern and synchronous infrastructure system will be an important factor to promote the process of economic restructuring, raising the efficiency and competitiveness of the economy Fifth, policies and measures to develop education and training to improve the quality of human resources Sixth, policies measures for the development of science and technology In this day and age, it has been learned that not only countries that occupy more land and money are developed countries, but science and technology will determine the position and hierarchy of development family 2.4.3.5 Gradually organizing and implementing the social justice parallelize with the growth results of the economy Establishment of salary payment and income redistribution mechanism to achieve social justice The salary policy is an important part of the socio-economic policy system, which not only directly impact the lives of the workers, but also affects 11 12 the production and business activities and work efficiency, economic growth and political and social stability In addition to wages, employees' incomes can be increased or decreased through redistribution In Lao PDR, the more important redistribution of income is to limit the excess of income in order not to lead to a widening gap between the rich and the poor Redistribution of income is done in the form of taxes and voluntary contributions from highincome individuals to social welfare and charity funds Social policies such as welfare, health care and human health are also a key area of social justice This sector has a great deal of content and satisfactory resolution to a certain extent, often directly reflecting the nature of the political system, the basis of social stability development, transportation, information and communication, especially the dynamics of the people, are the advantages to deploy Link plans They are easier to chart economic growth plans, structural change Democratic governance reforms development of environmental protection, culture, especially in the environment and natural resources 2.4.5.4 Impact from political regime Political regime has an important influence on linking economic growth with the implementation of social justice For the group of developing countries, the government cannot overlook of social security and social justice issues in the process of developing the country, including economic growth Political parties, when campaigning, must uphold both economic and social dimensions, economic growth and social justice, if not willing to accept failures 2.4.4 Criteria for assessing the link between economic growth and social justice The goal of linking economic growth with social justice is to move towards a sustainable development of the nation Therefore, the criteria for assessing the link between economic growth and social equity must be considered in comparison with the harmonious development of economic development with social development and ecological environment There are certain elements to create people’s life better as following: - Sustainable economic growth: - Society for sustainable development - The human environment is protected and renewed with increasing quality - The consistency between the policy of economic growth and social policy 2.4.5 Factors that influence the link between economic growth and social justice 2.4.5.1 Natural condition Natural conditions affect the process of linking economic growth with the implementation of social justice through business production Simultaneously, the impact of weather, climate, and hydrology also create difficulties Towel, the corresponding advantage in all historical periods 2.4.5.2 The level of economic development of the country All aspects of national development are the starting point for all strategies of sustainable development in general and for linking economic growth with poverty reduction in particular In countries that have undergone a period of major mechanical engineering, as a result of the need for long-term market 2.4.5.3 Historical, social and human factors Historical, social and humanitarian factors are the basis for setting concrete goals and methods for implementing specific steps of linking economic growth with social justice They create a set of cultural and spiritual values that are very valuable to the social life in general, and spontaneously formulate traditional behaviors when dealing with specific tasks of development A civilized society is just and equitable in every nation 2.4.5.5 International context Looking at the whole picture, the international context can create advantages or disadvantages for linking economic growth with social justice The United Nations is constantly concerned and warns governments to take care of social issues International financial institutions provide significant and regular financial resources for poverty alleviation programs and programs, community development, capacity building in governance, democratic development and many other issues Other issues also have implications for linking economic growth with social justice 2.5 Experience linking economic growth with the social justice of some countries in the world The dissertation examines the experience of linking economic growth with the social justice of several countries such as; Germany, the Republic of Cuba and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and has drawn the following lessons for reference of Lao People's Democratic Republic: Firstly, to perfection the model of socio-economic development The model sets out national strategies and plans that link economic growth with social justice Secondly, achieving the market economy in the direction of creating unity of perception and action Third, development and implementation of economic development policy with social policy 13 14 Fourth, interested in developing distribution policies to ensure the interests of the State, workers and enterprises Fifth, extending welfare policy, forming a multi-tier social security policy system prosperous country, fair and civilized society; human being at the center of sustainable development; more and more satisfy the material and spiritual needs of people of all stratetgiesThe basic issues that should be prioritized for the development of Lao PDR now and in the coming years are: Firstly, to build and perfect the state of the people and of the laborers; Secondly, to promote international integration, to associate the building of an independent economy with deep integration into the international economy, to develop a market economy; Third, maintain and stabilize politics; Fourth, take a leapfrog, develop new science and technology; Fifth, to renovate and improve the efficiency of investment, the diversification of capital sources and forms of investment; create a special mechanism to attract foreign investment; Sixth, focus on improving the quality of education, training and human resources development; Seventh, ensure security and defense, firmly defend the independence, national sovereignty and territorial integrity Chapter SITUATION OF ECONOMIC GROWTH GROWTH TO IMPLEMENT SOCIAL WELFARE IN LAO PDR 3.1 Overview of socio-economic conditions in Lao PDR impact on linking economic growth with the implementation of social justice Laos is a country in Southeast Asia, with a natural area of 236,800 km2 In general terms, conditions in Laos are more difficult to develop in an economy The delta accounts for only 20% of the country's natural area, while Laos is an agricultural country, accounting for 75% of the nation's labor force The mountainous area of Laos occupies 50% of the natural area Especially, the hills and mountains in Laos are strongly divided, especially in upper Laos This feature is a great challenge for the construction and development of technical facilities of the transport sector But the hills and mountains of Laos have very important advantages such as timber and forest resources, mineral resources and tourism Laos has paid attention on solving the energy problem for economic development, it must rely on hydropower potential is main The Mekong River stretches over 1835 km long in Laos, with high altitude differences creating many cascades and large areas that can be used to build large reservoirs One of the biggest limitations on the natural conditions of Laos is the lack of seas However, this limitation has been overcome by the highway linking the capital Vientiane to Vietnam 3.2 The state of the measures has been applied to link economic growth with the implementation of social justice 3.2.1 Situation of developing strategies to link economic growth with social justice The theory of sustainable development was received by the Lao PDR in the late twentieth century Recognizing the shortcomings, deficiencies, and serious deficiencies of previous growth strategies, the Lao PDR and Lao PDR strongly responded strongly to the ideas and programs of sustainable development of the Union Country Sustainable development has become one of the main ideas in the development of Lao PDR's socio-economic development strategy The 7th National Congress of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) in 2001 set up a 10-year socio-economic development strategy with a view to developing the country comprehensively with the focus on building a 3.2.2 The status of roadmap, the steps to link economic growth with the implementation of social justice Period 2006 - 2010 The Sixth Five-Year Plan (2006-2010), adopted at the Eighth National Congress of the Lao PDR's Lao People's Democratic Republic, sets out specific objectives, many of which directly address the indicators combine economic growth with solving social justice issues 1- Annual economic growth is 7.5-8% 2- Ensuring the balance in economic development, social development and environmental protection; 3- Ensure the maintenance of existing infrastructure; 4- Strongly developing the external economy; 5- Improve the financial sector, manage bad debt, reform monetary policy; 6- To study effective measures to develop comprehensively in such fields as education and compulsory primary education; 7- Enhancing the quality of public administration; The 2011-2015 period The Ninth National Congress of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, held in March 2011, affirmed the determination to strengthen united solidarity among the Party and people; Strengthening and upholding the leadership and leadership capacity of the Party, making a strong step in organizing the implementation of the Party-led renewal process; bring the country out of underdevelopment by 2020; creating a premise for the country to advance socialism 15 16 Bringing into play the achievements and experiences gained during the implementation of the 2006-2010 socio-economic development plan, the national socio-economic development plan for 2011-2015 includes two major strategies : Development plan to build and develop the country to escape from underdevelopment To achieve this goal, it is necessary to focus on the development of economic sectors in order to have both high and sustainable development rates, develop human resources, reduce unsettled issues and economic imbalances Development plans for the development of priority sectors such as: agro-forestry-fishery; A number of major industries and industries are essential for the industrialization and modernization and economic development of the country; Development zone planning includes: industrial sector; Special Economic Zone - Private - Border; The center of the economy, with the construction of Vientiane as the political, economic, cultural and social center of the country, an international service center and international tourism destinations The To build transport infrastructure linking domestic and regional areas; Building social infrastructure with education networks in all villages, all districts and all provinces in the country; To build a modern regional hospital in Vientiane and medium-sized hospitals in the North, Central and South; Protecting national forests and afforestation so that forest cover covers 65% of the national area; To fulfill international obligations and create competitiveness in the region and in the world; Develop measures to cope with the effects of nature In terms of economic institutions, Laos’s advocates not holding a power agency dedicated to linking economic growth with social justice But the reality is that leadership, linking economic growth with social justice is a routine work that is gaining profound interest in all sectors 3.2.3 The state of the relationship between the state and the market in building institutions link economic growth with the implementation of social justice Laos' economic development strategy determines the use of market relations to liberate its production forces, creating a production relationship that is consistent with the productive forces In fact, after more than 30 years of transition to a market economy, all kinds of markets have been synchronously formed and linked better and better with the world market Types of enterprises based on different forms of ownership (a fundamental condition for the existence of a market economy) are encouraged to develop, direct administrative interventions, and the State to enterprises be removed; In that spirit, the Ninth Congress of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (2011) highly appreciated the need to perfect the market economy institution, creating a solid premise for the successful construction and synchronous operation a market oriented economy in Lao PDR; contributing to the mobilization and allocation and use of all resources to promote the socioeconomic development of fast and sustainable 3.2.4 Current status of policies and measures to promote economic growth to achieve social justice Measures to promote economic growth towards the achievement of social justice are implemented through: - Policies and measures to encourage investment; - Policies and measures to develop the industry - Financial and monetary policies and measures to raise capital for investment, promote growth; - Policies and measures for development of infrastructure - The policy and situation of education and training development in order to raise the quality of human resources - Policies and measures to develop science and technology 3.2.5 The status of policies and measures to achieve social justice in line with the economic growth; For this content, the thesis focused on salary payment and income redistribution In general, the average salary of workers in Lao PDR is not high: about 119 USD / person (Vietnam is 181 USD / person, Cambodia is 121 USD / person and Indonesia is 174 USD / person) However, no difference in living standard between the lowest wage earner and the highest wage earner According to the current wage index of 6,700 Kip Lao, the lowest wage earner in the lowest quota of 904,500 Kip Lao, the highest wage earner in the highest quintile (head of state) is 4,690 000 Kip Lao, which is 5.18 times higher than the lowest wage earners Compared to the salary level of the head of state with the starting salary of graduate graduates is 1.514.200 Kip Lao, the head of state salary is 3.1 times higher In addition, the thesis also analyzes the contents related to the mechanism of income redistribution, through taxes and fees; Poverty alleviation programs; activities of welfare and social relief; status of insurance performance; Issues such as reforming administrative procedures, promoting democracy, public health care, building cultural life to serve the assessment of the results of linking economic growth with implementation social balance 3.3 Evaluation of the results of linking economic growth with social justice in Lao PDR according to criteria - Criteria for economic growth In the five-year period from 2011 to 2015, the size of the Lao economy grew steadily, reflecting the country's GDP and per capita GDP, both in terms 17 18 of size and pace The growth rate is quite stable at 8-9% per year and there are no big fluctuations Table: GDP growth and GDP per capita between 2010 and 2015 Unit 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 the priority beneficiaries of the regime, with the objective that their living standards must be equal to or more than average living of the people However, in addition to the successes achieved, the right to social justice in Lao PDR is not straightforward: it is reflected in the following figures: Chart: Gini coefficient of Laos in comparison with some countries Asia-Pacific region 1990 – 2012 Million GDP USD Rate increase % 7.128 8.261 10.191 11.942 13.238 14.390 8,5 8,0 8,0 8,5 7,5 7,4 60 GDP / person (current 50 40 USD 1.141 1.304 1.588 1.838 2.017 2.159 30 prices) 20 Source: Vietnam Statistical Yearbook - General Statistics Office Lao PDR's Icor compared to other countries in Southeast Asia may be considered as the lowest: 10 Trung Quốc Ấn Độ indonesia Lào Iran Kyrgyzstan H s năm1990 Bảng: Icor số nước khu vực Source:http://tapchitaichinh.vn/kinh-te-vi-mo/kinh-te-dau-tu/hieu-qua-su-dungvon-dau-tu-trong-giai-doan-20112015-75585.html - Criteria for the implementation of social justice In the current context, the Lao Party and State prioritize the direct support to vulnerable groups, poor and facing many difficulties in production and livelihood First of all, promoting and eliminating poverty The poverty reduction plan is concentrated in 47 poor districts out of 141 districts in the country Policy Banks and Rural Development Funds have prioritized credit, health care and educational development for these 47 districts Specifically: Health: 46 out of 47 poor districts have district hospitals; Education: 70% of the education budget of this area is for primary and secondary education and 20% for tertiary education and 65% for literacy Policy beneficiaries, people and families with meritorious services, families of martyrs, wounded soldiers and war veterans are Malaysia Pakistan Nga Thái Lan H s năm 2012 NOTE: The left hand column is the GINI coefficient of 1990; The right-hand column is the 2012 GINI Source: http://baodatviet.vn/kinh-te/thi-truong/chau-a-tbd-kinh-te-cang-manhphan-hoa-giau-ngheo-cang-lon-3269030/ It can be seen from 1990 to 2012 that inequality, expressed in the rich and poor gap of Laos not only decreased but also increased, while some countries have narrowed quite well as Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan , Russia and Thailand This also explains why the HDI of Lao PDR throughout the period from 2005 to 2016 has hardly improved, as shown in the figures below: Table: HDI of Lao PDR Năm 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 HDI 0,542 0,554 0,563 0,573 0,582 0,586 0,569 Source :https://countryeconomy.com/hdi/laos - Criteria on protection of natural resources and environment Lao PDR has ensured environmental sustainability, especially through protection of forests, land, water resources, ecosystems and mineral resources through systematic planning and surveying is important for achieving the Millennium Development Goals 19 20 By 2015, forest cover will reach 65% of the total land area As such, Laos is also contributing to combating global warming and climate change; to protect the mineral resources in a green, clean and beautiful manner while reducing the greenhouse gas effect, protecting the abundance of soil, water and air to serve the population and protect the development of natural resources The environment of Water is getting better - Criteria for consistency between economic development policy and social policy In recent years, in Lao PDR the economy has grown rapidly, the cultural and social fields have gained important achievements in many aspects Through the congresses, the Lao People's Democratic Party has proposed a comprehensive development policy in all economic, cultural and social fields The author's personal survey results show positive comments on the impact of policies on linking economic growth with social justice in Lao PDR - Fifth, the direction and administration are limited; - Sixth, the level of satisfaction of rural people with regard to infrastructure facilities built under priority programs for 47 poor districts is not high; The cause of the limitations: - Due to the lack of initiative and disciplines of the public services, the coordination of ministries and branches is not sufficient - Limited from the quality of human resources - Economic growth in Lao PDR is heavily dependent on foreign capital 3.4 A general assessment of the link between economic growth and social equity in Lao PDR 3.4.1 Advantages - A strategy for linking economic growth with implementation in social justice has been developed, focusing on key issues; - The roadmap and steps to link economic growth with the implementation of social justice in a relatively rational manner have been developed; - Know how to apply the relationship between the state and the market in building institutions linking economic growth with social justice; - A system of policies to promote economic growth towards the realization of social justice has been promulgated; - The work of organizing the implementation of social equality in accordance with the results of the head is fairly synchronous, in many fields; With all these efforts, the number and quality of growth in Lao PDR in the last ten years has changed significantly All sectors of the economy have growth, but the growth rate of agriculture and services has increased more rapidly, making the structure of the economy shifted towards a more marked industrialization; Social equality has been improved in a better way: the poverty rate has fallen, the social safety net has been increasingly covered with difficult areas and people's rights have been increasingly promoted 3.4.2 Limitations and causes of limitations - First, the structure of investment capital is not reasonable; - Second, infrastructure is still weak and low production efficiency; - Third, the functions, duties and powers of state management of provincial authorities are unclear; - Fourth, GDP growth is high but not sustainable; Chapter OBSERVATIONS AND CONTINUOUS SOLUTIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN LAO PDR 4.1 International and domestic contexts are linked to economic growth and social justice in Lao PDR 4.1.1 International context Lao PDR is in the early stages of the transition to a market economy in the context of international changes that are profound and profound Specifically: - The revolution in science and technology, the knowledge economy and the process of globalization have strongly influenced the development of many countries, especially developing countries, including ASEAN - Peace, national independence, democracy, cooperation and development are major trends; national struggles, class struggle, local wars, armed conflicts, ethnic, religious, arms race, interference, subversion, terrorism, territorial disputes, the sea, islands, resources and fierce competition for economic benefits continue to be complicated - Developing countries are reforming at different levels, with each country's socio-economic transformation integrated into the world's reform and reform The reform trend in this area is primarily aimed at opening up the economy to outsiders - All human beings are right in front of the urgent issues related to human destiny These are: (1) ecological environment pollution; (2) international credit system related to all countries; The world economy is threatened to push to the abyss of financial crises (3) The issue of international trade has also become increasingly acute as countries, including developing countries, increasingly promote exports to the world market (4) Other issues such as population, food, ocean exploitation are increasingly set and recognized as urgent Thus, the unification of the economy or the trend of internationalization of the developed economy on the basis of expanding the mutually beneficial cooperation between countries This is a new direction of international economic relations 21 4.1.2 Socio-economic development strategy of Lao PDR up to 2020 and vision to 2030 The national socio-economic development strategy up to 2020 includes two major strategies: (1) Development strategy to build and develop the country out of underdevelopment (2) Development strategies to develop priority sectors such as: Develop and maintain agro-forestry to ensure food and feedstock for other industries; To firmly develop a number of major industries and industries, which are essential for the industrialization and modernization and development of the national economy; With a view to 2030, the X Congress document sets a target that by 2030 Laos will achieve a new development, becoming a high middle income country in the direction of having a smart, green economy and sustainable, with a per capita income of four times the level achieved in 2015 Thus, in the mindset of leadership, the Lao Party and State always affirms the close relationship between economic growth and social justice Any one goal is clearly a result of the link between economic growth and social justice 4.2 The point of linking economic growth towards the realization of social justice in Lao PDR - First, economic growth is a material condition that ensures social progress and equality; - Secondly, social equality is driving the force for high and stable economic growth - Third, economic growth must be done simultaneously with social justice in each step - Fourthly, it is important to insist that all plans, programs, projects and adjustments in the economic sphere must contribute to economic growth and social justice - Fifth, study the world's experience on the basis of practical conditions of Lao PDR, no mold, machinery - Sixth, the solutions must be synchronous, systematic, organic relationship with each other, avoid the case of implementation of this solution, causing adverse effects on other solutions 4.3 A number of key measures are to continue linking economic growth with social justice in Lao PDR 4.3.1 Improve the quality of building strategies that link economic growth with social justice - Political stability to link economic growth with social justice 22 - Cannot wait for economic development to implement social justice - In order to achieve good social justice, it is necessary to ensure equality in the distribution of productive assets and fairness of conditions and opportunities - Economic growth must go hand in hand with cultural and educational development, development and socialization It means linking growth with the realization of social justice for social development, for the purpose of making social relations healthy - Rational link between economic goals and new social objectives create sustainable development On that basis, sustainable social justice can be realized - Linking rights and obligations, dedication and enjoyment to create stronger motivation for socio-economic development - Linking economic growth with effective social equality must also be linked to ensure social security in each step and each development policy 4.3.2 Developing a roadmap and steps to link economic growth with social justice Based on the five-year plan 2016-2020 with vision to 2030 adopted at the 10th Congress of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the author thinks that the issues related to the roadmap and the steps to link economic growth with Social equality should be clearly defined, with the sequence from general framework, synthesis, to specific indicators Roadmap, steps for each stage: - At the end of the 5-year plan 2016-2020, Lao PDR must establish an agro-forestry economic structure in association with industry and services, of which agriculture is a food security, protection and development, it is important that industry and services are key to boosting economic growth Specific targets for this phase: - The 2020-2030 period aims to become a high-middle income country with a smart, green and sustainable economy with a per capita income of four times the level achieved in 2015 Therefore, the overall task for this phase includes: + Building Laos' industry to become a pillar of the national economy, with strong economic infrastructure; + Building a peaceful, democratic, civilized and equitable society; + Strengthening national scientific and technological potentials; + Economic growth must go hand in hand with environmental protection; 4.3.3 Enhance the leadership role of the Lao PDR Lao Party in applying the relationship between the state and the market to build an institution that links economic growth with social justice 23 24 The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) are market economies operating under the state-controlled market economy Laos PDR should lead the Lao government to manage and regulate the macro economy, creating a healthy competitive environment, equality and openness, and a favorable business environment for all types of enterprises The effectiveness of the market mechanism, the state intervention in the market economy must comply with market principles, respect the market rules 4.3.4.3 Enhance the role of the stock market and the banking system in mobilizing capital for investment and development of industries At present, the Lao stock market is in the early stages of development Therefore, the market management agencies of Laos should pay attention to the market development orientation for the next period, meeting the international standards, transparency in the issue of information disclosure It is easier for small and medium enterprises, business households and the poor to access their capital 4.3.4 To perfect policies and measures to promote economic growth in order to achieve social justice 4.3.4.1 Improve investment policies and promote investment activities Investment policies and investment promotion should focus on: developing a coordinated mechanism among ministries, sectors and localities to select and propose investment priority areas and areas inviting and promoting investment; Early economic planning in a transparent and transparent way to make it easier for investors to make investment choices; To upgrade the infrastructure to encourage enterprises to invest in new scales, new investment and application of science and technology to increase the value of products 4.3.4.4 Improve policies and organization, develop infrastructure To develop infrastructure, the Lao government should pay attention to building the industry Energy and modernization of technical facilities such as roads, railways, airports definitely have to go one step ahead 4.3.4.2 To perfect policies and measures for development of branches - Industry: To concentrate on developing the processing industries with the strength to produce goods for domestic consumption and export; To focus on the development of hydropower and other energy to meet the requirements of production and social service and become a source of electricity supply for ASEAN countries; - Agriculture, forestry and fishery: Priority is given to agricultural development, with emphasis on agricultural product processing; Forest protection and development; the proper development of the forest economy is one of the most effective fronts of economic growth associated with the implementation of social justice, along with the development of tourism that will be presented below - Trade, service and tourism sectors: Diversify sub-sectors in the service sector, creating demand and meeting the demand for industrial and agricultural production; to renovate the mode of operation of services such as tourism, healthcare, education, retail trade, finance and banking, post and telecommunication, transport In the process of development, depending on the stage and the change of reality, there will be changes in the order of priority for development investment among sectors in the national economy The adjustment and its results will depend on the ability of the State 4.3.4.5 To perfect policies and measures to develop education and training to improve the quality of human resources Transition of the educational orientation from the tradition of academic knowledge to the pursuit of practicality; To develop education in remote and ethnic minority areas: To raise the efficiency of vocational training for labor forces in the agricultural sector 4.3.4.6 To perfect policies and measures for scientific and technological development, creating motivation for economic growth Promote the revolution of science and technology, seize the opportunities of the industrial revolution 4.0 develop the knowledge economy and apply immediately to industrialization and modernization of economic sectors The combination of industrialization and modernization, coupled with the development of the knowledge economy, is both an opportunity and a requirement in linking economic growth with the realization of social justice in Lao PDR 4.3.5 To perfect the organization and implementation of social justice in line with the growth results of the economy For this group of solutions, the thesis first deals with improving the wage payment and income redistribution mechanism to achieve social justice The basic principle of the wage policy is that wages must be paid in proportion to the value of the labor force employed by civil servants Publicize the salary reform schedule and the socio-economic bases of that schedule Improve the income redistribution mechanism, including redistribution of income through taxes and fees; Poverty alleviation programs; Promote welfare and social relief; Develop insurance network; Care for the lives of the policy beneficiaries; 25 In addition, solutions such as reform of administrative procedures, promotion of democracy; Developing a network of health care and community health services; Cultural development; Environmental Protection; Labor market development, job creation and unemployment reduction are also considered by the thesis as solutions that contribute to equality between people and businesses in accessing service, social services, thereby improving the social position as well as their income In conclusion The development of linking economic growth with the implementation of social justice in the Lao PDR in the coming years, although many difficulties, but more and more favorable After more than 30 years of restoration, the country has been changing day by day, people's life has improved remarkably than before the restoration Highly intellectuals are very basic for the cause of promoting democracy The Party and Government have had many valuable lessons to better On the other hand, the country and the regime are facing decisive choices: Development, shoulder-to-shoulder, or lag, so greater resolve We believe that the cause of linking economic growth with the settlement of social justice will be more and more rhythmic and effective, contributing positively to the development of Laos ... as the lowest: 10 Trung Quốc Ấn Độ indonesia Lào Iran Kyrgyzstan H s năm1990 Bảng: Icor số nước khu vực Source:http://tapchitaichinh.vn /kinh- te-vi-mo /kinh- te-dau-tu/hieu-qua-su-dungvon-dau-tu-trong-giai-doan-20112015-75585.html... 1990; The right-hand column is the 2012 GINI Source: http://baodatviet.vn /kinh- te/thi-truong/chau-a-tbd -kinh- te-cang-manhphan-hoa-giau-ngheo-cang-lon-3269030/ It can be seen from 1990 to 2012... order to improve the general level of production 80 Đường 450 60 Đường Lorenz 40 20 20 40 60 Dân số cộng dồn (%) 80 100 Figure 2.1 Lorenz Street 2.2 Basic issues of social justice 2.2.1 The concept
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