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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAM THI LAN THE SOCIAL ROLE OF CONFUCIANISM IN VIETNAM FROM THE 16TH CENTURY TO THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY Specialization: Philosophy Code: 62 22 03 01 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS ON PHILOSOPHY HANOI – 2017 THE WORK WAS COMPLETED AT GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr Tran Nguyen Viet Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Do Quang Hung Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Linh Khieu Reviewer 3: Prof Dr Nguyen Hung Hau The thesis was defensed before the Thesis Assessment Council at the Academic level held at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences at hour minute, dated … THE THESIS CAN BE FOUND AT THE LIBRARIES: National Library of Vietnam The Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS [1] Pham Thi Lan (2016), “The basic functions of Confucianism as a social philosophical doctrine”, Journal of Theoretical Education (249), p.35-38 [2] Pham Thi Lan (2016), “Contribution to understanding the social roles of Confucianism”, Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, publish of August (39), p.70 - 75 INTRODUCTION Reason for choosing the topic Confucianism was the political-social theory founded by Confucius in China in the Spring and Autumn – Warring States Period and was introduced into Vietnam more than two thousand years ago From a political-moral doctrine of social and human management, the Northern domination had used it as a tool of colonial rule to tie the nation's longstanding dependence on the Han Dynasty However, with the undeniable moral values of Confucianism, our people, from the resistance to absorbing its practical values, made it bring new values on the basis of cultural continuity Especially, since Confucianism was unique from the Primitive Le Dynasty, Confucianism played an important role in establishing a hierarchical order through the rule of feudal dynasties Historically, many of the Confucian studies have shared the view that this is a political-ethical doctrine Therefore, most of the abovementioned studies are focused on clarifying the ethical responsibility of Confucianism in the spirit of "the prosperity and death of country, the responsible feudal intellectual." Accordingly, social responsibility, at a determined level, is synonymous with moral responsibility Actually it is not exactly like that Ethicality as the basic premise of politics is the part of Confucianism In the history of feudalism in Vietnam, there is not any dynasty used radical morality to rule the country, but by virtue of morality and law in varying proportions, depending on the conditions of specific history Therefore, in studying the social role of Confucianism, it is not sufficient to clarify its social responsibility, since responsibility is obligatory This would require a new approach to Confucianism as a particular philosophical social philosophy of Eastern philosophy From such a situation, we choose the topic “The social role of Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century” As a research object of the thesis, hoping to contribute to further clarify the role of Confucianism in that period The purpose and research task of the thesis 2.1 Research purposes: The thesis clarifies the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century as the doctrine of social philosophy, on this basis showing its characteristics, values and limitation for contemporary Vietnamese feudal society 2.2 Research mission: To achieve the purpose above, the thesis has the following basic tasks: - Firstly, it presents an overview of Confucianism and the social role of Confucianism as a social philosophical doctrine in a number of key areas - Secondly, it analyzes and clarifies some of the main contents of the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam in the period from the 15th century to the first half of the nineteenth century - Thirdly, it analyzes and clarifies the characteristics, values and limitations of Confucianism in its performance of social roles from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century Subject and scope of research of thesis 3.1 Research subject: The subject of the thesis is the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century 3.2 Research scope: The thesi focuses on some issues of Confucianism and the social role of Confucianism, the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century; Clarifying some of its characteristics, values and limitations in implementing social roles in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century Theoretical foundations and research methods of the thesis 4.1 Theoretical foundations The dissertation is based on Marxist-Leninist philosophy, Ho Chi Minh’s thought and the points of view of Communist Party of Vietnam on the role of philosophical, socio-political and ethical doctrines, etc, in history to build an advanced culture, strong national identity 4.2 Research methods Research methods used mainly in the thesis are: historical and logical method; analysis and synthesis; system approach, comparison, combining theory with reality, etc, to clarify the social role of Confucianism in the life of the people from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century New contribution to the science of the thesis Firstly, The thesis contributes to clarify some of the issues of Confucianism, social role of Confucianism as a particular social philosophy of the East; Secondly, analyzing and clarifying the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam during the period from the 15th century to the first half of the nineteenth century on the basis of the analysis of the implementation of its basic functions such as worldview, methodology humanity and culture; Thirdly, clarifying the values and limitations in the social role of Confucianism in our country from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century Theoretical and practical meanings of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical meaning The thesis studies the social role of Confucianism as a social philosophical doctrine In addition to the two common functions for all types of philosophy that are worldview and methodology, social philosophy has more specific functions, namely, humanity and cultural functions On the other hand, the thesis regards social responsibility is wider than social responsibility of Confucianism when considering its functioning in conformity with the role of socialization 6.2 Practical meaning The results of the thesis can be used as reference material for research and teaching on the history of philosophy, history of thought in Vietnam Structure of the thesis Besides the introduction, conclusion, list of scientific works published by the author related to the thesis, reference lists, table of contents, the thesis consists of chapters and 12 lessons Chapter 1: Overview of researches related to the thesis Chapter 2: Some Issues in Confucianism and the Social Role of Confucianism Chapter 3: Some Key Contents in the Social Role of Confucianism from the Fifteenth Century to the First Half of the Nineteenth Century Chapter 4: Characteristics, Values and Restrictions in Performing the Social Role of Confucianism in Vietnam in the Period from the Fifteenth Century to the First Half of the Nineteenth Century CONTENTS Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE THESIS 1.1 Scientific studies on the advent of Confucianism and its main contents Confucius was one of the philosophical schools in China during the Spring and Autumn – Warring States Period, conceived by Confucius (551 - 479), a great thinker, politician and educator Confucianism has undergone a long history of formation and development, divided into many branches with different characteristics, so there ever are so many studies on Confucianism Here we focus only on documents directly related to this topic Phan Boi Chau (1998) in the book Confucian post Presented and analyzed some basic categories and principles of Confucianism in the process of its formation and development Tran Trong Kim (2001) with Confucianism mentioned the basic ideological content of Confucianism as well as the methods and different ways that Confucianism transmitted into Vietnam The book of Li Quoc Chuong (2003) on Confucianist and Confucianism consists of six chapters, which dealt with Legalism of the Shang Yin dynasty as the social basis of Confucianism Tran Van Giau (1988) in Philosophy and Ideology had analyzed and clarified the most basic contents of Confucianism, the process of introducing Confucianism into Vietnam in different ways Vu Khieu (1997), in Confucianism and Development in Vietnam, argued that Confucianism was Vietnamized, and Confucian knowledge made significant contributions to strengthening the good traditions of the country Le Van Quan (Editor) (1997): History of Chinese Philosophy The authors of this work presented the emergence of Confucianism in China from ancient times, founded by Confucius to the next generations of Confucian scholars who have developed and evolved into different sects Doan Chinh (2009) in the Dictionary of Chinese Philosophy mentioned item words related to concepts and categories in Confucian social-political doctrine Quang Dam (1994), with his book Confucianism past and present, addressed the requirements of Confucian ethics for the fundamental issues of social life; about the role of Confucianism in the management of society, human management Nguyen Khac Thuan (2007) in History of Vietnamese Culture presented the problems of Chinese Confucianism Thus, the above related studies all refer to the basic content of Confucianism Over two thousand years, Confucianism was associated with the formation and development of feudalism in Vietnam 1.2 Studies on some of the social problems of Confucianism As said above, Confucianism plays an important role in maintaining a stable, orderly, social society The problem is that we must study the studies of Confucianism as social philosophical theories to clarify the social role of Confucianism Around these issues can be found where and how to solve them in a number of related studies such as: Nguyen Ba Cuong (2013) "The issue of responsibility in family relationships through the thought of some Vietnamese Confucianist" Phung Huu Lan (2006) in the book History of Chinese Philosophy talked about Confucius and the origins of Confucianism; About Confucius dedication to the field of education Nguyen Dang Duy (1998) with Confucianism and Vietnamese culture Phan Dai Doan (editor) (1998), the book Some issues of Confucianism in Vietnam In this book, the author analyzed the basics of the process of establishing and the achievements of Confucianism in Vietnam in the historical way from the 15th century to the beginning of the 20th century When commenting on the social role of Confucianism, there are very few documents that mention it, and if so, it focuses only on its social responsibility 1.3 Studies on the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century Confucianism originated in China, was introduced into Vietnam from the "Northern domination" and underwent a process of receiving and transforming with other theories and, in particular, with indigenous elements that many scholars confirm that is the dominant element that regulates its transformation from its original contents Until now many research studies on Confucianism but understanding the role of Confucian society looking like is extremely narrow However, from a number of research projects related to this issue are as follows: Dao Duy Anh (1992) in Vietnam cultural history identified Confucian doctrine plays an important role in maintaining stability in the feudal society The book History of Vietnamese thought, volume 1, Edited by Nguyen Tai Thu (1993) In this work, the authors focused on the study of the integration, transformation and development of Confucianism in Vietnam, by a certain level clarifying the social role of Confucianism in the fields of liveing spirits of Vietnamese society in the history Le Sy Thang (editor) (1997) in the book History of Vietnamese thought, volume The book thoroughly researched the development of Vietnamese thought under the Nguyen dynasty as Confucianism being the core Nguyen Hung Hau (2003), with the essay "Characteristics of Vietnamese confucianism", said that when Confucianism was imported into Vietnam, it was "restructured" and “refracted” Author Doan Chinh (editor) (2013) in the book History of Vietnamese philosophical thought from the country up to the beginning of the twentieth century The book 17th and 18th Century Vietnam Economic picture of Nguyen Thanh Nha, presented the economic structure of Vietnam in this period On the economy there is a book by Nguyen The Anh entitled: Economy and society of Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty kings The book mainly focused on how the Nguyen dynasty dealt with economic problems, especially in the first half of the 19th century Phan Huy Le (2012) Approaching parts of theHistory and culture of Vietnam The book on the land policy of Dai Viet during the Le dynasty and the expansion of the education system during the period was designed to train a staff of Confucian intellectuals for the mandarin apparatus of the centralized monarchy Nguyen Quang Ngoc (Editor) (2000) Vietnam's Historical Progress Le Van Quan (2013) History of Vietnamese sociopolitical thought in Le-Nguyen dynasty Truong Huu Quynh (Editor) (2006) The introduction to the history of Vietnamese history from the primitive period to 2006 Tran Nam Tien (editors) (2013) Questions and answers of Vietnam's history from the Lam Son uprising to the first half of the nineteenth century The book presented the economic situation of our country during the Later-Le dynasty related to Confucianism Reference book by Le Thi Thanh Hoa (2011) Feudalist Vietnam with the use of doctor (1075-1919) The book mentions the treatment policy under Le Trung Hung for talent Le Sy Thang (1993) Confucianism in Vietnam addresses the issue of "Confucianism in history and its remnant in Vietnamese society" Truong Huu Quynh (1992), "The reform and building of the rule of law state of Le Thanh Tong" Le Duc Tiet (2007) Le Thanh Tong, the king of cleverness, the great innovator University of Social Sciences and Humanities (1997) Le Thanh Tong (1442 - 1497) life and career Tran Van Giau (1993) The development of Vietnamese thought from the nineteenth century to the August Revolution The author mentions Confucianism and its role under the Nguyen dynasty Nguyen Hung Hau (2002) Outline of the history of Vietnamese philosophical thought Nguyen Van Tinh (1997) Confucian education examinations Author Huynh Cong Ba (Editor) (2014) in The regulations and institutions in Administrative and Military of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802 - 1885) Nguyen The Long (1995) Confucianism in Vietnam - Education and Examination systematically presented the stages of development of Confucianism in Vietnam, the content of Confucian education in Vietnam Truong Thi Yen (Editor) (2013) History of Vietnamese thought The author's group presented the education of the Nguyen dynasty, beginning with Gia Long, choosing Confucianism as the doctrine of "ruling country", thus setting up a simulation model of education of China 1.4 Studies on the value and limitation in performing the social role of Confucianism from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century Refers to the social role of Confucianism and its significance as well as the historical lesson that it has left to the cause of our nation's development and development, including the collective work of many authors that edited by Prof Vu Khieu [50] with title Confucinism Past and Present The book brings together different perspectives and ways of evaluating the positive and negative aspects of Confucianism towards Wu of Han (140 - 87 BC), Confucianism was emphasized since then became the ideological platform for Chinese feudalism From the Song Dynasty onwards, due to the influence of Buddhism and Taoism, Confucianism itself also changed so that the ontological and epistemological issues that raised in explaining the moral principles of this doctrine In summary, Confucianism is a political-ethical doctrine, that is, to use ethics as a means to achieve the basic political goals - establishing social order and building, rather than restoring the ideal social model is thought to come from the time of the legendary saints Yao and Shun 2.1.2 The basic ideas of Confucianism The Confucian classics, often known, today included the Four Books and Five Classics Four Books are Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects, Mencius (book) Five Classics are: Classic of Poetry, Book of Documents, Book of Rites, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Annals The basic ideas of Confucianism can be generalized in the following aspects: Firstly, they are heaven and fate of heaven When referring to natural issues, Confucius often uses the term "heaven," "fate of heaven", but it contains supernatural nature Believing in the predestination power of heaven, but Confucius does not want to say "monster, disorder, force, God." However, it is no coincidence that Confucius emphasized the idea of "heaven" He affirms that heaven has the will, dominating the whole universe and man, and that the understanding the commandment of heaven (mandate of heaven) is a condition for becoming a gentlemen Secondly, they are people and society Confucianism does not attach much importance to the origin of human physiology, but raises the question of human nature, human relationships and human education In human nature, Confucian founders have no consistency, there is even a contrast between good and evil or accept the opposite, but for good nature of human beings, they reunite each other in education, teaching, and the cultivation of it by various methods On education, human training, Confucius and his students have always heightened their understanding of 10 the human world, ie, the social relations and ethical behavior that correspond to those relationships Consequently, the idea of education, the content and the method of education that Confucius and his students built, can be said that the content of Confucianism, and at the same time, it is the richest part of its thought About ethical behavior through human relationships, that began from family relationships, spread throughout the world Self-training is the basic task for humans to occupy position in society Thirdly, this is politics with a focus on the way to rule country In the thought of ruling country, it is Virtue, Confucius considered legitimacy is prerequisite political task, because according to him, political work was legitimacy An orderly country from bot to top is “king is the king, loyal subject is the loyal subject, dad is the dad, son is the son.”Rites" is in the broadest sense is the rites, regulations, rules, order, hierarchy of common life in the social community and daily behavior However, if the rulers not have the "humanity" as a moral category, then the two principles can not be fulfilled Hence, Confucius considers the basic content of virtue to be humanity, rites, and legitimacy Mencius's ruling country is based on morality, Also known as Humanitarian; XunZi promoted Rites in association with the law, also known as “Ritualism” Till Dong Zhongshu’s period, the thought of ruling country is defined as the combination between Virtue and Theology 2.2 The social role of Confucianism 2.2.1 The concept of social role and social role of Confucianism In addition to social responsibility (which is known as mandatory), there is another dimension beyond that responsibility, but no less important in social well-being, building a harmonious society in the spirit of Confucianists set out, that is its social role So where is the social role different from the social responsibility of Confucianism? Can the boundaries be defined, even if it is just a conjecture between social responsibility and the social role of Confucianism? What is the basis of this work? First of all, it can be said that the social role of a certain subject can be individual, organization or certain doctrine that often wider than social 11 responsibility Social role expressed through Social function implemention Here we refer only to the social role of a philosophical doctrine as Confucianism We all know that any philosophical doctrine has two basic functions, the worldview and the methodology In addition to the two functions mentioned above in order to put their doctrine into practical life, Confucianist requires two other functions to suit one's mind, namely, the human function and the general cultural function, as the functions that make social philosophy one of its own, the philosophical reflection From the identification of the means by which Confucianism to play a social role is its basic functions, we examined the social role of Confucianism in certain aspects of politics, economics, education and moral below 2.2.2 The social role of Confucianism in some key respects 2.2.2.1 The role of Confucianism in politics The social role of Confucianism in determining hierarchical relationships for the purpose of establishing social order is reflected in the following sequence: Firstly, establishing hierarchical social order with the promotion of legitimacy in Confucianism in essence that is clarified the political survival of the Western Zhou Dynasty Secondly, honoring the military is synonymous with respect and protection of the political institutions of feudalism Thirdly, the implementation of the virtual and humanitarian principles as the basis, the use of law and theocratic rule to support the establishment of social order, gradually restore the ideal social model 2.2.2.2 The role of Confucianism in economics Making people rich in the view of the founder of Confucianism is no unity While Confucius does not offer a specific way of enrichment, but only advises people to "Thinking when seeing the benefits ", Mencius proposed the point of view about Constant Products On the basis of the ownership of soil When discussing economic issues, XunZi outlined the situation of people if they lived in Right King politic, it would bring good prospects: “the close one does not hide talent, the far one is not hard to find 12 out, the countries far away are glad to serve the king The King is the teacher of the people That is the rule of the king” 2.2.2.3 The role of Confucianism in the field of ethics In social relationships, Confucian philosophies define five basic relationships, including: "King and servants, father and son, husband and wife, brother and sister, friends that are the path of communication in the world." Although different perspectives on maintaining the social order are based on ethical principles, Confucianism in general directs people towards good and advises people to be filial and respecful to their superior Hence, it is possible to understand the norms which people direct in order to maintain order in society 2.2.2.4 The social role of Confucianism in education For Confucianism, the realization of education and trainging is the creation of all necessary human resources for all of the above, in other words, for the exercise of its functions as a particular social philosophy of the East Confucius oriented education, teaching into the implementation of political goals are very clear, specific The later Confucianists such as Mencius, Xunzi, Dong Zhongshu, etc also developed Confucius's educational views, this makes the Confucian ideology of education have many advances that are still valid today Conclusion of Chapter Confucianism originated in China, and it long played a significant role in the ideological and cultural activities of the people The thought has been modified to suit the trend of the times, becoming a factor of the culture and dominant ideology in Vietnamese feudal society As a philosophical social philosophy of Eastern philosophy, Confucianism performs both popular and unique functions: worldview, methodology, humanism and universal culture The two specific functions are humanistic and cultural, with independent and complementary ability to the methodological function of the protection of the feudal state through education and moral training From the review of the social role of Confucianism through its 13 functions as an oriental philosophical doctrine, the thesis outlines some of the characteristics of Confucianism in Vietnam in terms of its role in historical society This is necessary for the thesis to continue to focus on the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam in the period from the 15th century to the first half of the 19th century Chapter SOME MAIN CONTENTS IN THE SOCIAL ROLES OF CONFUCIANISM IN VIETNAM FROM THE CENTURY XV TO THE FIRST CENTURY XIX 3.1 A brief overview of the introduction and transformation of Confucian thought in Vietnam 3.1.1 The introduction of Confucianism into Vietnam From the end of the second century BC (the time is often referred to as 111 BC), the Han invaded Nam Viet, so our country became the colony of the Han Dynasty for over a thousand years In that period, the will for national independence of our people never diminished, many resistance broke out as evidence for this, such as Insurrection of Hai Ba Trung Insurrection, Ba Trieu, Ly Bi, Phung Hung, Mai Thuc Loan and finally, Ngo Quyen, led our people against the Nam Han army, ending more than a thousand years of domination During the Northern domination period, the Han Dynasty initiated the assimilation, enslavement of our people in thought and spirit, right from the Western Han Dynasty, to a certain extent, Confucianism had been propagandized into our country by colonial government In the case of the thesis, we present an overview of the integration of Confucianism into Vietnam, thus clarifying its social role through the historical periods of feudalism 3.1.2 The transformation of thought of Confucianism in Vietnamese History Firstly, Under the Northern domination period, it played a major role in politics (the colonial government) and influenced a small number of contemporary Vietnamese intellectuals Secondly, Confucianism in early independence period (10th century 14 – early 15th century) Under the Ngo - Dinh - Early Le Dynasty, although the three feudal dynasties of Vietnam early in the 10th century were more interested in Buddhism, Taoism and almost did not mention Confucianism and Confucian education In the Ly - Tran - Ho Dynasty, Confucianism was step by step focused on the need for the construction and development of feudalism on high level Thirdly, Confucianism in the Later-Le dynasty (1428-1788) had a remarkable development over the Ly dynasty It was pay attention in parallel with the construction of the feudal state centralized state under the Ly and especially the Tran dynasty, the Later Le Dynasty, which was initiated by Lam Son insurrection, actively to use Confucianism in the struggle for national liberation and then continue to apply Confucianism to the cause of national reconstruction, establishing the immediate and longterm monarchy Fourthly, Confucianism under the Nguyen Dynasty was once again promoted, perhaps even a renaissance in the history of feudalism in Vietnam Thus, Confucianism since the introduction into our country, it had gone through three basic stages as we temporarily delimited above From the strange and denied one by Vietnamese people to accept in it positive elements that are beneficial to the needs of human and social life 3.2 Overview of the economic situation, politic - society, culture and thought of the feudal society of Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century After the war against the Ming dynasty, the leader of the Lam Son rebellion was Le Loi who became Le Thai To of the Later Le dynasty The Later Le dynasty survived for 100 years, then fell into a state of crisis, the main cause of which was within the gorvernment Only in the 30 years since the death of King Le Thanh Tong, there have been six kings to rule the country The coup of the Mac Dynasty (1527-1592) took place as a historical necessity, but the existence of the Mac dynasty was unstable and shortly after the declaration of the establishment of the dynasty, it was destroyed 15 by the forces of restoration Le by Nguyen Kim and his son-in-law Trinh Kiem in Thanh Hoa, leading to the South-North civil war The Nguyen Dynasty ruled the country for the first time on a large and consistent scale, requiring a proper domestic and foreign policy to rebuild the country and develop a dynasty For nearly a century and a half, the Nguyen Dynasty had experienced very complicated historical periods Here are some general overviews of the socio-political and ideological situation that influenced the performance of the social role of Confucianism in the period from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century 3.3 The Social Role of Confucianism in the Later Le Dynasty 3.3.1 The role of Confucianism in politics Confucianism in the Later-Le dynasty was considered a suitable theory for orienting the worldview and methodology of humanity in the social life of contemporary feudal society Confucianism had enabled people to perceive the necessity and importance of the throne to the destiny of the nation, leading to the inevitability of submitting unconditionally to the superiors From 1471, under the Hong Duc era, the imperial court’s law was drafted urgently in the new background of the country The imperial court’s law was issued to educate people, what to and what not to Thus, the role of Confucianism in perceiving the world (here is the Dai Viet society with the highly feudal centrist feudalism operating under the political-moral principles of Confucianism) is quite muzzle 3.3.2 The role of Confucianism in economics Since the fifteenth century, particularly the Later-Le dynasty paid attention to the economic life of the people in the spirit of "humanism is reassuring people " That means, in order for the people to have peace of mind, the authorities not only pay attention to security and defense but also to the food security of the people Production development can also pull the development of commodity economy in the field of trade Urbanization trends also appeared, forming the urban class Although it is not a doctrine that 16 emphasizes economic production, in general Confucianism is not a constraint to the economic development in this period 3.3.3 The role of Confucianism in the field of ethics The humanism function of Confucianism is to have a broad spectrum function, but its basic nucleus is to direct the existence of human beings, society in its own right in order to distinguish human beings from other species The resistance won, the Le Dynasty took over the dominion, the Confucianism as the pillars of ideology, so the problem of ruling country was to maintain power and "to keep the country is still", the moral is the basis in the combination with the law The way of moral virtue, which was mobilized to the maximum extent in the struggle for liberation of the country, so in the period of restoration of the country and the establishment of the dynasty, its meaning increased more than doubled 3.3.4 The role of Confucianism in the field of education - examination In order to promote the deep-rooted Confucian ideology among the people, consolidate the centralized feudalism government, the Later-Le dynasty undertook many methods, among them the main method is the field of education - examination Education and teaching were a common cultural function that went through all the guidelines of any feudal dynasty, if it wished to maintain its long domination and prosperity It contributed to raising the people's intellectual level, training people who benefit the country 3.4 The role of Confucianism under Nguyen dynasty in the first half of the nineteenth century 3.4.1 The role of Confucianism in politics To consolidate feudalism, the Nguyen dynasty organized and perfected the state apparatus according to the centralized feudalism, all powers were concentrated on the king's hand The government has taken major solution to eradicate other feudal forces, peasant uprisings, and at the same time to win the hearts of the people for social stability The choice of such state model must pay special attention to the role of Confucianism and Confucian education as the most appropriate 17 contemporary doctrine 3.4.2 The role of Confucianism in economics In the Nguyen dynasty, in terms of the composition of society, the theory consisted of four classes: feudal intellectual, farmer, and worker, merchant On land ownership, the state paid attention to the credit people and members of the royal family Regarding land regimes, land within a village is divided into two categories: public land and private land Public land regime was the minimum condition for the survival of all individuals in society, because the miserable people also had some parcels of land for cultivation and plowing to pay taxes or contribute to the village In the event of crop failure, the imperial court also applied emergency solutions to help the needy and prevent hunger, such as relief distribution To that, the government set up rice stocks for use in relief work, also called as normal storage The state encouraged expansion of cultivated land with reclamation policy However, the effort of the state was just a general policy that reflects the mind of Confucianism on the welfare, but in fact economic development was not the strength of this doctrine, so that those policies were theoretical in general, unable to solve the pressing problems of contemporary society 3.4.3 The role of Confucianism in the field of ethics From the early days of the construction of the dynasty, Gia Long greatly promoted Confucianism, taking it to modify the traditions and unification of the country's culture Loyalty, filiality, nobility, etc were also the most basic criteria that Gia Long relied on to use people Minh Mang had once announced “Ten commandments” to educate people In addition, Minh Mang also referred to the so-called good realms when it comes to the role of cultivating the path of good 3.4.4 The role of Confucianism in the field of education - examination Education under the Nguyen dynasty was based on the thought of the education of Confucianism and taking it as orthodox thought Nguyen Dynasty kings in the first half of the nineteenth century paid much 18 attention to education, they themselves were directly involved in this field in order to recruit talents, and the building and management of the bureaucracy was increasingly more effective Conclusion of Chapter In the Later-Le dynasty, as a founding dynasty, the Later-Le dynasty applied the social management theory of Confucianism, step by step bringing the doctrine to the unique one, from which Confucianism embodied its role in the fields of politics, economics, ethics and education in accordance with the function of a social philosophy The social role of Confucianism is wider than its social responsibility, so beyond the values it attains, the doctrine itself has certain limitations The historical lesson that the Later-Le dynasty left behind in social roles was not only absorbed by the Nguyen dynasty in its rule of law, but its values of humanity, humanism and culture continued to promote the current development conditions in the country today Chapter CHARACTERISTICS, VALUES AND RESTRICTIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOCIAL ROLE OF CONFUCIANISM IN OUR COUNTRY FROM THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY TO THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 4.1 Overview of the characteristics of the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century The popular function of philosophy is worldview and methodology In the case of Confucianism, its founders did not focus on exploring the natural world, but instead focused on society and people in order to solve the urgent problems relating to the existence of human being that each era set out Thus, the Confucian worldview directed people towards the perception of the pyramid structure as well as the institution of the feudal state With the Confucian approach, by its specific humanism and cultural functions, they will help us to identify its social role more clearly We can find its social role on some of the major dimensions in Vietnamese social 19 life in history as follows: Firstly, Confucianism reinforced the perception of the Vietnamese about the inevitability of the feudal state structure in pyramid shape Secondly, the role of Confucianism is to stabilize social order and development In order for the society to stabilize, the people are peaceful to earn their living and live, Confucianism has introduced a country treatment on the basis of morality Thirdly, the role of Confucianism is in the formation of humanity and humanism Performing the humanism, Confucianism in Vietnam focuses on two basic categories of ethics, including loyality filiality, along with loyality is rites, Using rites to command servants, according to Confucius, The government must be Virtue Fourthly, the role of Confucianism in the field of education and examination is to educate and select talents for the feudal state apparatus 4.2 Some Values and Restrictions of Confucianism in Performing Social Role in Vietnam from the Fifteenth Century to the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 4.2.1 In values Firstly, the role of Confucianism in the political sphere is reflected in the consolidation and development of centralized feudalism Confucianism contributed significantly to the rule of the feudal dynasties of Vietnam in general, from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century in particular, first of all, in the implementation of its function as a social philosophy of the Orient as we have analyzed above In the Later-Le Dynasty, Confucianism played a very important role in the perception of the inevitability of the centralized feudalism that was consolidated and perfected Right from the moment of taking over, the last feudal dynasty in Vietnam's history, the Nguyen Dynasty reincarnated Confucianism as the unique one, which regarded this doctrine as the mainstream ideology for its rule of country Secondly, in the field of economics, Confucianism was not isolated entirely, in contrast, there were also economic development policies to 20 improve people's livelihood In the period from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century, in the state of chaos, Confucianism did not help Vietnamese feudalists formulate views and guidelines for economic development The efforts of these forces in the rescue of hunger and disintegration were becoming more and more complicated, enough to see the role of Confucianism was not small Thirdly, in the field of ethics, Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth to the first half of the nineteenth century demonstrated its social role in the development of human conduct in society Confucianism focuses on moral teaching about Loyality Filiality as the most fundamental categories in humanity, because filiality is first then loyality Filiality is not only the root of Humanity, and Loyality is the expression of filiality when people expand their relationship out of society Filial is the basis, as well as the moral virtue for people to expand their relations out of society To well in the family, people can be dedicated to the king, and thereby contribute to the establishment and maintenance of social order Fourthly, the social role of Confucianism manifests its value in the exercise of a common cultural function on the basis of education, teaching Education is not only a means of fostering human personality and intellect, it is also the basis for building a learning society, contributing to the development of the core force for the establishment and maintenance of the social order, going forward to build the ideal social model 4.2.2 In restrictions Firstly, restrictions in the political field The powerful political culture that Confucianism was the doctrine contributed greatly to the creation of the king's power Secondly, restrictions in the field of economics Confucianism did not place the economic task at the forefront like other social philosophical doctrines, such as social production that did not neither address the issue of ownership seriously nor paid attention social production organization but took care the issue of distribution This results 21 in conflicting caste divisions, trade offspring as a way to make illicit profits with social justice Under the Later-Le dynasty, the land of the people was possessed by the feudal forces and the famine took place more seriously In the Nguyen Dynasty, the promotion of agriculture rather than industry and trade led to a restricted production as self-sufficient, a lack of openness to trade with foreign countries, leading to technological backwardness and limiting people to enjoy the achievement of civilizations in the world Thirdly, the restriction in the field of social ethics As a doctrine of insightful humanity, humanism, Confucianism promoted virtue, including loyality, filiality using filiality to rule the country, using loyality to maintain the dominant power These categories of virtue play a role in strengthening the blood relations in the family, but also because of which the law of the state is not strictly enforced Fourthly, the restriction of Confucianism in the field of education examination Confucianism in the Later-Le dynasty played an important role in the fields of education, teaching and examination However, the distinction of caste and human condition in society, such as the prohibition of singers, Cheo singers, etc in examination, restricted the interests of all classes in society The Nguyen Dynasty was a reign of Confucianism as a platform for thought, but it made many mistakes in education policy Conclusion of Chapter From such an approach to Confucianism and its social role from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century, we will identify the key characteristics of Confucianism in the performance of its social role; point out the values and restrictions of this doctrine as two sides of a medal From the values and restrictions of the social role of Confucianism, we can draw useful and practical historical lessons to clarify the characteristics of Confucianism in Vietnam that used to form hundred years of history with good traditional values and promote it, take it as a site for integration 22 CONCLUSION In defining the social role of Confucianism as a social philosophy, we recognize the need to adhere to its common and unique functions In addition to the two fundamental functions of every philosophical doctrine, the worldview and methodology, we determine that Confucianism itself performs two particular functions, humanism and culture With such an approach, we draw some conclusions about the social role of Confucianism as follows: Firstly, the worldview function of Confucianism contributes to consolidate the indispensable perception of all members of society of a hierarchical state organization, leading to a sense of military rule, absolute loyalty and to execute the king's orders unconditionally Secondly, the ethical methodological function that its two basic categories are Loyality and Filiality Filiality is the root of Human, the platform of family morality; Loyality is the absolute loyalty of the people to the king Therefore, at the macro level, Confucius and his students demanded to take Filiality to rule the country with a humanity meaning Thirdly, the humanism function of Confucianism towards the creation of a modern society Confucianism took people as a starting point in their moral-political doctrine From human thought, Confucianism performed the function of humanism, which is synonymous with good Confucian performance of its social role Fourthly, the general cultural function of Confucianism firstly makes its party's position not rigid, meaning that it is willing to accept what is conducive to strive for the important goal of social order and building the ideal social model On that basis, the study, clarification of the social role of Confucianism in Vietnam from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century, in our opinion, must closely follow how its functions performed as a doctrine that had undergone a long and revolutionary process of Vietnameseization From there we will clearly see its role in some of the following areas: On the political field, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of 23 the state's organizational structure, by which only the society can secure order and stability On the moral field, Confucianism favors respectful morals (loyality and filiality), but the treatment between ruler and ruled people is not a oneway, that means the superior must set the example for the lower one, thus building trust among the people; the power of the ruling class is guaranteed and the people are cared for and educated In the economic field, from the fifteenth century to the first half of the nineteenth century, the economic policies of the dynasties were copious, completely entrusted to the heavenly mandate, making life of the people very precarious In the field of culture, society, Confucianism plays an important role in training talent for the country However, in the process of performing social roles, Confucianism also left its negative mark on all aspects of social life Politically, Confucianism upheld the ideology of military rule, imposing the obligation of the people to be absolutely loyal to the king unconditionally Regarding ethics and cultural behavior, Confucianism emphasized patriarcha behavior, senior behavior and despised women About education, because of the concept of Confucianism is learning to become as a mandarin , enjoy the fortune and glory for family, ancestry, homeland, so the way to learn to pass at all costs led to negative phenomena forget Therefore, the analysis, clarification of the social role of Confucianism is not only to inherit, promote positive values as well as to overcome and limit the wrong side, its negative is necessary for the cause of renovation of our country today 24 ... VIETNAM FROM THE CENTURY XV TO THE FIRST CENTURY XIX 3.1 A brief overview of the introduction and transformation of Confucian thought in Vietnam 3.1.1 The introduction of Confucianism into Vietnam... Vietnam in different ways Vu Khieu (1997), in Confucianism and Development in Vietnam, argued that Confucianism was Vietnamized, and Confucian knowledge made significant contributions to strengthening... Vietnam Economic picture of Nguyen Thanh Nha, presented the economic structure of Vietnam in this period On the economy there is a book by Nguyen The Anh entitled: Economy and society of Vietnam