International interviewing and counseling 9th ivey chapter 06

Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing slide 1 of 6 ▲ Encouraging, paraphrasing, and summarizing are active listening skills at the cognitive center of the basic liste

Intentional Interviewing and

Counseling:

Facilitating Client Development in a

Multicultural Society

9th Edition

Allen E Ivey Mary Bradford Ivey

Carlos P Zalaquett

Chapter 6

Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing: Active Listening and Cognition

Chapter Goals and Competency

Objectives (slide 1 of 2)

Awareness and Knowledge

▲Value active listening in the communication process.

▲Identify the role of intentional participation, decision

making, and responding to client conversation

Chapter Goals and Competency

Objectives (slide 2 of 2)

Skills and Action

▲ Help clients talk in more detail about their issues of concern

and help prevent the overly talkative client from repeating the same facts Clarify for the client and you, the interviewer, what

is really being said during the session.

▲ Check on the accuracy of what you hear by saying back to

clients the essence of their comments and providing periodic summarizations.

▲ Develop cognitive empathy and facilitate client cognitive

understanding for clearer decision making and more effective action.

Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide 1 of

6)

▲ Encouraging, paraphrasing, and summarizing are active listening skills at the cognitive center of the basic listening sequence and are key in building the empathic relationship.

▲ When we attend and clients sense their story is

heard, they open up and become more ready for

change.

 Leads to more effective executive brain functioning,

which in turn improves cognitive understanding of issues

and decision making.

Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide 2 of

6)

requires intentional participation, decision

making, and responding to client conversation.

and synthesis, providing clients with a clearer

picture of their own stories.

▲ Active listening is central in facilitating our

brain’s executive functioning—cognitive

understanding and making sense of the

emotional underpinnings of the story.

Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide 3 of

6)

Encouraging: Encourage

with short responses that

help clients keep talking

They may be verbal,

(repeating key words and

short statements) or

nonverbal (head nods and

smiling)

Anticipated Client Response:

Clients will elaborate on the topic, particularly when

encouragers and restatements are used in a questioning, supportive tone

of voice.

Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide 4 of

6)

Paraphrasing (also known as

reflection of content):

Shorten or clarify the

essence of what has just

been said, but be sure to

use the client’s main words

when you paraphrase

Paraphrases are often fed

back to the client in a

questioning tone of voice

Anticipated Client Response:

Clients will feel heard They tend to give more detail

without repeating the exact same story They also become clearer and more organized in their thinking If a paraphrase

is inaccurate, the client has an opportunity to correct the

interviewer Paraphrasing of client statements is important

in cognitive empathy.

Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide 5 of

6)

Summarizing : Summarize client

comments and integrate

thoughts, emotions, and

behaviors Similar to

paraphrasing but used over a

longer time span

Anticipated Client Response: Clients will feel heard and often learn how their complex and even fragmented stories are integrated A summary helps clients make sense of their lives and will facilitate a more centered and focused discussion Secondarily, a summary also

provides a more coherent transition from one topic to the next or a way

to begin and end a full session As

a client organizes the story more effectively, we see growth in brain executive functioning and better decision making

Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (slide 6 of

6)

Checkout/Perception Check:

Periodically check with your

client to discover how your

interviewing lead or skill was

received “Is that right?” “Did I

hear you correctly?” “What

might I have missed?”

Anticipated Client Response:

Interviewing leads such as these give clients a chance to pause and reflect on what they have said If you indeed have missed something important or distorted their story and

meaning, they have the opportunity to correct you

Without an occasional checkout, it is possible to lead clients away from what they really want to talk about.

Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills:

Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

A client, Jennifer, enters the room and starts talking immediately

I really need to talk to you I don’t know where to start I just got my last exam back and it was a disaster—maybe because I haven’t studied much lately I was up late drinking at a party last night and I almost passed out I’ve been sort of going out with a guy for the last month, but that’s over as of last night [pause] But what really bothers

me is that my mom and dad called last Monday and they are going

to separate I know that they have fought a lot, but I never thought it would come to this I’m thinking of going home, but I’m afraid to Jennifer continues for another 3 minutes in much the same vein,

repeating herself somewhat, and seems close to tears At times,

speech is so fast that it is hard to follow her Finally, she stops and looks at you expectantly.

Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

(slide 1 of 3) Encouraging

▲Encouragers are verbal and nonverbal expressions the

counselor or therapist can use to prompt clients to

continue talking

 Head nods and positive facial expressions

 Open gestures

 Minimal verbals – “Ummm” or “Uh-huh”

 Repetition of key words from last statement

 Silence with appropriate nonverbal behavior

Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

(slide 2 of 3) Paraphrasing

▲Paraphrasing is the most important cognitive empathic

listening skill

▲An accurate paraphrase usually consists of four

dimensions:

 A sentence stem that may include the client’s name.

 The key words used by a client to describe the situation or person.

 The essence of what the client has said in briefer and clearer form.

 A checkout for accuracy.

Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

(slide 3 of 3) Summarizing

▲Summarizing pulls together and organizes client

conversation, supporting the brain’s executive

functioning

 Summarizing is key to Theory of Mind (ToM) and your ability to

“mentalize” the world of the client.

▲Attend to client’s verbal and nonverbal comments.

▲Selectively attend to key concepts.

▲Restate key concepts to the client accurately.

▲Check for accuracy at the end

Observe: Listening Skills and

Children (slide 1 of 2)

▲Listening skills are used with children in much the same

way as they are used with adults

▲Children generally respond best if you seek to

understand the world as they do

▲Smiling, warmth, and the active listening skills are

essential

▲Questions can put off some children but remain one of

the best ways to obtain information

▲Seek to get the child’s perspective.:

Observe: Listening Skills and Children

(slide 2 of 2)

Reflection Questions

▲What do you think about the interview with Damaris

conducted by Mary Bradford Ivey?

▲What did you notice that the interviewer did well?

▲Did listening skills help to bring out Damaris’s story?

▲What can you expect if you use these same skills with an

adult?

▲Did Mary focus on strengths?

Multiple Applications: Additional Functions of the

Skills of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and

Summarizing

▲ When we attend to clients and use the active listening skills,

we facilitate executive functioning and the development of

new neural networks that become part of long-term memory

in the hippocampus.

▲ Executive functioning is also critical for emotional regulation.

▲ Cognitions may be defined as language-based thought

processes underlying all thinking activities.

 Therapies focusing on changing cognitions to achieve client change: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Multicultural Issues in Encouraging,

Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

listening skills.

world.

self-disclosure and an explanation of your methods may be

helpful.

Practice, Practice, Practice

▲Encouraging, paraphrasing, and summarizing are central

skills to effective counseling and psychotherapy,

regardless of your theory of choice and natural style

▲Intentional competence in these skills requires practice

▲Every client needs to be heard, and demonstrating that

you are listening carefully makes a real difference

▲Achieving intentional competence takes time and

practice

▲Dr Amanda Russo highlights the rewards of practice (p

147)

Action: Key Points and Practice of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

▲Purpose of Listening Skills

▲Encouragers

▲Paraphrases

▲Summarizations

▲Active Listening, Cognition, and Executive Functioning

▲Diversity and Active Listening

▲A Word of Caution