International interviewing and counseling 9th ivey chapter 06

Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society 9th Edition Allen E Ivey Mary Bradford Ivey Carlos P Zalaquett Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing: Active Listening and Cognition Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Awareness and Knowledge ▲ Value active listening in the communication process ▲ Identify the role of intentional participation, decision making, and responding to client conversation Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Skills and Action ▲ Help clients talk in more detail about their issues of concern and help prevent the overly talkative client from repeating the same facts Clarify for the client and you, the interviewer, what is really being said during the session ▲ Check on the accuracy of what you hear by saying back to clients the essence of their comments and providing periodic summarizations ▲ Develop cognitive empathy and facilitate client cognitive understanding for clearer decision making and more effective action Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 6) ▲ Encouraging, paraphrasing, and summarizing are active listening skills at the cognitive center of the basic listening sequence and are key in building the empathic relationship ▲ When we attend and clients sense their story is heard, they open up and become more ready for change  Leads to more effective executive brain functioning, which in turn improves cognitive understanding of issues and decision making Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 6) ▲Active listening is a communication process that requires intentional participation, decision making, and responding to client conversation ▲Accurate listening leads to client understanding and synthesis, providing clients with a clearer picture of their own stories ▲Active listening is central in facilitating our brain’s executive functioning—cognitive understanding and making sense of the emotional underpinnings of the story Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 6) Encouraging: Encourage with short responses that help clients keep talking They may be verbal, (repeating key words and short statements) or nonverbal (head nods and smiling) Anticipated Client Response: Clients will elaborate on the topic, particularly when encouragers and restatements are used in a questioning, supportive tone of voice Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 6) Paraphrasing (also known as reflection of content): Shorten or clarify the essence of what has just been said, but be sure to use the client’s main words when you paraphrase Paraphrases are often fed back to the client in a questioning tone of voice Anticipated Client Response: Clients will feel heard They tend to give more detail without repeating the exact same story They also become clearer and more organized in their thinking If a paraphrase is inaccurate, the client has an opportunity to correct the interviewer Paraphrasing of client statements is important in cognitive empathy Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 6) Summarizing: Summarize client comments and integrate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors Similar to paraphrasing but used over a longer time span Anticipated Client Response: Clients will feel heard and often learn how their complex and even fragmented stories are integrated A summary helps clients make sense of their lives and will facilitate a more centered and focused discussion Secondarily, a summary also provides a more coherent transition from one topic to the next or a way to begin and end a full session As a client organizes the story more effectively, we see growth in brain executive functioning and better decision making Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 6) Checkout/Perception Check: Anticipated Client Response: Periodically check with your Interviewing leads such as client to discover how your these give clients a chance to interviewing lead or skill was pause and reflect on what they received “Is that right?” “Did I have said If you indeed have hear you correctly?” “What missed something important or might I have missed?” distorted their story and meaning, they have the opportunity to correct you Without an occasional checkout, it is possible to lead clients away from what they really want to talk about Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing A client, Jennifer, enters the room and starts talking immediately I really need to talk to you I don’t know where to start I just got my last exam back and it was a disaster—maybe because I haven’t studied much lately I was up late drinking at a party last night and I almost passed out I’ve been sort of going out with a guy for the last month, but that’s over as of last night [pause] But what really bothers me is that my mom and dad called last Monday and they are going to separate I know that they have fought a lot, but I never thought it would come to this I’m thinking of going home, but I’m afraid to Jennifer continues for another minutes in much the same vein, repeating herself somewhat, and seems close to tears At times, speech is so fast that it is hard to follow her Finally, she stops and looks at you expectantly Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 3) Encouraging ▲ Encouragers are verbal and nonverbal expressions the counselor or therapist can use to prompt clients to continue talking  Head nods and positive facial expressions  Open gestures  Minimal verbals – “Ummm” or “Uh-huh”  Repetition of key words from last statement  Silence with appropriate nonverbal behavior Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 3) Paraphrasing ▲ Paraphrasing is the most important cognitive empathic listening skill ▲ An accurate paraphrase usually consists of four dimensions:  A sentence stem that may include the client’s name  The key words used by a client to describe the situation or person  The essence of what the client has said in briefer and clearer form  A checkout for accuracy Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide of 3) Summarizing ▲ Summarizing pulls together and organizes client conversation, supporting the brain’s executive functioning  Summarizing is key to Theory of Mind (ToM) and your ability to “mentalize” the world of the client ▲ Attend to client’s verbal and nonverbal comments ▲ Selectively attend to key concepts ▲ Restate key concepts to the client accurately ▲ Check for accuracy at the end Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Observe: Listening Skills and Children (slide of 2) ▲ Listening skills are used with children in much the same way as they are used with adults ▲ Children generally respond best if you seek to understand the world as they ▲ Smiling, warmth, and the active listening skills are essential ▲ Questions can put off some children but remain one of the best ways to obtain information ▲ Seek to get the child’s perspective.: Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Observe: Listening Skills and Children (slide of 2) Reflection Questions ▲ What you think about the interview with Damaris conducted by Mary Bradford Ivey? ▲ What did you notice that the interviewer did well? ▲ Did listening skills help to bring out Damaris’s story? ▲ What can you expect if you use these same skills with an adult? ▲ Did Mary focus on strengths? Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multiple Applications: Additional Functions of the Skills of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing ▲ When we attend to clients and use the active listening skills, we facilitate executive functioning and the development of new neural networks that become part of long-term memory in the hippocampus ▲ Executive functioning is also critical for emotional regulation ▲ Cognitions may be defined as language-based thought processes underlying all thinking activities  Therapies focusing on changing cognitions to achieve client change: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Multicultural Issues in Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing ▲ Language is one of the important issues related to the listening skills ▲ Building trust requires learning about the other person’s world ▲ Involve yourself in the cultural communities and activities ▲ Discuss cross-cultural differences early in the interview ▲ When you are culturally different from your client, selfdisclosure and an explanation of your methods may be helpful ▲ Consider gender differences Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Practice, Practice, Practice ▲ Encouraging, paraphrasing, and summarizing are central skills to effective counseling and psychotherapy, regardless of your theory of choice and natural style ▲ Intentional competence in these skills requires practice ▲ Every client needs to be heard, and demonstrating that you are listening carefully makes a real difference ▲ Achieving intentional competence takes time and practice ▲ Dr Amanda Russo highlights the rewards of practice (p 147) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Action: Key Points and Practice of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing ▲ Purpose of Listening Skills ▲ Encouragers ▲ Paraphrases ▲ Summarizations ▲ Active Listening, Cognition, and Executive Functioning ▲ Diversity and Active Listening ▲ A Word of Caution Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved  .. .Chapter Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing: Active Listening and Cognition Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives... Learning All Rights Reserved Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide of 2) Skills and Action ▲ Help clients talk in more detail about their issues of concern and help prevent the overly... will feel heard and often learn how their complex and even fragmented stories are integrated A summary helps clients make sense of their lives and will facilitate a more centered and focused discussion