International interviewing and counseling 9th ivey chapter 08

Chapter 8How to Conduct a Five-Stage Counseling Session Using Only Listening Skills... ▲ Have a good start on Rogerian person-centered counseling, as well as the empathic relationship

Facilitating Client Development in a

Multicultural Society

9th Edition

Allen E Ivey Mary Bradford Ivey

Carlos P Zalaquett

Chapter 8

How to Conduct a Five-Stage Counseling Session

Using Only Listening Skills

Awareness and Knowledge

▲ Understand and become competent in the five stages of the

well-formed session: empathic relationship—story and

strengths—goals—restory—action.

▲ Learn the basics of decision counseling and how it relates to

other theories of helping.

▲ Have a good start on Rogerian person-centered counseling,

as well as the empathic relationship basics of most other

theories of counseling and therapy, through your awareness, knowledge, and skills with the basic listening sequence and the five stages.

Chapter Goals and Competency

Objectives (slide 2 of 2)

Skills and Action

▲ Develop further competence with the basic listening sequence—the

foundation of effective interviewing, counseling, and psychotherapy.

▲ Conduct a complete decision counseling session using only

listening skills and the five stages.

▲ Evaluate your interviewing style and competence.

▲ Become skilled in completing a full five-stage interview using only

the listening skills and be able to take these skills to other theories

of helping, such as client-centered therapy, cognitive behavioral

therapy, and crisis counseling.

▲Empathic understanding and careful listening are

valuable in all areas of human communication

▲Teaching the social skills of listening has become a

standard and common part of individual counseling and psychotherapy

▲When you use the BLS, you can anticipate how others

are likely to respond

▲The BLS rests on a foundation of ethics, multicultural competence, positive psychology/wellness, therapeutic lifestyle changes, and neuroscience

Introduction: The Basic Listening Sequence:

Foundation for Empathic Listening in Many Settings

(slide 2 of 5)

Basic Listening Sequence: The

BLS, based on attending and

observing, consists of these

microskills: using open and

closed questions,

encouraging, paraphrasing,

reflecting feelings, and

summarizing.

Anticipated Client Response: Clients will discuss their stories, issues, or concerns, including key facts, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Clients will feel that their stories have been heard In addition, these same skills will help friends, family members, and others to be clearer with you and facilitate better interpersonal relationships.

▲BLS skills would not be effective or meaningful without

skilled attending and observation skills

 Questioning—open questions followed by closed questions bring out client stories and concerns.

 Encouraging—used throughout the session to support clients and help them provide specifics around their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

 Paraphrasing—captures the cognitive essence of stories and

facilitates executive functioning

 Reflection of feelings—provides a foundation for emotional

regulation, enabling examination of the complexity of emotions.

 Summarizing—brings order and makes sense of client

conversation, facilitating executive functioning and emotional

regulation.

Introduction: The Basic Listening Sequence:

Foundation for Empathic Listening in Many Settings

(slide 4 of 5)

▲ BLS skills need not be used in a specific order.

▲ Ensure that all BLS skills are used in listening to client

stories.

▲ Adapt the skills to meet client needs.

▲ Observe and be flexible in use of skills to support the client.

▲ Use client observation skills to note client reactions and

effectively support the client.

▲ Include skills of questioning, encouraging, paraphrasing, reflection of feeling, and summarizing.

▲ BLS skills are used in many settings to define problems

and outcomes (see Table 8.1)

Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Five-Stage Model for Structuring the Session (slide 1 of 3)

▲The five stages of the well-formed session (empathic

relationship—story and strengths—goals—restory—

action) provide an organizing framework for using the

microskills with multiple theories of counseling and

psychotherapy

▲The structure will also serve as a way to organize your work with theories as varied as client-centered therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic

therapy, and more

▲Following the stages in a specific order is not essential

The Five-Stage Interview

Structure: Empathic

Relationship—Story and

Strengths—Goals—

Restory—Action

Anticipated Client Response: The client will establish a positive relationship with the interviewer, tell his or her story, set realistic goals, develop a new story or way

of viewing issues, and transfer new learning to daily life.

Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Five-Stage Model for Structuring the Session (slide 3 of 3)

▲ The five stages also serve as a structure for

decision making.

▲ Many see Benjamin Franklin as the creator of the systematic decision-making model.

Three stages:

1 Identify the problem clearly (draw out the story and strengths,

along with goal setting).

2 Generate alternative answers (restory).

3 Decide what action to take (action).

Decision Counseling and the

Five Stages (slide 2 of 2)

▲Virtually all interviewing, counseling, and psychotherapy

sessions involve deciding what actions to take in cases

of intrapersonal or interpersonal conflict

▲Neuroscience foundations of decisions are under study.

▲Problem-solving therapy (PST) builds on the Franklin

framework

 However, PST focuses on the problematic word “problem” and thus may ignore a more positive wellness approach and multicultural issues.

Example of Five-Stage Decision Counseling

Session

I Can’t Get Along with My Boss has been edited to show

portions that demonstrate skill use and levels of

empathy

Reflection Questions

Was the use of questions effective?

How would you increase the rating of some of the

empathic responses observed in this interview?

Multiple Applications: Integrating Microskills with Stress Management and Social Justice

(slide 1 of 3)

▲ A fully aware ethical base suggests the need for

awareness of social justice and stress management.

▲ Toxic and long-term stress is damaging and can

shrink the brain, enlarge the amygdala, and shrink the hippocampus (Hanson et al., 2015)

▲ Environmental issues, ranging from poverty to toxic environments to a dangerous community, all work against neurogenesis and the development of full potential.

▲ Think of the various positive and negative

environments from which clients come.

▲ Clients need to be informed about how social

systems affect personal growth and individual

development

▲ A social justice approach includes helping clients find outlets to prevent oppression and working with schools, community action groups, and

others for change.

Multiple Applications: Integrating Microskills with Stress Management and Social Justice (slide 3 of 3)

▲ Neuroscience research provides a biological

foundation for understanding the impact of our work.

▲ Brain research helps us pinpoint types of

interventions that are most helpful to each client.

▲ We advocate the integration of counseling,

psychotherapy, neuroscience, molecular biology,

and neuroimaging and the infusion of knowledge

from such integrated fields of study to practice,

training, and research.

become an issue in the interview.

▲Obtain permission from a new client

▲The same guidelines should be followed for audio or

video recording of the session

▲Too much attention to note taking detracts from rapport building and active listening

▲Write session summaries shortly after the session ends.

▲Performance accountability and HIPAA are important.

Action: Key Points and Practice

▲The Basic Listening Sequence

▲The Five Stages Model

▲Decision Counseling

▲Social Justice and Stress Management

▲Note Taking