International interviewing and counseling 9th ivey chapter 07

Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society 9th Edition Allen E Ivey Mary Bradford Ivey Carlos P Zalaquett Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Reflecting Feelings: The Heart of Empathic Understanding Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Awareness and Knowledge ▲ Discover the nature and central importance of reflecting feeling and what to expect when you use this skill ▲ Understand and appreciate affective empathy and its relationship to cognitive empathy and mentalizing Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Skills and Action ▲ Facilitate clients’ awareness of their emotional world and its effect on their thoughts and behavior ▲ Help clients sort out and organize their mixed feelings, thoughts, and behaviors toward themselves, significant others, or events ▲ Clarify emotional strengths and use these to further client resilience ▲ Center the counselor and client in fundamental emotional experience basic to resolving issues and achieving goals ▲ Facilitate executive brain functioning through emotional regulation and affective empathy Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) Reflection of Feelings: Identify the key emotions of a Anticipated Client Result: Clients will experience and client and feed them back to clarify affective understand their emotional states more fully and talk in experience With some clients, the brief more depth about feelings They may correct the acknowledgment of feelings may be more appropriate counselor’s reflection with a more accurate descriptor Affective empathy is often combined with In addition, client understanding of underlying feelings paraphrasing and summarizing Include a search for leads to emotional regulation with clearer cognitive positive feelings and strengths understanding and behavioral action Critical to lasting change is a more positive emotional outlook Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) My dad drank a lot when I was growing up, but it didn’t bother me so much until now [Pause] But I was just home and it really hurts to see what Dad’s starting to to my Mum—she’s awful quiet, you know [Looks down with brows furrowed and tense] Why she takes so much, I don’t know [Looks at you with a puzzled expression] But, like I was saying, Mum and I were sitting there one night drinking coffee, and he came in, stumbled over the doorstep, and then he got angry He started to hit my mother and I stopped him I almost hit him myself, I was so angry [Anger flashes in his eyes.] I worry about Mum [A slight tinge of fear seems to mix with the anger in his eyes, and you notice that his body is tensing.] Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) ▲ Paraphrasing client statements focuses on ▲ Reflection of feelings focuses on the the content and clarifies what has been underlying emotion and helps the client communicated make his or her emotional life more explicit and clear Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) ▲ In Thomas’s case, the content includes his father’s drinking history, his mother’s quietness and submission, and of course, the difficult situation when Thomas was last home ▲ Paraphrasing will indicate to Thomas that you have heard what has been said and encourage him to move further in the discussion ▲ Paraphrase: “Thomas, I hear you saying that your father has been drinking a long time, and your mother puts up with a lot But now he’s started to be violent, and you’ve been tempted to hit him yourself Have I heard you right?” ▲ In this example, we are focusing on what is happening and seeking to understand the total situation Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) ▲ The first task in eliciting and reflecting feelings is to recognize the key emotional words expressed by the client ▲ In Thomas’s case, you may have noticed “really hurts,” “angry,” and “worry.”  You know the client has these feelings because he has made them explicit ▲ Basic reflections of feelings would be “It really hurt,” “You felt angry,” and “You are worried.”  They include the client’s exact main words Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Emotional Basis of Counseling and Therapy (slide of 6) Observing the Verbal and Nonverbal Language of Emotions ▲As a first step, seek to establish and increase your vocabulary of emotions and your ability to observe and name them accurately ▲Six primary emotions: sad, mad, glad, scared, disgust, and surprise Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Emotional Basis of Counseling and Therapy (slide of 6) The Importance of Building Solid Positive Emotions and Expressing Them in Feelings and Action ▲ You can enable clients to bring out stories of positive emotions and thoughts; this is particularly valuable when you work clients who have a primarily negative cognitive style ▲ The left prefrontal cortex is the primary location of positive emotional experience (e.g., glad/happy) ▲ If you use a strength-based approach based on positive psychology and therapeutic lifestyle changes, you can help clients achieve mental health and effective problem solving much more quickly Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Emotional Basis of Counseling and Therapy (slide of 6) Confusion, Frustration, and Mixed Feelings ▲ Clients often express themselves in unclear ways, demonstrating mixed and conflicting emotions ▲ Help clients sort through these more complex feelings ▲ Basic emotions appear to be universal across all cultures, but the social emotions appear to be learned from one’s community, culture, family members, and peers ▲ Emotions become better defined with cognitive understanding Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Skill Dimensions of Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) Choose a sentence stem Add an emotional word or feeling label to the stem Add a brief paraphrase to broaden the reflection of feelings Choose an appropriate tense to convey immediacy Check out Bring out positive emotional stories and strengths to counter the negatives and difficulties Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Skill Dimensions of Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) Acknowledgment of Feelings ▲ You will find that a brief acknowledgment of feelings is at times more appropriate than a deep exploration of feelings ▲ In acknowledging feelings, you state the feeling briefly (“You seem to be sad about that,” or “It makes you happy”) and then move on with the interview  All clients have vital emotional lives, whether they are aware of them or not  With children, acknowledgment of feelings may be especially helpful, particularly when they are unaware of what they are feeling Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Skill Dimensions of Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) The Nonverbal Language of Emotion: Micro and Macro Feelings ▲ Macro nonverbals are those that are relatively easy to see ▲ Micro nonverbals are fleeting expressions of concealed emotion, sometimes so fast that they happen in the blink of an eye  Learn to observe these as they can be reliable indicators of underlying feelings as macro nonverbals  Note them and watch for a time that these observations may be shared in the session Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Skill Dimensions of Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) Diversity and Reflection of Feelings ▲ Many of your clients of diverse backgrounds will come to you having experienced various types of discrimination and prejudice ▲ Respect individual and cultural diversity in the way people respect feelings ▲ Style of emotional expression will depend on individual upbringing, acculturation, and other factors Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved The Skill Dimensions of Reflection of Feeling (slide of 5) N am e e th Ob se rv e th e fe el in g g in el fe  Explicit  Implicit  Nonverbal  Mixed Repeat to the client Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Observe: Reflecting Feelings in Action EXAMPLE COUNSELING SESSION: MY MOTHER HAS CANCER; MY BROTHERS DON’T HELP ▲ Difficult life situations bring with them many emotions ▲ Whether you are dealing with clients who experience physical illness, interpersonal conflict, alcohol or drug abuse, or challenges in the work or school setting, learning the way they feel about the situation is vital ▲ The intentional interviewer or counselor is always alert to emotions underlying all situations and knows how to bring them out ▲ Busy physicians and nurses may sometimes fail to deal with emotions in their patients, or they may have little time to help family members of those who are ill ▲ Illness can be a frightening experience Family, friends, and neighbors, as well as professionals, may have trouble dealing with it Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Reflecting Feelings (slide of 6) Helping Clients Increase or Decrease Emotional Expressiveness ▲ Observe nonverbals ▲ Pace the conversation and encourage clients to express more emotion ▲ When tears, rage, despair, joy, or exhilaration occur, help the client reorient to the present before reflecting and discussing feelings ▲ Reorient the session toward emotional regulation ▲ When working with emotion, use caution, as there is the possibility of reawakening issues in a client who has a history of painful trauma Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Reflecting Feelings (slide of 6) ▲ Positive emotions color the ways people respond to others and their environments ▲ Positive emotions:  broaden the scope of people’s visual attention, expand their repertoires for action, and increase their capacities to cope in a crisis  produce patterns of thought that are flexible, creative, integrative, and open to information Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Reflecting Feelings (slide of 6) ▲ “Sad, mad, glad, scared” is one way to organize the language of emotion ▲ We need to give more attention to glad words such as pleased, happy, contented, together, excited, and delighted Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Reflecting Feelings (slide of 6) ▲ Take a moment now and think of specific situations when you experienced each of the positive emotions listed in the previous sentence ▲ Did you smile or notice a reduction of your body tension after doing this? Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Reflecting Feelings (slide of 6) Depression, Emotion, and the Body ▲Executive functioning and emotional regulation break down in the absence of positive feelings and emotions ▲Working with depression can be challenging, but our goal is to increase positive functioning Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications of Reflecting Feelings (slide of 6) ▲ Reflection is a basic skill of the interviewing, counseling, and therapy process, yet it can be overdone ▲ Often a short and accurate reflection may be the most helpful ▲ Briefly identifying unspoken feelings can be helpful too ▲ However, not all clients will appreciate or welcome your comments on their feelings ▲ Brief acknowledgment of feelings may be received with appreciation early on and can lead to deeper exploration in later sessions Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Action: Key Points and Practice ▲ Emotions and Feelings ▲ Identifying Emotions and Naming Feelings ▲ Expanding the Emotional Vocabulary ▲ Naming ▲ Reflection of Feeling ▲ Acknowledgment of Feelings ▲ Diversity and Emotions ▲ Emotional Regulation and Affective Empathy ▲ The Limbic System ▲ Positive Emotions in Reflecting Feelings ▲ Interview Lessons Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved ... nature and central importance of reflecting feeling and what to expect when you use this skill ▲ Understand and appreciate affective empathy and its relationship to cognitive empathy and mentalizing... pituitary, and adrenal glands: Produce the hormones for our brain and body Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: The Emotional Basis of Counseling and. .. Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Skills and Action ▲ Facilitate clients’ awareness of their emotional world and its effect on their thoughts and behavior ▲