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CUNG THANH TU, CHE DO THUONG HOANG VA KHU CUNG CAM CUA THANG LONG THOI TRAN Momoki Shiro* Cac cung dien va cong trinh khac khu cung cam thdi Tran Quy hoach cua kinh dd TTiang Long thdi Ly da dugc nghien curu kha cong phu Trong dd kinh dd Thang Long thdi Trin dugc nghien ciru luang ddi so sai cho den gan day', mac du nha TrIn cd nhilu net mdi vl thill chl chinh Irj cung nhu nin kinh le - xa hoi va van hda - idng giao Tuy lai lieu thdi TrIn khdng ghi nhilu bing lai lieu thdi Ly vl nhtrng nam 1010, 1029, 1203 vl bd eye cua cac cung dien va cua cdng, nhung vice xay dyng va tu sira cd quy md Idn chic da diln vao nhimg nam 1230, 1243, 1288, 1363 - 1364, 1371 Bai tham luan mudn dal miy eau hdi nidi (chac khdng Ihl Ira Idi ngay) vl quy hoach cua khu trung tam kinh dd Thang Long thdi Tran tren ca sd hai luan dilm lien quan din thill chl chinh In thdi TrIn: a) che dg thugng hoang va b) quy hoach kinh dd/uy quyin nha vua Trung Qude, dac biet cua thdi Han Dau nam 1226, nghi le len ngdi cua Tran Canh (Thai Tdng) da dugc cir hanh lai dien Thien An (TT-11/12/1225)^ vdn dugc Ly Thai Tdng xay lir nam 1029 va dugc dai ten Iheo ten chinh dien d Khai Phong cua BIC Tdngl Sau dd, cho din nam 1397 Hd Quy Ly lenh xay dyng Tay Dd, dien Thien An Idn lai nhu la chinh dien * GS.TS, Dai hoc Quoc gia Osaka, Nhat Ban Cin day, GS Nguyen Quang Ngpc (2012) va ThS Pham Le Buy (2012) da phan tich mpt each long hgp ve khu Cung Cam thdi Tran djp toa dam quy tin thac UNESCO Tac gia bai goi tit Dgi Vi^t su ky' todn thu la TT Khi dan TT, tac gia sir dung ban hieu dinh ciia Tran Kinh Hoa Vi TT la tai lieu rat quen thuoc,-tac gia chi bilu thj nam cong nguyen ciia ghi chep dugc dan nhu TT-1227 (bdt chSp kha nang cac ghi chep cu6i nam am lich CO dugc sap xep vao nam sau theo ducmg lich) Neu can thill thi tac gia viet them thang nhu TT-1/1246 (thang nam 1246), 3/5/1285 (ngay thang nam 1285), hoac thu tu ghi chep cua ban Tran Kinh Hoa nhu TT- 1356(4) (ghi chep thir nSm 1356) Van djch ciia TT bai la tac gia thirc hien Ve cac ten goi chinh dien Dudng - Tong va Dai Viet, xem Pham Le Buy (2012) 495 VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU H Q I THAO QUOC T E LAN THlT TU cua khu Cung C i m ' Thang Long (mac dii cd thI bj ddt pha nhumg cudc ngoai xam) Dien Dai Minh, nai vua ngy di vilng din Ddng Cd vao thang hang nam de vua quan lam minh th? (TT-1227), cung la mot cung dien c^uan trgng Vi vua quan ciira Tay (thanh Thang Long) d l vilng din Ddng Cd, dien Dai Minh cd thI nlm d phia Tay khu cung elm Khi quan Nguyen Mdng danh vao Kinh thanh, quan Chudng In da vdi vang gilu In bau tren rudng dien Dai Minh roi di theo vua (TT-12/1257) Dilu dd cung cho thiy vj tri quan trgng cua dien Dai Minh Trudng hgp Khai Phong thdi B I C Tdng, dien Dai Minh la yin dien nlm d phia Tay B I C khu Dai N g i l Sau dd di?n Dai Minh tilp lye tdn lai khdng ihay tu Ii?u nao ndi rd Nam 1230, xay dyng cac cung, dien, llu cac va hanh lang Ddng Tay "trong thmh"\ cung Quan Trilu (danh cho nha vua) dugc xay dyng d ben hum'' va cung Thanh Tir (danh cho Thugng hoang) d ben ta^ Mot so kinh dd khu vyc cung cd hai cung di?n chinh: chlng ban, Majapahit cd cung dign phia Ddng va cung dien phia Tay, Ayuthaya cd Tiln cung va Chinh cung Nhung trudng hgp Thang Long thdi TrIn thi khdng rd loan thI khu cung elm dugc chia hai hoac edn cd cac cung dien khac nua Dien Thien An khdng thugc cung Quan Trilu va cung Thanh Tir, ho$c thugc cung Quan Trilu? Vin dl tac gia sg khao sat sau Ngoai ra, TT ghi chep v l mot sd cung dien va cac cdng trinh khac d khu Thanh Ndi nhu cung Lg Thien dugc ddi ten la cung Thudng Xuan (nam 1236; Di?n Thien An xuat hi?ntrong TT vac nhung nam 1256, 1263, 1268, 1293, 1362 1371 TT1397(8) viet ring Ho Quy Ly l?nh dd cac cung di?n D^i An X'-^ va Thyy Chuang, cho gach ngoi ve kinh mdi Chic di?n Dai An la sy chep nham cua di?n Thien An J:^: TT-1237(2) chep "xay di?n Thien An va cac Dean Minh" tren nui Yen JCr Thai Tong iron ve Yen Tir trudc sy noi day cua anh trai la Hien Dao vuomg TrIn Lieu Chac d kinh Thang Long thdi ky c6 cac Doan Minh d vj tri gan di?n Thien An Di?n Dai Minh v6n duac goi la di?n Quang Chinh nhung dugc goi la Dai Minh tu nam Khai Bao thir (962) va duac dli ten la dien Ham Quang thdi Thuan Hoa (990-994) roi doi ten la Tap Anh vao nam Minh Dao nguyen nien (1032) Xem Tdng sir {quy^n 85: dja ly chi 1, muc dien Tap Anh) Khu "Thanh Noi" thdi Ly-TrSn c6 nghia la khu vuc ben Thang Long nam 1010 va Long Thanh nam 1029 (sau c6 kha nang dugc md rgng ve phia Tay nhu Hoang thdi Le sa) chir khong c6 nghTa la ben Dai La Mat khac khu Thanh Noi rong han khu Cung Cim (cac hoc gia Vi?t Nam thudng goi la Cam thanh) Thuat ngu D^i Noi" thdi Ly TrSn cung c6 nhilu trudng hgp chi khu Thanh Noi Xem Momoki (.008; 2012a) Sau cung Quan Trilu dugc ghi chep TT vao nhung nam 1325, 1332 va 1344 Cung Thanh Tu xuSt hien TT vao nhung nam 1258, 1259, 1261, 1294, 1320 1325, 1344,1357 496 CUNG THANH TU" CH^ DC) THLTONG HOANG 1238), dien Bat Giac (1238), dien Dien Ililn (1264), cira Dai Hung (1273), cung Van Thg (1277), cua Ducmg Minh va dien Tap Hiln (1281), ao Thuy Tinh (1283), them Dien Hdng (12/1284), lang Thj Ve (4/1288), cung Nhan Thg (1290), Long Tri (1293; 1351), Bai Aug (1296), vien Tam Ty (1313), vudn Tan Lang (1320)', clu Ao Tay Thau (1324), Ndi nhan van eye (1327), cua VTnh Xuang va eye Thugng Lien (1330), dudng Binh Doan (1332), cOra VTnh An (1335), dien Thyy Chuang (1337; 1391) va dinh At Van (trong dien Thyy Chuang) (1337), cung Kiln Xuang (1341), cira Trieu Nguyen^ va hiru djch mdn (1355), cung Bao Nguyen (1357), dudng Luang Phong (1361), dien Song Qui (dien Lac Thanh) va ao Lac Thanh d hau cung (10/1363), lang khach d Tay Dien va cira Hoang Phuc (1364), cung VTnh An (1363), trudng lang (hanh lang dai) tir gac Nguyen Huyin din cira Tay Dai Trilu (1368), c l u mdi (20/9/1370), cira Canh Duomg (1388), dien Hoang Nguyen (1389) ^ Trir mgt sd cdng trinh da xull hien thdi Ly nhu dien Thien An va Long Tri (san trudc chinh dien) va cua Dai Hung (cira phia Nam ciia Thang Long), vj tri chinh xae cua cac cdng trinh khac khd cd Ihl bill dugc Nhung chiing la cd Ihl suy doan vj tri ciia mot cdng trinh mot each gian tilp Chlng ban, Hiln hoang Tran Lieu, ngudi "tri" Thanh Tir cung"*, thdng dam vdi ngudi phi cu ciia nha Ly tai cung Le Thien vao chlu Cung Lg Thien chic la cung di?n hau cung thdi Ly nam d phia B I C ciia khu Cung Cim, va cd thI nlm giira cung Thanh Tir Pham Ngu LSo mit d phii d? vua cho tai vudn Tan Lang (vudn cau) d khu Thinh N6i (TT11/1320) Van bia Thi ti b^nh diin bi (ban rap Vi?n Han Norn mang ky hi?u 29097) dugc khic trudc nhung n3m 1380 tai nui Non Nude (Ninh Binh) noi den mgt tong ca 5jc^ la gai ca (?) cua nhap noi lieu bao d vudn tan lang ben hao kinh psMM-l^^UUMVudn Tan Lang c6 the la khu vuc tap trung c6 cac phii de ciia quy tgc cao cap Sir gia Nguyen Mong da xem gac Trilu Thien ^ ^ ^ tren cira Duong Minh TT c6 the chep nham cira Trieu Nguyen ^jicPI Ngoai TT-1237 chep ring: ddi dung dien Linh Quang den ben Dong (Dong Bp dau), goi la dien Phong Thiiy Dien Linh Quang dugc xay dung vao nam 1058 {Dgi Viet sir luge) va dugc su dung nhu la yen dien va nai to chirc le dua thuyen Dien Linh Quang c6 the nSm tren bd song Hong nhung cung c6 the nlm khu Cung Cam (Momoki 2012a: 377-378 ghi chu 21; Pham Le Huy 2012: 56-57) Con theo bia thap Vien Thong chua Thanh Mai (Phan van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chu bien) 2002: 433 Tam to ihuc luc va De nhi dgi to hi cung chep mot each tucmg tu), vua mdi su Phap Loa cho Hoang Thai phi Chieu Tu (me vua Minh Tong) gidi bo tat va chi cac cung nhan gidi bo de tam tai dien Dong Thien vao n3m Khai Thai thir (1326) Co le dien Dong Thien la nai d cua Hoang Thai phi Chieu Tu khu hau cung Sau Thugng hoang Thai To mat vao n3m 1234, anh trai ciia Thai To la Hien Hoang Lieu "tri" cung Thanh Tu cho den nam 1236, Lieu bi giang Khain Minh dai vuang Xet ve tcin hieu la Hien Hoang, c6 kha nang la Lieu da trd Thugng hoang, mac du TT-1234 chi viet cho Lieu "phu chinh" (xem Momoki 2011: 290) 497 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQl THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU va cung Quan Trilu Dien Bat giac, d dd vua ban yIn cho quan tir ngii pham trd len (IT-1238) cd Ihl la dien Thien Khanh xay nam 1030 (TT, Dgi Viet sir luge) cd hinh bat giac hoac dien Hd Thien Bat giac xay nam 1058 {Dgi Viet sir luge) Va khao cci bgc da phat hien dugc mat bIng cua mot llu bat giac lai khu C cua di chi 18 Hoang Dieu Cira Hoang Phuc chic d phia Tay khu cung elm vi cua dd dugc ndi vcVi lang khach cua Tay dien (TT-1364) Trudng lang dugc xay lir gac Nguyen HuyIn din cira Tay Dai Trilu "dl lien cho cac quan vao chlu Iranh mua ning" (TT-3/1368) ham y cac quan vao chlu d khu cung elm tir phia Tay nhu thdi Le so trudc ddi Le Thanh Tdng (Yao Takao, 2012: 246), mac dii gac Nguyen HuyIn (nai coi chlu cua vua Dy Tdng?) cd thI nlm giCra khu cung elm Dien Dien Hiln (d dd Thugng hoang ban yIn - TT-1264), Ihim Dien Hdng (Thugng hoang mdi cac phy lao nude TT-I284), lang thi ve (Thugng hoang lam ngy sau danh giac Nguyen Mdng vi cung dien bj ddt pha - TT-1288), cira Canh Duomg (qua dd sir gia Trung Qudc vao - TT-I388) diu cd kha nang nlm cung Thanh Tir Cdn dudng Luang Phong, d dd vua Dy Tdng ngu trua (TT-1361), chic nlm d khu sinh boat cua Hoang dk Dien Hoang Nguyen, noi d Hoang hau cua Thuan Tdng (TT-13 89), chac nlm d khu hau cung cua Hoang de Dilu dang chu y la khu cung elm cd mot sd ten ggi "cung" khac vdi cung Quan Trilu va cung Thanh Tir Chlng han, Thugng hoang Thai Tdng mat d cung Van Thg (TT-1277) va Thugng hoang Thanh Tdng mil tai cung Nhan Thg (TT-I290) Thugng hoang Minh Tdng thi mil lai cung Bao Nguyen (TT-1357) Khdng bill cac cung Van Thg, Nhan Thg va Bao Nguyen la ba cung khac hoac chi la mgt cung nhung moi cd Thugng hoang mdi la lai dat ten mdi Dii sao, cd kha nang ring cac cung dd (la nai sinh boat cua Thugng hoang) nam d ngoai cung Thanh Tir Tham chi cd kha nang la cac cung dd khdng nlm khu Thanh Ndi vi Thugng hoang Thai Td (cha cua Thai Tdng) mil d cung Phy Thien d khu ITianh Ngoai mac du cung Thanh Tir da dugc xay dyng' Cung Thanh Tir cd Ihl chi mang chirc nang hanh chinh Dilu dd khiln chiing la nhd lai quy hoach cua kinh dd Trudng An thdi Tay Han, d dd ngoai hai cung chinh la cung Trudng Lac va cung Vj LTomg cdn cd may cung khac nhu BIC Cung, Qui Cung, cung Minh Quang, cung Kiln Chuang (d ben ngoai thanh), v.v (xem Hinh 1) Dilu dd cd nghTa la: kinh dd (thanh) khdng phai chi cd mgt khdng gian Cung d m (Cim thanh) nhll Nhung, theo TT-1357, Fhugng hoang Minh Tdng ndi vdi vg ca cua minh la Hoang TTiai hau Hien Fir rang: "Sau Sau Thai Tong len ngoi, cha Thai Tc'yng la Thira lam Thugng hoang (1226-1234) nlumg ban dau d cung Phu Thien d phudng Hac Kicu "Nude c6 vice Idn thi vao (khu Cung Cam) quyet djnh" (TT-1226) Vi Thira (Thai T6) mat tai cung Phu 'I'hien (IT-1234), c6 le sau cung Thanh Tir (xay tir nSm 1230) dugc khanh thanh, ong la van d cung Phu Thien 498 CUNG THANH TU", CHE OO THUONG HOANG ta chet, hau hay d cung Thanh Tir, dimg vao niii" (nghTa la dimg xull gia) Phai chang dicu dd cd nghTa la ngudi quan ly cung Fhanh Fir ihuomg d dd? Cho nen cung c6 Ihl la cung Van Fhg, Nhan Thg va Bao Nguyen la ten ggi ciia be) phan danh cho sinh boat quiin the kicn Iriic khu vyc cung Fhanh I ir Hinh 1: Trudng An thoi Tay Han (Ohji 2011: 205) Trucmg hgp vua Hien Tdng mat lai chinh lam thi tam quan d cung Kien Xuang (TF-6/11/1341) Cung Kien Xucmg cd the la bd phan chinh quan the khu Quan Trilu" Cdn mgt cung nira la cung VTnh An xual hien ghi chcjp ciia 'n"-1364 V ill ring: "ggi chinh chudng phung ngy cung VTnh An la Biii Khoan ciing udng rugu Nguyen Quang Nggc (2012: 9-10) cung ding quan diem nhuvay 499 VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THll TtT (ciira VTnh An dugc ghi chep TT-1335 cd the la cira chinh ciia cung VTnh An) Xet v l ten ggi thdi Han - Nam B I C trilu cua Trung Qudc, cung VTnh An cd the la cung dign cua Hoang Thai hau' Neu vay thi cung dd chic nam d phia Ddng Bac (ve vj tri cung VTnh An d Lac Duomg, xem Hinh 2) un mn Hinh 2: Lac Duong then Dong Han (Mukai 2012: 250) Khi Hiln De len ngoi Ha Hoang Thai hau chuyen ve cung VTnh An tai Lac Duang {Hgu Hdn thu, quyen 9, ban ky 9) Nguy Minh De len ngoi, ton me lam Hoang Thai hau, gpi la VTnh An cung {Nguy Chi, quyIn 5, ban ky 5) Khi Muc Dk ciia Dong Tan mat va Ai De kc vi, Ha Hoang hau ciia Muc Di dugc goi la VTnh An cung {Tdn thu, quyen 8, ban ky 8) Co le VTnh An cung thdi da trd nai d ciia Hoang Thai hau Sau nha Bac Nguy (Thai Nguyen), Tuy va Dudng (Trudng An) deu c6 cung VTnh An, c6 le vdi vai tro khac 500 CUNG T H A N H TLf, CH^ OO THLfONG HOANG T rong cdn cd may trung lam tdng giao quan trgng: Theo IT-10/8/1226, Fran T hii Dc) giet Ly Hue Fdng d chiia thien Chan Giao (ducrc xay dyng vao nam 1024 thanh) va khoct phia Nam lam cua dl dua linh ciru phudng Yen Hoa dc thic^u Cd le chiia Chan Giao nam gan buc phia Nam cua khu ndi FT-1248 chep rang, " chiia Chan Giao lam clu Lam Ba, qua ao Ngoan Thilm den quan Thai Thanh cung Canh Linh" Quan Thai Thanh (cung xull hien TT vao nam 1255 va 1256) chac la trung lam Dao giao dugc sang lap vao nam 1011 lai ben la d khu ndi (TT, Dai Viet sir luge) va sau dd dugc sip xip lai cung Canh Linh (xual hien nam 1166 nhu la noi lam ll llm Dao - Dgi Viet sir luge) Theo Dgi Viet sir luge, vao thang 10 nam 1137, "ban dem rdng vang tir cung Thai Thanh bay vao cam ndi" Cd Ihl quan (cung) Thai Thanh nlm sal khu cung elm d phia Ddng Nam cua khu ndi Cdn chiia Dien Hyu dugc triing tu nam 1249 chic nam phia Tay Va cdn cd mgt chiia Phat quan trgng Dd la chiia Tu Phuc Theo TT-5/1299, Thugng hoang (Nhan Tdng) d Thien Trudng vl tham vua Anh Tdng, vua say rugu va khdng ddn tilp, Thugng hoang gian va trd vl Thien Fruomg "Vua sg hai, ngoai cung mdn, khdng thIy coi giir, qua chiia Tu Phuc, ihly bgc sinh la Doan NhOr Hai " Khi Nhan Tdng mil tai nui Yen Tir, xa Igi dugc mang ve chiia Tu Phuc d Kinh su (TT-I308) Chic chiia Tu Phuc nlm gin khu cung cam va cd chirc nang chiia la Phat hoang gia' Nhung ddng thdi, chiia Tu Phuc dugc sir dyng nhu la nai giam giii Vi am muu ciia bgn TrIn KhIc Chung, Qudc phy thugng t l la Qudc Chin bj giam Idng d chiia Tu Phuc va bj gilt (TT-3/1328) Phi d l cung bj giam giCt d day rdi bj Hd Quy Ly gilt (TT-6/12/1388) Sir gia Nguyen Mong dS vao cung n^o th^nh? Ngoai cac tai lieu cua Vigt Nam ra, edn cd mgt sd tai lieu ciia Nguyen Mdng cung cung cap thdng tin ve kinh Thang Long thdi Trln'^ Vao nam 1284 chlng ban, theo thdng tin ciia quan Nguyen da danh chiem kinh dd Thang Long, "Cung thil ma vua d cd nam cira, bien viet Dgi Hung chi mdn, td hiru dich mdn Chinh dien gian viet Thien An ngu dien, cdng chinh Nam viet Trieu Thien ede {Nguyen sir Theo bia thap Vien Thong chua Thanh Mai (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chii bien) 2002: 429), su Phap Loa den chua Tu Phiic d Dai Noi va lay xa Igi ciia Dieu Ngu (tire Nhan Tong) roi xuong phu Long Hung vao n5m Hung Long thir 18 (1310) Nam 1312 va nSm 1325 Thugng hoang Anh Tong va vua Minh Tong mdi su den chua Tu Phiic d Dai N()i giang sach Phat giao, roi nam 1326 Thugng hoang Minh Tong (?) mdi su den chiia Tu Phuc d Dai Noi de lam le quan dinh cho Thugng hoang (Sdd, tr 430, 433) Tam td thire luc va De nhi dgi to bi cung chep cac su kien Pham Le Huy (2012) da phan tich rat cong phu, nhung khong chii y den van de cung Thanh Tir nhu tac gia bai da trinh bay 501 VI$T NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU quyIn 209, An Nam Iruyen) Tir Minh Thien da tham gia sir doan den Thang Long vao nam 1289 chep lai: "vao vuomg din dien mdn xudng ngya, lai vao mgt cdng la dien Tap Hiln {Thien Nam hanh ky) Ghi chep phii hgp vdi TT-1281 ndi ve dudng vao cung ciia sir gia nha Nguyen la Sai Xuan nhu "Xuan kieu ngao vd le cudi ngya di thing vao cua Duong Minh Khi den dien Tap Hien mdi chju xudng ngya" Dien mdn Thien Nam hanh ky (d dd sir gia phai xudng ngya) chac la cira Duong Minh (Pham Le Huy, 2012: 49) Ngay 24 thang nam 1292, Thugng thu bd L I la Truomg Lap Dao lam chinh sir nha Nguyen din Thang Long Theo "Truang Thugng thu hdnh luc" An Nam chi luge (quyIn 3: phy lye), sir doan "Tir gid ngg mdi vao bao jP Afe!(Pl cung Thanh Tir (?) ^ [ ^ ] "g ', qua clu Ngoan Nguyel, llu Trudng Minh, rdi din cua Chinh Duomg, Lap Dao xudng ngya, rude chieu (ciia Hoang de Nguyen Mdng) qua cira Minh Duomg (Duomg Minh?) Dam tiiy lung vao cua Van Hdi, dam thugc lieu An Nam vao cua Nhat Tan Cho din dudi cac Minh Ha, trai tham tren dudng va ddt huomg ThI tu (Nhan Tdng) va chii la lilm Thai su Chieu Minh Vuomg (TrIn Quang Khai), em la Ta Thien vuomg (Dire Viep), Thilu bao (Dinh Cung Nienlf, Ngy su^ Han Mm tit ca tam ngudi len dien Thg Quang ThI tir bai chilu Le xong gac Trilu Thien, rdi xudng dien Tap Hiln dat yIn tiec Din nam 1293, su doan nha Nguyen Thugng thu bd Lai la Luang Ting lam chanh su va Lang trung bd Le la TrIn Phu lam phd sir lai din Thang Long Theo liet Iruyen cua Luang Ting {Nguyen sir, quyIn 178), "Thang gieng nam (Chi Nguyen) 30, din (kinh do) An Nam Nude (lire kinh dd) cd cira: giira la cua Duong Minh, trai ggi la Nhat Tan, phai ggi la Van Hdi B I tdi ciia vua An Nam ddn sir Nguyen mudn mdi qua cua Nhat Tan Ting gian dO, ndi ring: "Rude chilu ma khdng qua cua giua la tdi vIp phai xiic pham m?nh vua (Nguyen Mdng) vay", lap tire ve sir quan Sau dd (phia An Nam) md cira Van Hdi mdi vao Ting lai cd chip khdng ddng y Vi the mdi cho qua cua Duomg Minh ddn chilu" TrIn Phu cung dh lai ghi chcip: "Tir su quan di 60 dam, qua clu An Hda, lai di mgt dam nira la din phia Bac cau Thanh Hda Tren clu lam dc 19 gian Din nai d cua lii trudng (hJrc vua TrIn), cOra ggi la cua Duomg Minh Tren dd cd gac ggi la gac Trilu Thien Cira nhd ben trai ggi la cua Nhat Fan cira nhd ben phai ggi la cira Van Hdi, Irin cira rdng va cao may chye trucmg Di len Mac dii ban Tir khd todn thu chi chep ^ " S , cac ban khac deu c6 mot khoang giua chu ^ va chCi- H (.xem ban Trung Hoa thu cue xuat ban nam 1995, U 72 ghi chii Rat c6 the ddo von CO ch\s "|^" Theo TT-2/1292, Vien dircrc bo nhiem lam Thai tu Thilu bao (Theo 11-1282 va 1284, Vien CO ham Han lam hc?c sT, va tu 1284 - 1286 lam Bac cung Noi sat vien su) Theo T'F-9/1290, Do Quc^c Ke dang lam Ngu sir dai phu Ke c6 the du le don ta chieu Nguyen Mong vao nam 1292 502 CUNG THANH TU", CHE D Q THLfONG HOANG tir bac them phia Ddng, ben dudi gac cd biln vill 'Tap I liln dien', tren cd gac ggi la gac Minh Linh Ben phai dudng cd hanh lang din dien IcVn ggi la dien Dire Huy Cira ben trai (cua dien Dire ITuy?) ggi la cira Ddng Lac, cira ben phai ggi la cua Kieu ling, bien deu viet chii: vang {Tran Cirang Trung thi tap, quyIn 2: An Nam tire sir) Cac sir gia nha Nguyen phai qua hai cdng de vao cung dien nhu ghi chep ciia Thien Nam hdnh ky ("vao vuomg den dien mdn xudng ngya, lai vao mc)t c6ng la dien Tap Hien) Cdng thu hai rd rang la cym cua Nhat Tan (trai) - Duong Minh (giira) - Van Hdi (phai), tren cua Duomg Minh cd gac Trilu Thien Cym cua dd la "Chinh Nam mdn" {Nguyen sir An Nam Iruyen) ciia khu chinh dien ma trung lam cua no la dien Thien An Vay cdng thir nhll la cua nao? Khi quan Nguyen danh chiem Thang Long, chung cd the qua cira Dai Hung (chac ciia cd ba dudng song song va hai ben cira cd ta hiru djch mdn) la cira Nam cua Thang Long sudl lir thdi Ly cho din thdi Le Nhung theo TT-1389 (9), cac sir gia Trung Qudc den thi din vao cira Tuomg Phii, rieng nam dd vao cira Canh Duong Cira Tuomg Phil la cira Ddng cua T hang Long lir thdi Ly Su gia nha Nguyen lir phia Ddng vao khu Thanh Ndi rdi vao khu Cung Cim lir phia Nam Ben cym cOra Nhat Tan - Duomg Minh - Van Hdi (tren dd cd gac Trilu Thien), cd cac dien Tap Hien (tren dd cd gac Minh Linh) la nai dat yIn tiec cho Truang Lap Dao va di?n Thg Quang (tren dd cd gac Minh Ha?) la nai Truang Lap Dao chuyen td chilu ciia Hoang dl Nguyen Mdng cho TrIn Nhan Tdng NIU di?n Tap Hiln dugc lam lai d vj tri trudc nam 1029, nd cd thi nlm d ben trai (phia Ddng) cua chinh dien la dign Thien An Cdn ben phai dudng (tu phia Nam di len dign Tap Hien) cd hanh lang den dien Icim mang ten Due Huy Chic dien cung la dien quan trgng va nlm d phia Ddng khu Cung Cim Trudng hgp dien Thg Quang va gac Minh Ha thi vj tri khdng rd, cd the nlm d phia Tay khu Cung Cam Vay sir gia nha Nguyen da vao cung nao? Thugng hoang Thai Tdng da dat yen tiec cho su gia nha Nguyen la Lang trung bd Le Manh Giap d cung Thanh Tir (TT-6/I26I) Va theo md la ciia Nguyen sir, vua An Nam hdi dd la Quang Binh (dugc phong lam An Nam qudc vuomg vao nam 1261), trai ca cua Nhat Canh (TTiai long) da nhucmg ngdi vao nam 1257 va Quang Binh thdng In dat nude cho den 1277 Nhung, theo khao ciru cua Yamamoto Talsuro (Yamamoto, 1950: ty thien) nhan vat Quang Binh ihyc le la Thugng hoang Thai Tdng da nhucmg ngdi cho Thanh Icing chu khdng phai la ban than Thanh Tdng, va "The tu" Nhat Vien dugc ghi chep Nguyen sir tir nam 1277 den 1290 mdi la Thanh Tdng (lam IToang c!l lir 1257 din 1278 va lam Thugng hoang tir 1278 din 1290), rdi Nhat Ton dugc ghi chep Nguyen sir lir 1290 trd ve sau la Nhan long (lam Hoang de tir 1278 503 VIET NAM HQC - KY Y6U HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TU din 1293 va lam Thugng hoang lir 1293-1308) Khi cd Thugng hoang thi Thugng hoang da dam nhiem cdng vice ngoai giao vdi nha Nguyen, cd le de bao ve tinh tdn nghiem cua Hoang dl trudc sue ep ciia de che Nguyen Mdng Qua nhien, theo An Nam chi luge {Truang Thugng thu hdnh luc) thi Truomg Lap Dao rat cd the vao cung Thanh Tir (xem ghi chii 18) Dilu dd cd nghTa la dien Tap Hien va dien Thg Quang cd Ihl thugc cung Thanh Tir Sii gia nha Nguyen da din gac Trieu Thien d cira chinh Nam tren dudng di vao dien Thien An, nhung hg khdng ghi chep gi ve dien Thien An (ghi chep cua Nguyen su vl dien Thien An la quan Nguyen de lai danh vao Thang Long) Cho nen chiing la khdng Ihl doan dugc mgt each dan gian la sir gia nha Nguyen da din cac cung dien xung quanh dien Thien An, neu ca khu vyc ciia Duomg Minh - gac Trilu Thien cung nhu khu vyc dien Thien An khdng thugc cung Thanh Tir Khi cac sir gia Truang Lap Dao va Luang Ting - TrIn Cuomg Trung din (Hie nam 1292-1293) thi khdng cd Thugng hoang, nhung cac nghi le ddn liep sii gia va ddn chilu Hoang di nha Nguyen vIn cd the dien tai cung Thanh Tir khdng dh cho nha Nguyen bill cac ddi trudc cd hai vua (Hoang de va Thugng hoang) va Thugng hoang dam nhiem ngoai giao va lai, chung ta cin chu y din mdi quan h? giira Hoang d^ \a Thugng hoang An Nam chi luge (quyIn 13: Tran thi thi gia) chep vl cac vua TrIn tir nhll the din luc Ihl, rd rang tuomg duomg vdi cac vua tir Thai Td den Minh Tdng (Yamamoto, 1950: 6-11) cac van bia thdi TrIn trudc nhimg nam 1330 cung dim so vua tir Thai Td cho nen Thai Tdng dugc ggi la d? nhj dl, Thanh Tdng la de tam dl, Anh Tong la dg ngu dk, Minh Tdng la dg lye dl va Hiln Tdng la d? Ihll d% (Momoki, 2011: 288) Dilu ly Ihii la Minh Tdng dugc ggi la d^ lye dl nhumg nam 1320^ 1327 va 1328" (thdi gian lam Hoang dl) cung nhu nam 1335^ (sau nhudng ngdi cho Yamamoto (1950: 28-30) chi la sau nSm 1258 (cuoc khang chien Nguyen Mong Ian thu nhat) nha Tran giu gin quan h? ngoai giao vdi nha Tong vdi danh nghTa ciia Uy Hoang tire Thanh Tong va Thanh Tong dugc phong lam An Nam quoc vuang nhu cac Hoang de trudc (ke ca Tran Thai Tong) Theo y kiln ciia co giao su Yamamoto, viec Thai Tong nhudng ngoi cho Thanh Tong va sir dung ten gia la Quang Binh la nghe thuat vira tri quan he ngo^i giao vdi nha Tong vua thiet lap quan h? vdi nha Nguyen hoan canh chua ro long va Nguyen ben nao se thing Minh van chuong chiia Siing Quang (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trinh A Tai ( Fong chu bien), 2002: 137-138 Bia chiia Dai Bi Dien Minh (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A (Iong chu bien), 2002: 193-194 Bia vien Dien Phuc (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A T (Fong chu bien), 2002: 217-218 Ma nhai ky cong van (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (T6ng chii bien), 2002: 287 504 CUNG THANH TL/ CH^ OO THLTONG HOANG Hien c")ng) deu dugc ggi la de lye de cac van khac Dieu dd cd the giai Ihich la, it nhtit Le Tac van d Vict Nam (cho den nam 1285) den nhirng nam 1330', sd dcVi "de" dugc dem tir Thai Td chir khdng phai la Thai Tdng va so ddi khong Ihay ddi cac Hoang de nhuomg ngdi Nhung che Thugng hoang khdng the la gia lao sau Minh Tdng mat, vi song song vdi bia nam 1335 ciia Minh Tdng, cd hai van bia khac vao nam 1331" va 1333^ ggi Hien Tdng la de that dl Dieu khien chung la nghT tdi kha nang la nha Tran vdn cd che nhi de (hai vua) vdi cha la vua ca va la vua thu"^ ma che ay dugc giai Ihich lai nhu che Thugng hoang kieu Trung Qudc each dem sd de Ihay ddi^ Neu nhu vay thi cd the nghT rang, Truang Lap Dao den vao 24 thang nam 1292 thi Nhan Tdng da lam vua va ngy lai cung Thanh Tir^ Cung Thanh Tir nam d ben nao ciia khu cung cam? O Thien Trudng (Tire Mac) nha Tran ciing xay dyng hai cung la cung Triing Quang danh cho Fhugng hoang va cung Trimg Hoa danh cho vua ke vj (TT-1262) Tac gia bai cho rang each dem so ddi vua tir Thai To c6 the dugc sura doi sau cuoi nhirng nam 1330, chlng ban Nguyen Trung Ngan lam Giam tu quoc su cua vien Quoc sir (TT-1337) hoac Truang Han Sieu va Nguyen Trung Ngan bien soan Hoang trieu dgi diin (TT-1341) Xem Momoki (2011: 288) Bia Siing Thien tu dan (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A T^i (Tong chii bien), 2002:233-234 Minh vSn chuong chua Dien Thanh Bao An (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chii bien), 2002: 251-253 cac nude Dong Nam A ma dyng nude theo mo hinh An Dp hay c6 raja (vuang) va yuvaraja (pho vuang hoac nhi vuang) nhu Ayuthaya, thi vuang song d Cung Chinh va nhj vuang song d Tien Cung (hoang cung phia trudc) Nhan Tc>ng da dugc phong lam Hoang Thai tir Thugng hoang Thai Tong (1218-1277) song (TT-1274), nhung Anh Tong lam Hoang Thai tir (TT-1292) sau Thugng hoang Thanh Tong mat vao nSm 1290, roi Minh Tong lam Hoang Thai tir (TT-1309) sau Thugng hoang Nhan Tong mat vao nam 1308 Trudng hcrp Hien Tong thi Thugng hoang Anh Tong da mil nam 1320 nhmig mai den 7/2/1329 Hien Tong (me de khong phai la Hoang hau Huy Thanh) duac phong lam Hoang Thai tii va 15/2/1329 dugc Minh Tong nhudng ngoi Mat khac, cac vua tren cung nhu Thanh Tong da dugc phong lam "Thai tir Dong cung" trudc lam Hoang Thai tir Khong thi loai trir kha nang la "lam Hoang Thai tir" TT von c6 nghTa la "lam vua thir", mac dii khong ro cac sir kien "nhirdng ngoi cho Hoang Thai tir "c6 that hay khong Du sao, chung ta hay nhd lai cau noi tieng Nam Ong mong luc la "vua ke khong khac gi vdi Hoang Thai tLr"(cau dugc Ngo ST Lien dan Idi ban TT-24/2/1258) Anh Tong ducTc phong Hoang Thai tir vao 3/3/1292 (TT) Theo An Nam chi luge {Tnnrng Thugng thu hdnh luc) 505 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU Trong ghi chep dd TT viet la "Tir day cac Hoang de nhuomg ngdi deu ngy cV cung nay" Cau dd chac chi giai Ihich ve cung Triing Quang va khdng cd nghTa la cac Thugng hoang thudng d lai Thien Trudng', vi cac Thugng hoang lam nhieu cdng viec d Thang Long (nhat la d cung Thanh Tir) va cd le nam TTiugng hoang (Thai Id Thai Tdng, Thanh Tdng, Minh Tdng va Nghe Tdng) mat d Thang Long chi cd hai Thugng hoang trudc ddi Nghe Tdng mat d nai khac (Nhan Tdng mat tai nui Yen Tir, Anh Tdng mat tai Thien Trudng) Theo TT-I325, cung Thanh Tir d Thang Long cd ca quan quan ly ggi la Ty hanh khiln cung Thanh Tir (song song vdi Ty hanh khien cung Quan Trieu) va nam 1344, "Ddi Ty hanh khiln cung Thanh Tir lam Thugng thu sanh, cdn Ty hanh khien Quan Trilu van ggi la Mdn sanh Trong tai lieu van khac cung cd thdng tin ve ngudi phyc djch cho cung Thanh Tir^ Vi Thugng hoang cd nhieu chiic nang va uy quyIn bom (kl ca vl mat ngoai giao) so vcri Hoang de, chirc nang va quy md lai chinh' ciia cung Thanh Tir chic cung \an NIU cung Quan Trieu lugng trung cho quyen lye cdng cdng ciia qudc gia Dai Viet thi cd Ihl coi cung Thanh Tir la trung lam quyen lye cua hg TrIn nhu trudng hgp trilu dinh Nhat Ban lir the ky XI den the ky XIV, dd Thien hoang dai di?n cho quyIn lye cdng cdng va Thugng hoang (thudng ggi la In Cung dien cua cac In nlm d ben ngoai khu Dairi tire Dai Ndi) dai dien cho quyIn lyc ddng hg ciia "nha Thien hoang"'' Trong tai ligu cua Viet Nam, cung di?n ciia Thugng hoang cd ggi la cung Thanh Tir nhung cung cd ggi la BIC Cung TT-24/2/1258 chep ring Thai Tdng "iruyin ngdi cho thai tu Hoang, lui vl BIC Cung" Ldi ban eiia Ngd ST Lien vdi sy kien vilt la "cha lui d cung Thanh Tir xung la Thugng hoang", nhung An Nam chi luge (quyIn 1: quan ap, phu Thien Trudng) noi la "xay dung hanh cung va den day moi n^m mot Ian de bilu thj trieu dinh khong quen goc" Bia Nggc Dinh xa bi khIc vao nSm 1375 (Thanh Oai, Ha Noi) ghi ve Pham Tong lam xuy cong chi hlu cue thai nhac (cung) Thanh Tir ^W.±'Mf^Mi\^^!KXfQ.i^ da ciing lien (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (T6ng chii bien), 2002:579); Bia chiia Ong Lau Phiic Minh khIc nam 1377 (Vu Thu, Thai Binh) ghi ve Lo Dam lam thu lai dau triim khan nhu cung hau Thanh Tir ^a'fi5=^fxfil£i^il^!ftIfS^ va Nguyen X lam hoa dau phuc djch nhu cung hau Thanh Tu 'l^mmWfii'!f^'XM\'xn da dong gop xay dudng trai (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tong chii bien), 2002: 531) Theo bia thap Vien Thong chiia Thanh Mai, "Xay lai chua Bao An d Sieu Loai bang ciia tam bao :i!Sf^/J thuoc cung Thanh Tir theo di chieu cua Dilu Ngu (Nhan Tong)" (Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (T6ng chu bien), 2002:430) Ciia tam bao nghTa la tai san Phat giao, cho nen co kha nang la cung Thanh Tir c6 chiia Phat danh cho Thucjig hoang Ve che Thugng hoang, quyen luc dong ho va so sanh chiing vdi thiet chl chinh tri T rung dai Nhat Ban, xem Momoki (2011: chuang 7) 506 CUNG THANH TU", CH^' DO THLTONG HOANG Hd Nguyen T rirng Nam Ong mdng luc vill la "cha lui B I C Cung xung la Thucrng hoang" Theo T 1-4/10/1259, Ihucmg hoang ngy BIC Cung va cac quan din chau mirng Fheo ghi chii cua Tl' (do soan gia ciia ban Chinh Flew vill?) thi BIC Cung la Fhanh Tir cung Nhung theo TT-I230 thi cung Fhanh Tir nlm d ben trai tire phia Ddng cua khu Cung Cam Theo 'rF-24/3/1320, linh cQ-u ciia T hugng hoang Anh Fdng vira mat tai Thien Trudng dugc qua ciia Tuomg Phii (cua phia Ddng ciia Thang Long) dua ve cung Thanh Fir Mau thuin nen giai Ihich ihl nao? T rucmg Lap Dao chac da di qua cira Duomg Minh d l di vao cung Thanh Fir Dieu dd cd the ham y rang cung Fhanh Tir khdng phai nlm d phia BIC khu Cung Cam Ndi mgt each khac, y kien cho ring cung Thanh Tir nlm d phia Dong cd ve hgp ly bom, mac dii khdng rd BIC Cung sat Ddng Cung (cua Floang Thai tu) hay khdng' Trudng hgp dd ten ggi BIC Cung chi mang linh chit van bgc Cung khdng phai hoan loan khdng cd kha nang ring BIC Cung (Ihyc sy nlm d phia BIC khu cung cam, bao gdm cung Nhan Thg, Van TTig Bao Nguyen ) va cung Thanh Tir (nlm d phia Ddng khu cung cam) la hai cung khac ma Hd Nguyen Trirng va Ngd ST Lien nham Ian Nhung, theo y kiln ciia lac gia thi cung cd kha nang cung Thanh Fir thyc sy nlm d phia B I C khu Cung e l m can cii thir nhat la kinh Thang Long cd thi coi trgng Iryc Ddng - Tay Tit nhien nguyen tic "Thien tii Nam dien" dugc tri khu Cung d m , nhit la d khu dien Thien An va Long Tri Sir gia nha Nguyen cung vao khu cung elm tir phia Nam qua cu^a Duomg Minh Nhung Sakurai Yumio (1976: 160) da chi ring vao thdi Le sa, phu Tnmg Dd (tire kinh dd Thang Long) dugc chia lam hai vao buygn Quang Due d phia B I C va buyen Thg Xuang d phia Nam, moi huyen cd 18 phudng^ Chac each chia hai kinh dd bit ngudn tir viec chia ta hiru (Ta ban va Hiju ban) ciia Thang Long thdi Tran Va ranh gidi giiia la ban va hu-u ban cd Ihl chay theo tryc Ddng Bg D I U (hoac cua sdng Td Ljch d Ha Khiu) - ciia Ddng Thang Long Cung di?n Hoang Thai tir nlm d phia Dong thdi Ly (Momoki, 2012a: 371) cung nhu thdi Le (ve Hong Due hdn da) Nhung thdi Tran thi khong co cir lieu gi viet cu thi vl vj tri cung dien Hoang thai tir mac dii tir "Thai tir Dong Cung" dugc sir dung nhu danh hieu ciia Hoang tir Neu quy hoach khu Cung Cam thdi Tran theo mo hinh Tay Han nhu da trinh bay thi Hoang Thai tir co the d nai khac, vi thdi Tay Han Hoang Thai tOr chua nhat thiet phai d cung dien phia Dong Sau ddi Dong Han, tir Dong Cung mdi trd dai tir cua Hoang Thai tir (xem Quo Yongii, 2006) Thang Long thdi Ly co 61 phudng (TT-1230), nhung khong ro da phan chia nhu the nao TT-1028 (7) viet la xay dien Dong Co d phia sau chiia Thanh Tho a Huru ban Dai La Nhung cau co the dugc chep theo quan diem thdi Tran (ciia Le Van Huu?) Khi Ly Thai To xay dung kinh Thang Long, ben canh cac cung dien va cira thanh, chiia Thang Nghiem dugc xay dung d phia Nam khu "Thanh ngoai" Dieu ham y la Ly Thai To nghT den true Nam-Bac ciia kinh 507 VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI T H A O Q U C TE L A N THIJ TU (ciia Tudng Phii thdi Ly-Trin) vi dd la dudng giao thdng quan trgng nhat ciia kinh dd, gin tryc dd cd din Bach Ma va chg Ddng (cac sir doan Trung Qudc cung di dudng vao thanh) Xet vl thdi quen cac quan vao chau tir ciia Tay, tryc Ddng - Tay cd Ihl phin nao anh hudng din ca quy hoach khu cung cam, den mire cd coi phia Bac la ben trai' can cii thii hai cd Ihl quan trgng bom Nha TrIn tilp thu md hinh Trung Qudc thdi Han nhilu phucmg dien nhim mye dich xay dyng uy quyIn mdi me, uy quyIn vira manh bom so vdi uy quyIn nha Ly, vira dii sure mdi trudng qudc te mdi va kinh dd Trudng An thdi Tay Han cung nhu kinh dd Lac Duomg thdi Ddng Han dIu cd BIC Cung (xem Hinh va a tren), mac dii thdi Han khdng cd chl Thugng hoang va chiic nang cua BIC Cung Ihay ddi tiiy theo cac trilu dail Trong cac md hinh nha Han ma nha TrIn tilp thu, cd le quan trgng nhll la cac vien hoang Idc cd phu de d dja phuomg Dilu dang chii y la d cac laph dja (quan qudc) thdi Tay Han cd td milu, liic la nha Han khdng phai chi cd thai milu nhIt d kinh dd Khai quat gin day kiln true tdng milu d viing An Sinh (Quang Ninh) va ghi chep cua TrIn Cuomg Trung vl td milu d Tinh Hda (chic la Thanh Hda)^ chiing td nha TrIn cung cd to milu d nhilu nai thdi TrIn Va nha Tran cd cac tude vj nhu quan ngi hlu, li?t hlu, v.v cung bit ngudn tir tude vi nha Han^ Mgt md hinh nha Han nura la: nha Han coi minh thi hien hda dire XW^ (sure manh lira), cho nen cac thi lyc mudn lat dd nha Han (Vuomg Mang, khdi nghTa Hoang Can, Tao Ngyy) dIu ty xung minh thi hign thd dire ± | i (sire manh dit) Cac tai ligu cua Vigt Nam khdng ndi din ly thuylt ngu hanh, nhung xet theo ten hiiy ciia cac vua TrIn (Thai Tdng la Canh 55, Thanh Tdng la Hoang ^, Nhan Tdng la Kham B^", Anh T ong la Thuyen j:± ) phIn Idn cd bg X hoac B- Dilu dd cd Ihl giai thich nha TrIn the hien hda dire Cudi ciing, cuge khang ehiln chdng Nguyen Mdng, nha TrIn bj quan Nguyen danh vao kinh va sau dd danh phai thin phyc vdi Nguyen Mdng Khi dd trilu dinh nha TrIn cd thi nhd lai Iruyen Cao Td nha Tay Han bj khull phyc vdi giac phuomg BIC (lire Hung Nd) nhung din ddi Vu De danh bai Hung Nd Trong bai lya cho Von Kiep tdng bi truyin thu ciia TrIn Hung Dao, TrIn Khanh Du khen binh phap cua TrIn Hung Dao (theo dd ma nha Tran da danh dugc Nguyen Mdng va Chiem Thanh) bIng cau "Phia BIC rung ddng Hung Nd, True Dong - Tay ciia kinh co thi quan ve phia Tay nhu true thieng lieng kct noi kinh vdi niii Tan Vien Xem Guo Yongji, 2006 Xem dac san cua tap chi Khdo c6 hoc so 173, dac biet la bai vilt ciia Onishi Kazuhiko (2011) Dan thudng thdi Tran (cung nhu thdi Le theo Qudc triiu hinh ludl) cung co tude dugc bieu thi bang s6 tu fi Hinh thirc cung bit nguon tir chl "nhj thap dang tucVc (he thong tude vi CO hai muai cap)" thdi Han Xem Yamamoto (1984) 508 CUNG THANH TL/, CH^ D O THLTONG HOANG phia Tay uy hilp Lam Ap" (FF-20/8/1300) Rd rang Khanh Du vi chiln thing nha Fran nhu chien thang Tay Han Ndi ve kinh dd, nlu Thang Long thdi Ly du nhap nhieu yeu td Lac Duong va Khai Phong thdi Duomg - Tdng' thi viec du nhap cac ycu td Truomg An thdi Han cd the la mgt kha nang lya chgn hip din Cung Quan Trieu ? Cung Th^nh Til? Khu Thanh Ngoai (D?i La thanh) H&u ban ? Tryc Dong - Tay ,-Di§n Thien An —1 ^ yi^.i )ng Tri Cijra Tirimg Phii Ta b^in ? COra Ducmg Minh COra D^i Hirng ^ \ T h n h Thang Long Hinh 3: Thing Long then Tran (mpt gia thuyet) Can tiep tuc nghien cihi Nhu tren da ndi, ca Trudng An thdi Tay Han Ian Lac Duang thdi Ddng Han deu cd Bac Cung Nhung ndi chung nha Tran theo md hinh Tay Han nhieu ban cac ITnh vyc Hon nu-a, d Lac Duong thdi Ddng Han, BIC Cung (nlm d phia Bac Nam Cung) khdng the nam d ben ta vi Lac Duomg thdi Ddng Han chi coi trgng true Nam - Bac ma khdng coi trgng tryc Ddng - Tay (Ohji, 2011: 253) Trong dd, d Trudng An thdi Tay Han, thien tu Nam dien d chinh dien (Cao Td d cung Trudng Lac nhung sau ddi Flue De, Tien Dien cung Vi Uang trd chinh dien) nhung dd T ruomg An cd tryc Ddng - Tay (vi the cdng chinh cua cung Vj l/omg d phia Ddng anh hudng cua tryc kinh dd) Dieu dd cd ve phii hgp vdi quy hoach Thang Long thdi Tran, trir hucmg md ciia cdng chinh cung cam md ve phia Nam Va Bac Cung (phia Ddng) d T rucmg An sau ddi Vu De nam song song vdi Que Cung Pham Le Huy (2012) da chirng minh dieu rat cong phu 509 VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU TlT (phia Tay), hai cung dIu d ngoai hue tudng phia Bac cua cung Vj Uang Ndi mgt each khac Qui Cung d ben bti-u va BIC Cung d ben ta theo cai nhin Nam dien cua Thien tu Dilu dd khiln cho chiing ta nghT ring hai cung Tir (=Bac Cung) va Quan Trilu ciia nha TrIn nlm d vj tri ta hum (Ddng Tay) khu phia Bac dien Thien An NIU nhu Ihl thi cung Thanh Tir cd Ihl vira la BIC Cung vira d ben la (xem Hinh 3) Cd dilu la cac Hoang dl Tay Han vln d cung Vj LTomg va cung dd nlm d gdc Tay Nam cua kinh dd Va cung Thanh Tir d Thang Long gom nhilu cdng trinh kiln tnic, cd bd may quan ly va quy md tai chinh kha Idn thi co the ddi hdi dien tich \an ban Cho nen gia thuylt dugc thi hign Hinh cua lac gia ciing cd ve mau thuan Tdm lai, quy hoach Thang Long thdi TrIn edn nhieu van de nan giai Tuy dien Thien An va Long Tri van ddng vai trd chinh yong khu Cung Cam, nhung khd xac dinh dugc vi tri ciia cac cdng trinh kiln triic khac Dd la chua ke den van de tudng Long Phugng cd thdng nhll vdi Long Thanh va Phugng Thanh thdi Ly hay khdng Han nira, ghi chep ciia cac su gia nha Nguyen cd ve chi mieu ta cac cung di?n llu cac thugc cung Thanh Tir sau qua cua Duang Minh - gac Trilu Thien vi ngoai giao la cdng vi?c ciia Thugng hoang Va nha TrIn du nhap md hinh Tay Han tren nhilu phuomg dien, yong dd cd thi cd quy hoach kinh dd Trudng An Neu nhu the thi quy hoach Thang Long thdi TrIn cd kha nang la rit khac vdi thdi Ly va thdi Le Bai chi dat vln dl chu khdng tra Idi dut khoat Mdi cau hdi cd vai kha nang tra Idi khac Chung ta cIn tilp tyc nghien ciiru dk tim tdi cau tra ldi hgp ly, dd khdng thi thilu dugc nhirng phat hi?n mdi cua Khao co bgc Tai lifu tham khao Guo Yongji (Quach VTnh Cat), 2006, "Tien Tin Ludng Han Ddng Cung xung vj khao (Khao sat ve xung ho Ddng Cung thdi Tien Tin va Luang Han) ",Wen yu Zhe (Van dy Trill) s6 6, tr 53-80 Momoki Shiro, 2008, "Mgt s6 cau hoi mdi vl kinh dd Thang Long thdi Ly - Tran: Khai thac lai thu ljch c6", Hdi thdo qudc ti vi Viet Nam hge Idn thu ba: Viet Nam: Hdi nhap vd Phdt triin Ha Ngi, 4-7 thang 12 nSm 2008 Momoki Shiro, 2011, Chusei Daietsu kokka no keisei to henyo {Su hinh thdnh vd hien dgng ciia qudc gia Dgi Viet giai dogn Trung dgi), Osaka Daigaku Shuppan-kai (Nxb DHQG Osaka) BIC Cung dugc xay dung thdi Cao To, nhung duc7c sira lai thdi Vu De song song vdi cong trinh xay dung Que Cung Chuc nSng ciia Que Cung cung khong ro 510 CUNG T H A N H TU", CH^ D6 T H L / O N G HOANG Momoki Shiro, 2012a, "Cac cong trinh dugc xay dip va ngoai kinh Thang Long thcVi Ly", UNESCO/JFIT Project: Conservation of the Cultural Heritage of Thang Long, Hanoi 2012: 369-378 Momoki Shiro, 2012b, "So sanh Kinh Thang Long thdi Ly - TrIn vdi mot s6 Dcmg A - Dong Nam A", Quy tin thac UNESCO - Nhat Bdn 2012, tr 26-32 Mukai Yusuke, 2012, So-Gi Rakuyo no kyujo o meguru kinnen no giron (Nhirng kiin gidi gdn ddy ve cung thdnh Die Dmmg thdi Tcio Nguy, Shirin (Sir Lam) 95( 1), tr, 247-266 Nguyen Quang Nggc, 2012, "Gop phIn nhan dien khong gian khu trung tamclm Thang Long", Quy tin thdc UNESCO - Nhat Bdn 2012, tr -18 Ohji Toshiaki, 2011, Tojo no keifu (Pha he ciia thanh), Kyoto Daigaku Gakujutsu Shuppan-kai (Nxb Hoc thuat DHQG Kyoto) ONISHI Kazuhiko, 2011, "Ban vl noi thd to lien cua Hoang tgc nha TrIn thi ky XIII qua ghi chep cua su thin nha Nguyen", Khdo cd hge s6 173, tr 38-47 10 Pham Le Huy, 2012, "Anh hudng mo hinh Lac Duong va Khai Phong din quy hoach Hoang Thang Long thdi Ly - TrIn", Uong Quy tin thdc UNESCO - Nhat Bdn 2012, tr 33-67 11 Phan Huy Le, 2010, "Gia In loan clu ciia khu di lich trung lam Hoang ThSng Long", A'Ado co'/ipc, sd (2010), tr 11-26 12 Phan Van Cac, Mao Han Quang va Trjnh A Tai (Tdng chii bien), 2002, Van khde Hdn Norn Vi^t Nam, tap 2: thdi TrIn, Ha Ngi, Vi?n Nghien cim Han Norn; Gia NghTa (Dai Loan), Vien van hge, Trudng Dai hge Trung Chinh 13 Quy tin thac UNESCO - Nhat Ban 2012, Tda ddm khoa hge: Vi Khu trung tdm Hoang thdnh Thang Long, Ha Ngi, 21 thang 14 Sakurai Yumio, 1976, Todai Choan no seini narau (Hanoi) (Dai tokusyu: Toshi no shiso) (Bit trudc quy hoach Trudng An thdi Dudng: Ha Ngi, chuyen dl 3: Tu tudng thj), A.sahi Ajia Review (Asabi Asia Review) s6 28, tr 158-164 15 UNESCO/JFIT Project: Conservation of the Cultural Heritage of Thang Long Hanoi 2012, Nhat-Viet tuyen tap bai viet nghien ciru Hodng thdnh Thang Long, Vien Nghien curu Di san Van hda Tokyo 16 Yamamoto Tasuro, 1950, Annan-shi Kenkyu I (Nghien cuu ljch sir An Nam, tap 1), Tokyo, Yamakawa Shuppan-sha (Nxb Yamakawa) 17 Yamamoto Tasuro, 1984, Kokucho keiritsu ni miem hensyaku (Xudng d p tude vj Quoc trieu hinh luat), Takigawa Masajiro hakushi heiju kinen ron.syu (Tap bai vilt mirng tuoi 88 cua FS Fakigawa Masajiro), Tokyo: Kyuko Shoin (Nxb Kyuko), U.773-793 18 Yao Takao, 2012, "So thao nghien cim Tliang Long thdi Le so", UNESCO/JFIT Project: Conservation oj the Cultural Heritage of Thang Long, Hanoi 2012: 245-252 511 ... Thanh Tir cung" *, thdng dam vdi ngudi phi cu ciia nha Ly tai cung Le Thien vao chlu Cung Lg Thien chic la cung di?n hau cung thdi Ly nam d phia B I C ciia khu Cung Cim, va cd thI nlm giira cung Thanh... dd Trudng An thdi Tay Han, d dd ngoai hai cung chinh la cung Trudng Lac va cung Vj LTomg cdn cd may cung khac nhu BIC Cung, Qui Cung, cung Minh Quang, cung Kiln Chuang (d ben ngoai thanh), v.v... nhat la kinh Thang Long cd thi coi trgng Iryc Ddng - Tay Tit nhien nguyen tic "Thien tii Nam dien" dugc tri khu Cung d m , nhit la d khu dien Thien An va Long Tri Sir gia nha Nguyen cung vao khu
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