Nghiên cứu năng lực cạnh tranh ngành nông nghiệp Việt Nam -tiếp cận đa cấp độ

Những đóng gói và điểm mới của Luận Án Luận án là nghiên cứu đầu tiên phân tích lợi thế cạnh tranh của các ngành hàng nông nghiệp Việt Nam ở mức 3 con số trong hệ thống SITC Rev. 3 trong giai đoạn 1997-2014 bằng các chỉ số thương lại quốc tế khác nhau như RCA, RTA và NRCA. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy bức tranh tổng quát về lợi thế cạnh tranh và vị thế cạnh tranh của các ngành nông nghiệp, đây là những chỉ số tham khảo quan trọng và có tính chiến lược đối với các nhà lập chính sách, các doanh nghiệp kinh doanh nông sản và người nông dân để đưa ra các quyết định chính sách, kinh doanh và đầu tư trong nông nghiệp. Đây cũng là nghiên cứu đầu tiên cố gắng đánh giá và giải thích sự thay đổi của cấu trúc và xu thế trong tương lai của lợi thế cạnh tranh ngành nông nghiệp Việt Nam trong quá trình hội nhập kinh tế toàn cầu bằng cách tiếp cận khác nhau như hồi quy OLS, ma trận Markov và phân tích xu hướng. Ngoài ra, luận án cung cấp kết quả nghiên cứu thực nghiệm các chỉ số năng lực cạnh tranh thương mại quốc tế trong tình huống ngành nông nghiệp Việt Nam theo cách so sánh giữa các ngành. Luận án cũng đánh giá tính tương đồng của các chỉ số lợi thế cạnh tranh thương mại trong tình huống tại Việt Nam theo so sánh giữa các ngành. Ở phạm vi quốc tế, Việt Nam đang trong quá trình hội nhập kinh khu vực và tế quốc mạnh mẽ. Vì vậy, việc hiểu vị thế và lợi thế cạnh tranh của ngành nông nghiệp Việt Nam trong bối cảnh hình thành cộng đồng kinh tế ASEAN (AEC) và so sánh với các quốc gia trong khu vực này là cần thiết. Luận án này là một nghiên cứu mới trong việc phân tích cấu trúc lợi thế cạnh tranh, vị thế cạnh tranh và sự thay đổi lợi thế cạnh tranh của 61 ngành hàng nông nghiệp của các quốc gia ASEAN ở mức 3 con số trong giai đoạn 1997- 2015 bằng tiếp tiếp cận thương mại quốc tế. Đặc biệt, luận án cố gắng xác định xem liệu các nước ASEAN hỗ trợ hay thay thế (cạnh tranh) nhau trên thị trường nông sản quốc tế bằng các chỉ số TCI, ESI và hệ số tương quan Spearman. Kết quả nghiên cứu này sẽ là cơ sở quan trọng cho chiến lược phát triển của các doanh nghiệp, chính sách thương mại và hội nhập của các quốc gia. Luận án mở rộng kết quả nghiên cứu thực nghiệm các mô hình trong lý thuyết kinh tế quốc tế trong tình huống của khu vực ASEAN. Nghiên cứu còn cung cấp thêm minh chứng về tính tương đồng của các chỉ số năng lực cạnh tranh thương mại trong tình huống của các quốc gia ASEAN theo so sánh giữa các quốc gia. Các chỉ số năng lực cạnh tranh thương mại có thể đánh giá kết quả thị phần của ngành hàng của một quốc gia ở mức tổng thế và góc nhìn thương mại. Tuy nhiên, các mô hình này không lý giải nguồn gốc của lợi thế cạnh tranh này và cũng không giải giải thích được lợi thế cạnh tranh dưới góc độ lợi ích hay phúc lợi mà người nông dân, doanh nghiệp và chính phủ quan tâm khi quyết định sản xuất một mặt hàng nông sản. Vì vậy, luận án này còn mở rộng cách tiếp cận ở một phạm vi ngành hàng sản xuất và so sánh các cách tiếp cận khác nhau. Cụ thể, đây là nghiên cứu đầu tiên đo lường lợi thế so sánh của các ngành hàng nông sản ngạnh tranh nhau trên cùng một vùng đất canh tác nông nghiệp bao gồm ngành hàng lúc gạo, dừa và bưởi Danh xanh ở Bến Tre bằng các chỉ số kinh tế và sản xuất trong mô hình PAM. Đồng thời, luận án cũng phân tích độ nhạy cảm hay sự biến động của các chỉ số lợi thế cạnh tranh của ba ngành hàng trên khi các điều kiện môi trường, thị trường và chính sách thay đổi. Đặc biệt, luận án cũng đo lường ba ngành hàng

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY ******* HOÀNG VĂN VIỆT INVESTIGATING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAM’S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: A MULTI-LEVEL APPROACH DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION Ho Chi Minh City, December 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY ******* HOÀNG VĂN VIỆT INVESTIGATING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAM’S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: A MULTI-LEVEL APPROACH Major: Doctor Dissertation on Development Economics Code: 62310105 ACADEMIC ADVISERS: Assoc Prof Dr Trần Tiến Khai Assoc Prof Dr Từ Văn Bình A dissertation submitted to the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ho Chi Minh City, December 2017 This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my father-Hoàng Văn Thọ, to my mother-Trần Thị Sang, and to my daughterHoàng Nguyễn Minh Châu “The more I study science, the more I believe in God” -Albert Einstein- i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF APPENDICES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Research gap identification 1.3 Research objectives and questions 1.4 Brief of research methodology, scope, and data 12 1.5 Expected significance and contribution 14 1.6 The structure and outline of the dissertation 16 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 18 2.1 Definition of competitiveness 18 2.2 Evolution of competitiveness theory 23 2.3 Frameworks of competitiveness 34 2.3.1 Economic and production indicators 36 2.3.2 Trade performance indices 47 2.4 Summary and the general framework of the dissertation 56 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA 60 3.1 The trade performance indices 60 3.1.1 Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) 60 3.1.2 Relative trade advantage (RTA) 61 ii 3.1.3 Normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) 62 3.1.4 Dynamics of comparative advantage indicators 64 3.1.5 Complementarity and substitutability analysis 68 3.1.6 Consistency analysis 70 3.1.7 The data for the trade performance indices 71 3.2 The economic and production indicators in the PAM model 72 3.2.1 Private profitability (PP - D) 73 3.2.2 Private cost ratio (PCR) 74 3.2.3 Social profitability (SP - H) 74 3.2.4 Domestic resource cost (DRC) 75 3.2.5 Social cost-benefit (SCB) 75 3.2.6 Nominal protection coefficient (NPC) 76 3.2.7 Effective protection coefficient (EPC) 77 3.2.8 Profitability coefficient (PC) 77 3.2.9 Subsidy ratio to producers (SRP) 77 3.2.10 The data and estimations for the PAM indicators 77 3.2.11 Sensitivity analysis of the PAM indicators 83 CHAPTER 4: VIETNAM’S AGRICULTURAL TRADE COMPETITIVENESS: THE CROSS-SECTIONS ANALYSIS 85 4.1 Vietnam’s agricultural trade competitiveness by the RCA 85 4.1.1 Measuring the static competitiveness 85 4.1.2 Analyzing the dynamics of the competitiveness indicators 87 4.2 Vietnam’s agricultural trade competitiveness by the RTA 91 iii 4.2.1 Measuring the static competitiveness 91 4.2.2 Analyzing the dynamics of the RTA indicators 92 4.3 Vietnam’s agricultural trade competitiveness by the NRCA 96 4.3.1 Measuring the static competitiveness 96 4.3.2 Analyzing the dynamics of of the NRCA indicators 98 4.4 The consistencies of the trade performance indices: sector-ranking 101 CHAPTER 5: THE ASEAN COUNTRIES’ AGRICULTURAL TRADE PATTERNS: THE CROSS-COUNTRIES ANALYSIS 103 5.1 The agricultural international trade performance of ASEAN countries 104 5.1.1 Agricultural competitiveness by the RCA 104 5.1.2 Agricultural competitiveness by the RTA 106 5.1.3 Agricultural competitiveness by NRCA index 107 5.1.4 Analyzing the dynamics of agricultural competitiveness indicators 109 5.2 The trade agricultural complementarity of the ASEAN countries 111 5.2.1 The agricultural trade complementarity of the ASEAN countries 111 5.2.2 The agricultural export similarity of the ASEAN countries 113 5.2.3 The agricultural complementarity by Spearman coefficients 114 5.2.4 The impact of external markets and factors 117 5.3 The consistencies of the trade performance indices: country-ranking 119 CHAPTER 6: THE COMPETITIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURAL CROPS: A CASE STUDY OF BEN TRE 121 6.1 Measuring the comparative advantage of the alternative crops 122 6.1.1 The comparative advantage of rice 122 iv 6.1.2 The comparative advantage of coconut 125 6.1.3 The comparative advantage of pomelo 128 6.2 Indicators and sectors consistency and comparison analysis 130 6.3 Sensitive analysis of the comparative advantage indicators 134 6.3.1 Climate changes 134 6.3.2 Water and land charges 135 6.3.3 The parameters of assuming changes of the variables 136 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 139 7.1 Vietnam’s agricultural trade competitiveness 139 7.2 The ASEAN countries’ agricultural trade patterns 141 7.3 Competitiveness of alternative agricultural production systems in Ben Tre 143 7.4 Theoretical analysis and conclusion 146 7.5 Policy implications 148 Re-structuring the agricultural production and trade pattern 149 Maintaining the rankings of strong competitiveness sectors 150 Expanding and enforcing the regional and global integration 151 Building the agricultural production master plans 152 Promoting sustainable agriculture and adapting to climate changes 153 LIST OF MY PUBLICATIONS & PROJECTS LIST OF REFERENCES APPENDICES 29 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: The evolution of competitiveness theory 33 Table 2-2: The measures of competitiveness by level of analysis 35 Table 3-1: The accounting structure of policy analysis matrix 73 Table 3-2: Sample descriptions for the PAM indicators 79 Table 4-1: Vietnam’s top agricultural competitiveness by the RCA 86 Table 4-2: The change of the RCA indicators position between 1997 and 2014 87 Table 4-3: The OLS estimation results for the RCA indicators over three periods 88 Table 4-4: The classifications of RCA values and the interpretations 89 Table 4-5: The M-Shorrocks and Markov transition matrix for the RCA values 89 Table 4-6: The top gaining and losing trends of the RCA indicators 90 Table 4-7: Vietnam’s top agricultural competitiveness by the RTA 92 Table 4-8: The changes of the RTA indicator ranks between 1997 and 2014 93 Table 4-9: The OLS estimation results for the RTA indicators over three periods 93 Table 4-10: The classification of the RTA values and the interpretations 94 Table 4-11: The M-Shorrocks and Markov transition matrix for the RTA values 95 Table 4-12: The top gaining and losing trends of the RTA indicators 96 Table 4-13: Vietnam’s top agricultural trade competitiveness by the NRCA 97 Table 4-14: The changes of the NRCA indicator ranks between 1997 and 2014 98 Table 4-15: The OLS estimation results for the NRCA indicators over time 99 Table 4-16: The classification of the of NRCA values and the interpretations 99 Table 4-17: The Markov transition probability matrix for the NRCA indicators 99 Table 4-18: The top gaining and losing trends of the NRCA indicators 100 Table 4-19: The consistencies the RCA, the RTA, and the NRCA by sector-ranking 102 Table 5-1: The agricultural competitiveness of the ASEAN countries by the RCA 105 Table 5-2: The number of strong agricultural competitive sectors by the RCA 106 Table 5-3: The agricultural competitiveness of the ASEAN countries by the RTA 107 vi Table 5-4: The agricultural competitiveness of the ASEAN countries by the NRCA 108 Table 5-5: The agricultural competitiveness ranking of the ASEAN countries 108 Table 5-6: The agricultural competitiveness patterns of the ASEAN countries 110 Table 5-7: The Markov transition probability matrices result 111 Table 5-8: The agricultural trade complementarity by the TCI 112 Table 5-9: The agricultural export similarities of the ASEAN countries 113 Table 5-10: The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of the RCA indicators 115 Table 5-11: The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of the RTA indicators 116 Table 5-12: The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of the NRCA indicators 116 Table 5-13: Mean coefficients of the consistency between trade indices 120 Table 6-1: Rice’s PAM summary and comparative advantage indicators (VND) 124 Table 6-2: Rice’s comparative advantage by the trade indices 125 Table 6-3: Coconut’s PAM summary and comparative advantage indicators (VND) 127 Table 6-4: Coconut’s comparative advantage by the trade indices 127 Table 6-5: Pomelo’s PAM summary and comparative advantage indicators (VND) 130 Table 6-6: Pomelo’s comparative advantage by the trade indices 130 Table 6-7: Comparing the competitiveness of different sectors by various indices 133 Table 6-8: The comparative advantage indicators with the land opportunity cost 134 Table 6-9: Sensitivity analysis of the PAM indicators by the climate change 135 Table 6-10: Sensitivity analysis of the PAM indicators by water & land charges 135 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: The general analysis framework of the dissertation 59 Figure 5-1: The trend of the ASEAN countries’ agricultural trade complementarity 112 Figure 5-2: The trend of the ASEAN countries’ agricultural export similarity 114 Figure 5-3: The general trend of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients 117 Figure 5-4: The shares of the top markets in the ASEAN’s total agricultural export 118 Figure 5-5: The shares of the top markets in the ASEAN’s total agricultural import 118 81 Cost  Superphosphates  Potassium  Organic fertilizers  Other: Protection products and tools  Chemical protection products  Biological protection products  Protection tools  Other: Energy  Petrol, diesel  Electricity  Water Other: Year Year Year Year Year 15 Labor cost, machinery rental: ha;….trees; farm number (Q13): ; (1,000VND) Cost Renovation and initial planting cost + Ditching machine rental + Sand pump, dumping machine rental + Cleaning up, weeding, planting After-planting caring cost + Fertilizing, spraying + Watering, weeding, and piling + Protecting, caring Other work: Percentage of homework (%) Year Year Year Year Year 16 Investment in machinery, equipment and tools for production of coconut: Item Unit  Water pump  Sprayer  Boat, motorcycle  Tools:  Other: Quan Year Cost Duration (year) Annual repair Percentage for coconut (%) pcs pcs pcs pcs PART III: FARMING BUSINESS COSTS IN 2016 17 Raw material cost: ha; trees; farm number (Q13): .; (1,000VND) Cost Seedlings Fertilizers  Urea  Superphosphates  Potassium  Organic fertilizers  Other: Protection products and tools Year Year Year Year Year 82 Cost  Chemical protection products  Biological protection products  Protection tools  Other: Energy  Petrol, diesel  Electricity  Water  Other: Other: Year Year Year Year Year 18 Labor cost, machinery rental: ha; trees; farm number (Q13): ; (1,000VND) Activities Farming labor cost:  Machinery and equipment rental  Watering, weeding, hilling, pruning  Fertilizing, spraying  Protecting, caring  Other: Harvesting costs:  Picking  Packaging, shipping  Other: Other work: Percentage of homework (%) Unit Quan Price Amount 19 Revenue: ha; trees; farm number (Q13): ; (1,000VND) Products Coconut Intercropping crops Quan Price Revenue Note 20 Do you receive any income other than cultivation? (unit: 1,000VND/month) No Source  From livestock, fisheries, other plants  From working and selling  From relatives Income Time Notes 21 Which source you usually adopt technical information on planting and coconut caring? (more than one option)  Self-learning, inquiring from the cultivation  Other farmers, acquaintances  Media (newspaper, radio, internet…)  Training courses from Agriculture and Fishery Extension Center  Other (specify): ………………… 22 How you personally evaluate the difficulties you encountered when growing coconut? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not difficult, (5) is completely difficult, (K) is not comment: 83 No Difficulties Lack of capital Lack of labor Lack of technique, knowledge of coconut No income in new planting period Social risks such as theft, sabotage Disaster risks Input risks such as shortages, bad/fake seed or fertilizers Output risks such as selling price, buyers Other (specify): K 23 How you personally evaluate the importance of reasons for growing coconut? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not important, (5) is completely important, (K) is not comment: No Reason High and stable income Good and stable market Do not require much capital investment, technique and labor Supported and encouraged by the state and other organizations Traditional crops, have much experience Other K PART IV: PRODUCT COMMERCIAL, LINKAGE AND POLICIES 24 Have you ever participate in contract farming when selling coconut?  No, free sale (question 29)  Oral agreement (question 29)  Written agreement  Other (specify): 25 What is the purpose you participate in coconut purchase contract?  Higher price level  More stable price level  Supporting inputs  Supported technical assistance  Stable outputs  Other: 26 What is usually the term specified in your contract? No The term  Yield  Price  Payment  Delivery location  Delivery time  Violations  Other: Fixed Periodic 27 Have you ever broken a contract?  Yes;  No; Why? 28 Have you ever been broken a contract?  Yes;  No; Why? 29 What are the price information sources you refer when selling coconut?  Media  Neighbors, acquaintances, family members  Companies  Direct buyer  Other (specify): 30 Where you sell coconut? (can select more than one option) 84 No Buyers Intermediate traders Large collectors, preliminary processors Cooperatives, clusters Trade companies, wholesalers, food and export companies Supermarkets, retailers Direct consumers Other: Number of buyers Percentage (%) Selling price 31 Where is the delivery place?  At farm  At previous specified place  Deliver to the third party  Other: 32 What is the method of payment?  Signing marketing contract with advance payment  The buyers deposit and pay cash after receiving goods (no contract)  The buyers pay cash after receiving goods (no advance payment)  Deferred payment  Other: 33 How you personally evaluate the importance of after-selling factors? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not important, (5) is completely important, (K) is not comment: No Factors Stable price Payment on time Stable quantity Clear classification Supported inputs Provided technical and market advice (information, knowledge) Brand, scale, and position of the buyers Other (specify): K 34 How you personally evaluate the importance of other factors influence your selling decision? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not important, (5) is completely important, (K) is not comment: No Factors Familiar purchase-sale relationship Independence and free decisions Supported and encouraged by the government Transparent and clear market information Other (specify): K 35 Other costs (taxes, charges if any): million VND/year; for coconut: % 36 Have you received any support policies from the State? (more than one option)  Loans  Seeds  Certification fees  Pesticide  Technical training  Direct financial  Fertilizer  Free of taxes, charges and fees  Other: 85 37 Are you a member of any unions? (can select more than one option)  Cooperatives  Coconut associations  Agriculture Clubs  Clusters  Farmers associations  Other: 38 Does your coconut farm achieve any certification standards?  VietGAP  GlobalGAP  Other: Appendix 29: Survey questionnaire for coconut trader/collector PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION OF COLLECTORS Name of respondent: ; Phone number: Name of household head (decision maker): Years of education: ; Age: ; Sex: Address: .; Hamlet: ; Commune: ;; District: Number of main workers: .; Males: ; Females: Number of outsource workers: ; Males: ; Males: Experience in trading fruits: Males ; in trading coconut: Do you sell any agricultural products other than coconut in 2016? No Products Yield (tons) Turnover (1,000VND) Turnover rate (%) Profit (1,000VND) Coconut Other agricultural product Other agricultural product Total: Financial capital:  Own capital;  Borrowed capital ( million VND, interest rate % in .months) PART II: COCONUT PURCHASE AND SALE ACTIVITIES IN 2016 10 Where you buy coconut? No Seller Total Partner number Percentage (%) Quantities (tons/year) Payment* Purchase form** Familiar partners Farmers inside the province Farmers outside the province Other collectors Other: 100% * (1) Deposit; (2) Pay cash after receiving goods; (3) Deferred payment; (4) Price deal ** (1) Future contract; (2) Sign contract when buying; (3) Oral contract; (4) Free purchase; (5) Other: explain 11 How you personally evaluate the importance of factors influence your buying decision (question 10)? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not important, (5) is completely important, (K) is not comment: No Factors Familiar purchase-sale relationship Stable price Stable supply Stable quality products K 86 Other (specify) 12 Do you classify coconut when buying and selling? (unit: 1,000VND/kg) Type Preliminary description Weight Purchase price Form 13 Collecting time and purchase price in 2016? (unit: 1,000VND/kg) Month Collecting time Purchase price Selling price 10 11 12 14 Who decides the PURCHASE price at farm?  Seller (farmer…)  Buyer (collectors)  Other large collectors, firms  Other: ………………………………… 15 If the coconut seller wants to sign the contract before selling, you agree?  Yes  No; Why? 16 Where you sell coconut? Buyers Partner number Percent (%) Quantities Sales Payment* (tons/year) form**  Other collectors  Large collectors, preliminary processors  Firms, supermarkets  Retailers, stores  Other: * (1) Deposit; (2) Pay cash after receiving goods; (3) Deferred payment; (4) Price deal ** (1) Future contract; (2) Sign contract when selling; (3) Oral contract; (4) Free selling; (5) Other: explain 17 How you personally evaluate the importance of factors influence your selling decision (question 16)? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not important, (5) is completely important, (K) is not comment: No Factors Familiar purchase-sale relationship Stable price Stable collecting quantity Clear classification Payment on time Other (specify): K 18 Who decides the SELLING price?  Seller (collectors)  Deal at market price  Buyers (large collectors…)  Other: PART III: COCONUT BUSINESS COSTS 19 Collecting costs for ton of coconut (convert to ton): 1,000VND Costs Labor costs  Picking, collecting  Carrying, loading  Checking, classifying  Transportation, driving Unit Days Days Days Days Quantities Unit price Amount Notes 87 Costs  Other: Energy (total)  Electricity  Petrol, diesel  Water Disposable tools Outsourcing transportation Telecommunication Interest Taxes, fees Other costs: Unit Days Quantities Unit price Amount Notes (*) Can be calculated by deviding total year costs by total year trading quantities 20 Investment in machinery and equipment for coconut business? 1,000VND Item  Facilities: storage, yard  Motorcycle  Boat  Petrol/diesel engine  Electric motor  Reusable tools  Other: Unit m2 Quantities Year Cost Duration (year) PART IV: OTHER ISSUES 21 What is the purpose you link with other collectors when buying coconut?  Deal on buying zone  Support in collecting, transporting  Deal on purchase price  Other suppor: 22 Are you a member of any unions? (more than one option)  Cooperatives  Clusters  Farmers associations  Other:  Association 23 Have you received any support policies from the State? (more than one option)  Loans  Direct financial  Certification fees  Free of taxes, charges and fees  Training  Other: 24 How you personally evaluate the difficulties you encountered when trading coconut? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not difficult, (5) is completely difficult, (K) is not comment: No Difficulties Lack of capital Lack of labor Lack of technique, knowledge of coconut Hard to find coconut supply Other (specify): K 25 How you personally evaluate the importance of reasons for trading coconut? Please select 1-5 In particular, (1) is completely not important, (5) is completely important, (K) is not comment: No Reason K 88 High and stable income Good and stable market Do not require much capital investment and labor Supported and encouraged by the state and other organizations Other Appendix 30: Survey questionnaire for coconut primary processor PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION OF COMPANY Name of company: ; Name of owner: Year of establishment: ; Experience in coconut sector: Education of owner: ; Age: ; Sex: Address: ; Hamlet: .; Commune: ; District: Working capital:  Owners' equity ;  Liabilities ( million VND, interest rate % in .months) In 2016, apart from coconut, does the company trade other agricultural products No Product Yield (ton) Revenue (1000vnd) Revenue ratio (%) Profit (1000vnd) Coconut Other agricultural products: Other:………… PART II: INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASING RAW MATERIAL Where you purchase coconut? (Unit: 1000vnd) No Material source Farmers Contracted farmers Traders Other preliminary processors Other: Number of sellers Ratio (%) Price (1000vnd) Volume (ton/year) Do you classify coconut? Type Preliminary description (color, size, feeling) Volume (ton) Price (million/ton) Amount (million/ton) Cost of transporting material to processing plant (account for 1200 coconuts) Cost Purchasing and transporting by the company Collect labors (man-day) Port labors (man-day) Transport labors (man-day) Fuel: - Diesel (lit) Quantity Unit price (1000vnd) Amount (1000vnd) Note 89 Cost Quantity Unit price (1000vnd) Amount (1000vnd) Note - Petrol (lit) Tax, charges, fees (if any) Other costs: Outsourcing transportation PART III: INITIAL INVESTMENT AND BUSINESS COSTS 10 Investment and value of fixed asset and others (unit: 1000vnd): No Category Unit 10 11 12 13 14 Total factory area Total processing area Warehouse Drying yard Canvas Vehicle (:……ton) Boat (tonnage:… ton) Gasoline machine Electric machine Coconut water container Kernel container Knives, tools Packaging Other m2 m2 m2 m2 Quantity Year of investment Original price Duration (year) Cost of repairing pcs pcs pcs pcs pcs pcs 11 Processing cost (account for 1200 coconuts; other: specify .…) Type of cost Labor + Office, management + Classifying, porting and transporting + Line operation, processing + Packaging, labelling + Selling, delivering + Transporting, driving + Other: Fuel + Electricity + Petrol, dielse + Clean water + Other: Other materials + Chemistry + Packaging, carton, net, label, + Other: Taxs and fees Communication (telephone ) Unit Day Day Day Day Day Day Kwh lit m3 Quantity Price (1000vnd) Amount Note 90 Type of cost Unit Quantity Price (1000vnd) Amount Note Interest Other costs 12 The processing coefficient of products from 1200 coconuts * (other: specify…….) No Product Unit Good type Coconut husk kg Coconut shell kg Coconut kernel kg Coconut water bucket Coconut velamen kg Other: * Specify account for 1200 coconuts or 1000 coconuts Medium type Bad type 13 Costs for preservation and storage: Type Unit price (1000vnd/ton/day) Time (month) Cost (1000vnd/ton) Loss (%) Material Product 14 Selling price and volume of products (Unit: millionvnd / ton) No Product Price Local Export Volume Local Export Dehusking coconut Coconut husk Coconut shell Coconut kernel Coconut water Coconut velamen Other: Market Local Export               15 Cost of transportation and loading products to buyers (Unit: 1000vnd/ton) No Product Volume (ton) Price Amount (1000vnd/ton) (1000vnd/ton) Export Price Amount Dehusking coconut Coconut husk Coconut shell Coconut kernel Coconut water Coconut velamen Other: 16 Does your company receive any supportive policies from government? No Policy Export subsidies Business income tax exemption Land tax exemption or reduction Environmental tax exemption Lending Direct financial support Specify (numbers, other comments) 91 10 11 Certification fee support Science and technology support Market promotion support Training, instruction Other: Appendix 31: Survey questionnaire for coconut producer/processor PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION OF COMPANY Name of company: ; Name of owner: Year of establishment: ; Experience in coconut sector: Education of owner: ; Age: ; Sex: Address: ; Hamlet: ; Commune: ; District: Working capital:  Owners' equity ;  Liabilities ( million VND, interest rate % in .months) PART II: INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASING RAW MATERIAL Main products of the company: No Product type Desiccated coconut Coconut shell coal Coconut jelly Coconut fiber Coconut peat Other: ………………… Total: Raw material* Ratio (% by revenue) 100% * (1) Whole coconut; (2) De-husking; (3) kernel; (4) shell; (5) husk; (6) water; (7) peat; Other (specific) Classification, purchase price and volume of the materials: Material Type* Purchase price (million/ton) Volume (ton) Amount (million) Whole coconut De-husking coconut Coconut kernel Coconut shell Coconut husk Coconut water Coconut peat Other * Type of material (1) Good; (2) Medium; (3) Bad; (4) Other (specify) Material areas and methods for purchasing (Unit:1000vnd) Feature description 92 No Material source Number of sellers Ratio (%) Price (1000vnd) Volume From free farmers From associated farmers Intermediate traders Large collectors, preliminary processors Importers Other: Cost of transporting material to processing plant for ton of raw material* Cost Quantity Unit price (1000vnd) Amount (1000vnd) Note Purchasing and transporting Collect labors (man-day) Port labors (man-day) Transport labors (man-day) Fuel: - Diesel (lit) - Petrol (lit) Tax, charges, fees (if any) Other costs: Outsourcing transportation * The total cost can be calculated and then divided by the material volume of the company PART III: INITIAL INVESTMENT, PROCESSING AND BUSINESS COSTS 10 Scale and value of fixed asset investment (unit: 1000vnd): No Category Unit 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total factory area Processing area Processing workshop Processing workshop Processing line Processing line Processing line Coal fired boiler 1: Coal fired boiler 2: Coal fired boiler 3: Grinding, screening machine Port system Parking system Waste treatment system Warehouse Drying yard Canvas Vehicle (tonnage:……ton) Boat (tonnage:… ton) Gasoline machine m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 pcs pcs pcs pcs Quantity Buying year Original price Duration (year) Repairing cost 93 No Category 21 22 Unit Electric machine Other: Quantity Buying year Original price Duration (year) Repairing cost pcs 11 Processing cost * (for ton of main product: ): unit: 1.000vnd Type of cost Unit Labor + Office, management + Classifying, porting and transporting + Line operation, processing + Packaging, labelling + Selling, delivering + Transporting, driving + Other: Fuel + Electricity + Petrol, diesel + Clean water + Other: Other materials + Chemistry + Packaging, carton, net, label, Taxs and fees Communication (telephone ) Interest Other costs Quantity Price Amount Note day day day day day day day Kwh lit m3 * Can then be calculated for year and then divided by the total volume of year to convert into ton 12 The processing coefficient of products from ton of material (other: specify…….) Product Desiccated coconut Coconut shell coal Coconut jelly Coconut fiber Coconut peat Material Product (ton) By-product (ton) Loss (%) 2 2 Other 13 Classification, yield and selling price of the products Product Desiccated coconut Description Standard* Yield (ton) Price (1000vnd/ton) 94 Coconut coal Coconut jelly Coconut fiber Coconut peat 2 2 Other * Description of classification: (1) International, (2) Vietnam, Other: specify 14 Export markets of products Product Yield (ton) (FOB) (1000đ/ton) Market Quality standard* Type of contract** Desiccated coconut Coconut coal Coconut jelly Coconut fiber Coconut peat Other * Description of classification: (1) International, (2) Vietnam, Other: specify ** (1) Sell at market price; (2) Fixed-price contract; (3) Other, specify 15 Costs for preservation and storage: Type Unit price (1000vnd/ton/day) Time (month) Cost (1000vnd/ton) Loss (%) Material Product 16 Cost of exporting products at port account for ton: (unit: 1000vnd) Product Desiccated coconut Coconut coal Coconut jelly Cost Loading at company Transporting to port Port fee Loading to ship at port Export tax Other: Outsourcing (total): Loading at company Transporting to port Port fee Loading to ship at port Export tax Other: Outsourcing (total): Loading at company Transporting to port Port fee Loading to ship at port Quantity Unit price Amount 95 Product Coconut fiber Coconut peat Cost Export tax Other: Outsourcing (total): Loading at company Transporting to port Port fee Loading to ship at port Export tax Other: Outsourcing (total): Loading at company Transporting to port Port fee Loading to ship at port Export tax Other: Outsourcing (total): Quantity Unit price Amount Other: * Can be summarized and then divided by ton, calculated in total if company use outsourcing service 17 Does your company receive any supportive policies from government? No 10 11 Policy Export subsidies Business income tax exemption Land tax exemption or reduction Environmental tax exemption Lending Direct financial support Certification fee support Science and technology support Market promotion support Training, instruction Other: Specify (numbers, other comments) Note: The questionnaires for rice and pomelo are relatively similar Due to the limit of papes, the authors will not present in the appendices but be willing to show ... the dynamics of the RTA indicators 92 4.3 Vietnam’s agricultural trade competitiveness by the NRCA 96 4.3.1 Measuring the static competitiveness 96 4.3.2 Analyzing the dynamics... to assess the static and dynamics competitiveness of Vietnam Especially, there is no study testing the consistency of the trade performance indices in the case of Vietnam Therefore, there is an... dissertation are to: First, assess the static and dynamic agricultural competitiveness of Vietnam The study tries to understand the relative market shares of Vietnam’s agricultural commodity groups on the