Bài giảng thực hành dịch (dành cho các lớp đại học liên thông)

QUANG BINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRACTICE ON TRANSLATION UNDERGRADUATE UNIVERSITY CLASS (INTERNAL USE) Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, MA Year 2014 UNIT INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF TRANSLATION Definition of translation What is translation? - Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies (By Roger T Bell) - Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language (By Roger T Bell) - Translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text (By Bui Tien Bao- Hanoi National University) “ Translators are concerned with written texts They render written texts from one language into another language Translators are required to translate texts which arrange from simple items including birth certificates or driving licences to more complex written materials such as articles in journals of various kinds, business contracts and legal documents.” (Bui Tien Bao- Hanoi National University) - Translation, by dictionary definition, consists of changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one’s own or another’s language (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1974) Translation is basically a change of form When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc The forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor/target language But how is this change accomplished? What determines the choices of form in the translation? Form and meaning There are certain characteristics of languages which have a very direct bearing on principles of translation First, let us look at the characteristics of meaning components Meaning components are packaged into lexical items, but they are packaged differently in one language than in another In most languages there is a meaning of plurality, for example the English -s This often occurs in the grammar as a suffix on the nouns or verbs or both In Vietnamese, however, plurality is expressed in an isolated word ‘ những/các’ Many times a single word in the source language will need to be translated by several words For example, a projector was called the thing that shows pictures on the wall by the Chipara Bolivia Second, it is characteristic of languages that the same meaning component will occur in several surface structure lexical items In English, the word ‘sheep’ occurs However, the words ‘lamb’,’ ram’ and ‘ewe’ also include the meaning ‘sheep’ They include the addition meaning components of young (in ‘lamb’, adult and male in ‘ ram’ and adult and female in ‘ewe’ In Peru, ‘lamb’ would need to be translated by ‘sheep its child’, ‘ram’ by ‘ sheep big’ and ‘ewe’ by ‘sheep its woman’ Third, it is further characteristic of language that one form will be used to represent several alternative meanings This again is obvious from looking in any good dictionary For example, the Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary gives 54 meanings for the English word ‘run’ Most words have more than one meaning There will be a primary meaning-the one which usually comes to mind when the word is said in isolation-and the secondary meaning-the additional meanings, which a word has in context with other words In English, we can say ‘ the boy runs’, using ‘run’ in its primary meaning We can also say ‘ the motor runs, the river runs, and his nose runs’, using runs in its secondary meanings  Notes Form-based translation: dịch dựa vào hình thức hay cấu trúc Meaning-based translation: tải dịch dựa vào nghĩa, dựa vào nội dung cần chuyển Source language: ngôn ngữ gốc Receptor language: ngôn ngữ dịch Principle of translation: nguyên tắc dịch/kỹ thuật dịch Meaning component: thành tố nghĩa Surface structure: cấu trúc bề mặt Primary meaning: nghĩa chinh/nghĩa gốc Secondary meaning: nghĩa sinh Practice  Questions for discussion What is translation? What definition you think is the most appropriate? Can you give your own definition of translation? What is a literal translation? Can you give some examples of literal translations? What is an idiomatic translation? Give some examples of idiomatic translations What characteristics of language affect translation? What are the secondary meanings? Give ten sentences, each of which contains a word used in a secondary sense What is the primary meaning? Give ten sentences, each of which contains a word used in a primary sense  Exercises A Identify change of meaning versus change of form Some of the following pairs of sentences differ in their form Some differ in meaning Indicate if the primary change is in the form or in the meaning Example: They robbed the old man The old man was dropped by them Answer: Change of form Her skin was as soft as feather Her skin was as soft as velvet She was as quiet as a mouse I didn't even know she'd come in She was as quiet as a night I didn't even know she'd come in Adults often look back on their childhood as a gold age Adults often look back on their childhood as a golden age He was a really unpleasant man and as ugly as sin He was a really unpleasant man and as ugly as a ghost They're not blood relations, - they're only connected by marriage They're not blood relationship, - they're only connected by marriage The students like to listen to music The students like listening to music I heard one dog barking his loudest I heard three dogs barking their loudest The man who is walking down the street is her uncle The man walking down the street is her uncle You ate too fast, and your stomach will hurt You ate too fast; your stomach will hurt 10 I saw him sometime yesterday I sometimes saw him yesterday B List as many grammatical forms as you can which realize the same meaning as the one given below Then put the same meaning into a language other than English in as many forms as you can Example: the cat is black the black cat the cat, which is black the jug water John bought a car a hot day mother’s long blue dress Peter’s house C All of the following have the same grammatical form With the change of lexical items, there is a change of meaning which is signaled by that lexical item, apart from the referential meaning of the word itself What meaning is signaled in each of the following possessive phrases? Answer by restating How can that meaning best be expressed in another language which you speak? Example: The man’s car - the man owns the car The man’s eye - the eye is part of the man the doctor’s office the doctor’s patient the doctor’s book the doctor’s brother UNIT STRATEGIES FOR TRANSLATORS Kinds of Translation strategies The following strategies have been suggested by translators, commissioners of translations, and others involved in translating as ways to approach difficulties in translations from English into Vietnamese STRATEGY : How to deal with non-equivalence at lexical level It is often the case that no direct equivalents can be found in Vietnamese for English words It may be that the concept or idea is new to Vietnamese translators, as in the case of ‘gender’, which is, in fact, a relatively new concept in general, and a very difficult concept to understand and explain in many languages It may also be that the concept is known or understood but there is no specific word in Vietnamese used to express it Another difficulty is that, in addition to their concrete meaning, some words have special connotations that are not conveyed by the Vietnamese word for the same thing The strategies listed below can be used to handle cases of non-equivalence 1.1 Translating by a more specific word In some cases, it may be appropriate or necessary to use a more specific word to translate an English word into Vietnamese This usually involves choosing among several different words, as there may be many Vietnamese words that correspond to the general category or meaning expressed by English word For instance, Vietnamese has many words that mean “to carry” with distinction being made depending on the size and shape of the object; its animate (e.g a child as opposed to a box); and how it is carried (e.g in the hand, or in the arms ) Similarly, the English word for “rice” can be translated by many different Vietnamese words, depending on whether one is planting it, harvesting it, cooking it, or eating it In these cases, the English word alone is not enough to determine the appropriate Vietnamese translation, and it is necessary to examine the English context 1.2 Translating by a more general word In other cases, it may be appropriate to use a more general word to translate an English word with no specific Vietnamese equivalent For example, English makes distinctions among mopeds, scooters, and motorcycles, the latter having larger wheels and engines than both mopeds and scooters Vietnamese, on the one hand, refers to all two-wheel, motorized vehicles as “xe máy” Similarly, the English words “paw”, “foot”, or “leg” may all be translated by the Vietnamese word “chân”, which does not suggest any problems of comprehension in Vietnamese, as it should be clear from the context which of these words is meant Another example can be found in a manual on community development, which translates the word “matrix” by the Vietnamese word “ma trận” However, in Vietnamese, “ma trận” has a specific use in mathematics only, and does not have the additional sense of a model or a plan according to which something is developed In this example, “matrix” is better translated “bản”, which is a more general word used to classify a written plan or formula 1.3 Translating by cultural substitution This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with one of the different meanings but similar impact in the translated text Because of their self-described “respect” for the original text, most Vietnamese translators object to this strategy and tend to translate directly, even though it is in appropriate For example, a farmer’s manual that has been translated into Vietnamese suggests the planting of different types of fruit trees which are not even grown in Vietnam The original manual, which was developed in other parts in Asia, was not modified at all for the Vietnamese context Though some translators argue that it is not the responsibility of the translator to chance the text in this way, the translator is in fact playing an important role in this task Translators should be encouraged to consider the appropriateness of the documents they are translating and suggest changes to make them more culturally appropriate However, this is not only of the translator, but also of the commissioners of the translation and the editor 1.4 Translating by using a loan word plus explanation There is some objection to this strategy in Vietnam, as many translator prefer to coin new words in Vietnamese rather than borrow English words However, this strategy is very useful when the translator deal with concepts or ideas that are new to Vietnamese audience, culture-specific items, and proper names of diseases or medicines that are widely known in English names For instance, HIV and AIDS are two loan words that are frequently used in Vietnamese, as they are referred to by their English names in almost every part of the world Because these words have been in common used in Vietnam for a long time, they are often used without any accompanying explanation Whenever a loan word is used , it is better to give an explanation Another example is the acronym for oral dehydration salts, or ORS, which is printed on every package and hence easily recognized; this is normally written in English with an explanation in Vietnamese : ORS (muối bù nước) 1.5 Translating by using a paraphrase This strategy can be used when we translate an English word or concept that does not exist in Vietnamese, or when the Vietnamese term for it does not include all the meanings conveyed by the English term for the same concept For example, in the sentence: “ Pregnant women should avoid alcohol.”, the English ‘alcohol’ includes all alcoholic drinks in its meaning The Vietnamese word ‘rượu’ does not include beer in its definition, so the Vietnamese translation should add the word beer to reflect the full meaning of the source language sentence Another example is that the English words ‘abuse’ and ‘neglect’ signify a whole range of behaviors, some of which are not conveyed by the Vietnamese words alone As a result, the English sentence: “Children should be protected from abuse and neglect.” cannot be translated as simply as “trẻ em nên bảo vệ khỏi lạm dụng lơ là.” This translation does not account for their full meaning , which must be unpacked for better understanding This can be done by paraphrasing as a translator has attempted in the following translation: “trẻ em cần bảo vệ chống lại hình thức bạo lực, gây tổn thương hay xúc phạm, bỏ mặc xao nhãng việc chăm sóc” Back translated roughly into English, this sentence reads, : “Children must be protected from all forms of violence causing harm or offense, and from abandonment and negligence in their care.” 1.6 Translating by omission Though some translators may reject this strategy as too drastic, it is sometimes appropriate to omit words or phrases that are not essential to the meaning or impact of the text This is especially true for words that would require lengthy explanations, awkward paraphrases, or literal and unnatural translations, which would interrupt the flow of the text and could distract the reader from the overall meaning For example, the sentence “ Much can be done even without being physically present in the meeting.” is best translated into Vietnamese by, “ nhiều việc làm ngày khơng có mặt họp” which omit the word “physically” in the translation The difference in meaning between “ being physically present” and being present” is so minimal that it does not justify translation into Vietnamese, which cannot easily express the slight emphasis implied here by the author, and would not so by emphasizing the physicality of a person’s presence STRATEGY : How to deal with idioms and set expressions Idioms and set expressions can be dealt with in the ways similar to those mentioned above With idioms, however, there is another difficulty that the translator may not realize that s/he is dealing with an idiomatic expression, since more idioms may make sense when translated literally 2.1 Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning and form It is sometimes possible to find a Vietnamese idiom or expression with a similar meaning to an English idiom or expression, and which is expressed in the same way One example is the idiom “ to fight like cats and dogs”, which is expressed using the same words in Vietnamese: “ cãi chó với mèo.”; another is “ Better than never.”, which is translated : “Thà muộn khơng đến” It is ideal if such a match can be found, but this kind of correspondence is not common, and it is usually necessary to use other strategies in dealing with idioms and set expressions 2.2 Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning but different form It is possible and easy to find a Vietnamese idiom with a similar meaning for an English idiom or set expression A good example can be found is the translation for to carry coals to Newcastle”: “Chở củi rừng.", which is translated as “ to carry firewood to the forest.” The meaning here is clearly the same for both idioms- to bring something to a place that has an abundance of that thing- but the way in which each language expresses is bound to be the culture of that language It is far more cumbersome to translate this idiom literally into Vietnamese with an explanation that Newcastle is a well-known coal-producing city in England (as was suggested by some Vietnamese translators), which would unduly interrupt the flow of the text and greatly diminish the idiom’s impact By substituting a similar 10 Give me the burnt one Once a blind man and a sighted man were eating sesame seed cakes After each of them had eaten one, the blind man asked for a second “Give me the burnt one,” he said The other man was puzzled: “Why you want the burnt one?” he asked The blind man said, “You are sure to give me the burnt one, anyway So it’s more decent for me to ask for it myself.” A man was promoted by the emperor His friend heard the news and went to congratulate him But he pretended not to know his friend, asking, “Who are you? Why have you come here?” His friend asked, “Don’t you know me? I am your old friend I heard you were blind, and now I see that it’s true” I’ve been looking for you everywhere There was a forgetful man who took his son out to play He let the boy ride on his shoulders A moment later, he suddenly thought of his son He asked people: “Have you seen my son?” They thought he was joking, so nobody pay any attention to him Then one of his neighbors laughed, “Isn’t the boy on your shoulders your son?” The man pulled down his son, slapped him furiously, and shouted, “I’ve told you not to run around Where did you go just now? I’ve been looking for you everywhere” News  Translate into Vietnamese On June 3, 2014, with the support of the U.S Embassy’s Office of Defense Cooperation, Department of Defense – President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (ODC/DoD PEPFAR), the Vietnam Ministry of National Defense, Military 57 Medical Department (MoD/MMD) organized the first workshop on strengthening military laboratory management towards accreditation Thirty two military Vietnamese medical staff from 22 key military hospitals and preventive medicine centers attended the three-day workshop in Hanoi, led by specialists from the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and U.S Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS) and National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE) The program supports the goals of advancing bilateral defense cooperation between the U.S and Vietnam, reaffirmed in the Joint Statement by President Barack Obama and President Truong Tan Sang in July 2013 Hanoi, October 28, 2015 - The governments of the United States and Vietnam celebrated a historic milestone today: the 20th anniversary of U.S.-Vietnam health cooperation and normalized bilateral relations U.S Ambassador Ted Osius, Minister of Health Nguyen Thi Kim Tien, and Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Ha Kim Ngoc attended the event and highlighted achievements in the health field between the two nations over the past 20 years  Translate into English Hướng tới tương lai, Hoa Kỳ Việt Nam xây dựng quan hệ đối tác ngày phát triển khuôn khổ Chương trình An ninh y tế tồn cầu (GHSA) để phát hiện, ngăn chặn đối phó tốt với đợt bùng phát dịch bệnh Cùng giải vấn đề y tế tồn cầu khơng mang lại lợi ích cho hai quốc gia, mà cho khu vực toàn giới Environments Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides People also pollute their surroundings in various other ways For example, they ruin natural beauty by scattering junk and litter on the land and in the water They operate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noise Nearly everyone causes pollution in some way Ngày ô nhiễm môi trường vấn đề nghiêm trọng loài người Đất, nước, khơng khí thứ cần thiết cho sống lồi sinh vật - tất bị nhiễm phá hủy Khơng khí bị nhiễm bẩn gây bệnh tật chí tử vong Nước bị nhiềm khiến cho cá loài sinh vật biển khác bị 58 chết Đất bị ô nhiễm làm giảm diện tích đất đai trồng trọt Ơ nhiễm làm giảm mỹ quan giới tự nhiên tươi đep Ai muốn ô nhiễm giảm Nhưng vấn đề ô nhiễm phức tạp nghiêm trọng nhiêu Nó phức tạp phàm (đại phận) gây ô nhiễm lại thứ mang lại lợi ích cho người Ví dụ khói xe cộ thải ngun nhân làm nhiễm khơng khí Nhưng xe cộ lại phương tiện lại hàng triệu người Các nhà máy thải lượng lớn chất làm ô nhiễm nước không khí, nhà máy lại tạo cơng ăn việc làm cho dân chúng There are many sources of pollution in our modern world At present, the most serious sources are acid rain, car exhaust fumes and oil spills Factory chimneys give out smoke that contains sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide These gases combine with the moisture in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid When it rains, these acids dissolve in the rain and make it acidic Acid rain is believed to be the worst pollution problem of all It has harmed aquatic life by turning many lakes into lifeless bodies of water In these areas, there is no limestone in the rocks to neutralize the acid rain naturally One remedy is to pump limestone into the acidic lakes However, it is not possible to this on a large enough scale to save all the lakes Car exhaust fumes contain carbon monoxide and lead which are highly poisonous In big cities, the exhaust fumes build up and pose a health hazard to human beings 59 GUIDELINES FOR TRANSNLATING UNIT Answer Fish does not keep good in hot days (Lexical error) He went to France by boat (style - error) She was concerned about Jamie and about his many dogs Lexical error He was embarrassed because he was wrong Structural error The medical exam he gave me was entirely complete Style-error He loved her dearly but he did not love her dog Structural Her reaction not only was strong but also was immediate Structural Her reaction was not only strong but also immediate My uncle's and your aunt's cats are beautiful Lexical Everyone knows the answer, but no one is willing to say Structural error 10 I was totally happy with the present my parents gave me in the morning of my birthday Style - error 11 The legs of the table will be broken lexical 12 She loved him dearly but she did not love his house Structural 13 Let's see X both of them on Monday lexical 14 I like to sing I used to sing in a band, but the band broke up, and now I don't sing very well Style – error 15 Ms Emerson is not experienced enough for this job (Structural error) Ms Emerson does not have enough experience for this job (Lexical error) 16 My son's, your daughter's, and his nephew's teachers are intelligent (Lexical error) 60 UNIT  Translate into Vietnamese Hoa Kỳ: Đất nước người Hoa kỳ đất nước đa dạng – đất nước mảnh rừng, sa mạc, núi đồi, vùng đất cao nguyên vùng đồng màu mỡ Hầu hết dạng khí hậu tìm thấy, tồn đất nước nằm vùng ơn đới Nếu tính tiểu bang Alaska Hawaii, Mỹ chiếm diện tích triệu ki lô mét vuông Lục địa mỹ trải dài 4,5 ki lơ mét từ Đại Tây Dương phía đơng sang Thái Bình Dương phía tây Đất nước tiếp giáp với Canada phía bắc, vươn tới phía nam tận Mêhicơ vịnh Mêhicơ Một xe lửa tốc hành, chạy với vận tốc 96 kilômét giờ, phải 48 tiếng để băng ngang đất nước Một máy bay phản lực bay ngang lục địa Mỹ từ đông sang tây phải khoảng tiếng đồng hồ Cất cánh từ sân bay bờ biển Đại Tây Dương, chẳng máy bay bay sườn núi thoai thoải rặng núi Appalachian Sau đó, máy bay bay hàng trăm kilômét ngang qua cánh đống màu mỡ vành đai nơng nghiệp miền Trung Tây rộng lớn Lên phía bắc, vào ngày quang đãng, hành khách nhìn thấy Ngũ Đại Hồ nằm Mỹ Canada Tiếp tục đến miền tây, máy bay bay vùng cỏ bao la vùng đồng quê nhấp nhô gia súc Chẳng rặng núi Rocky đỉnh phủ tuyết xuất phía xa Sau bay ngang qua rặng núi cao này, máy bay gần lướt dần xuống thung lũng trù phú California cuối cùng, hạ cánh cách bãi biển Thái Bình Dương khơng xa Nước Mỹ từ lâu biết đến tên “cái nồi hầm nhừ”, nhiều người dân đất nước chúa người định cư từ khắp nơi giới đến sinh sống miền đất Những người nhập cư điều tiên lịch sử Mỹ đến từ Anh Hà Lan Bị hấp dẫn lời đồn hội kinh tế tuyệt vời, quyền tự tôn giáo trị, người nhập cư từ nhiều quốc gia khác kéo đến Mỹ với số lượng ngày tăng, đạt đến đỉnh cao vào năm 1880 đến năm 1914 Từ năm 1820 đến năm 1980, Mỹ tiếp nhận gần 50 triệu người nhập cư 61 Khoảng 1.360.000 người Mỹ địa, cháu cư dân Bắc Mỹ, sống Mỹ Hầu hết sống miền Tây, nhiều người sống khu vực phía nam phái bắc miền Trung Trong số 300 lạc riêng biệt, lạc lớn lạc Navaho miền Tây Nam Đầu tiên người da đen đưa từ châu Phi đến châu Mỹ làm nô lệ Con cháu cảu họ chiếm gần 12% dân số Họ sống chủ yếu miền Nam nông nghiệp sống rải rác khắp đất nước Ở Hawaii, phần ba cư dân thuộc dòng dõi người nhật, phần ba người Canada, khoảng 15% có gốc người Polynesia, phần lại chủ yếu thuộc dòng dõi người Philipin, Hàn Quốc Trung Quốc Người Mỹ luôn di chuyển – từ vùng đến vùng khác đất nước, từ thành phố đến thành phố khác, từ nông thôn đến thành thị, từ thành thị ngoại ô Cứ năm người Mỹ có người năm chuyển đến chỗ lần để tìm hội cơng việc mới, khí hậu tốt hơn, hay lý khác  Practice Translating participial phrases used as an adverbial The baby did not stop crying until he was fed The thief was arrested as he was leaving the bank Jones does a good deed every day since he took his oath By the time the boys put up the tent, the sun had sad He spoke as if he were a learned man He sold the car because it was too small Since you won’t help me, I must the job myself As (since, seeing that) my secretary is away at present, I have a great many extra letter to answer However hard he tried, he never seem able to the work sastisfactiry 10 Whether he works or not, I don’t think he will pass his examination 11 On the way to my office I never stop no matter who calls me 12 The more I hate him, the more he likes me 13 He has such loud voice that he doesn’t need a loudspeaker 14 I shall go if he asks me 15 I shall go so long as (provided that, on condition that) he asks me 62 16 Supposing that he asked you, will you go?  Translate in to Vietnamese All things are difficult before they are easy The size of a man can be measured by the size of the thing that makes him angry Man lives by habit indeed, but what he lives for is thrill and excitements Tolerance of differing opinion is the only attitude that makes possible a free press An error doesn’t become a mistake until you refuse to correct it Humanity is not so adult that it can without hero – worship Whoever has an idea has a bargaining tool Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets nothing When we have not what we like, we have like what we have 10 Opinions cannot survive if one has no chance to fight for them  Practice on translation texts The regulations on cultural activities and the prevention of social: (77) Decree 87/CP, which covers a wide range of activities, was promulgated in response to considerable in harmful cultural activities The aims of the Decree are abolishing harmful cultural activities and dangerous social diseases, re-instituting cultural activities in public places, protecting and promoting culture identity and moral tradition of the nation, and encouraging socio-economic development of the country The thrust of the Regulations is to prohibit products and activities deemed pornographic, violent or offensive The Regulations also deal with protection of intellectual property rights and licensing of specified activities 63 The circulation of films , videos, audio tapes and compact disks , cultural activities and hire of book, newspapers, magazines and calendars, advertisements and sign boards must be approved by the local Department of Culture and Information UNIT TRANSLATING MESSAGES AND CARDS Thơng báo! Vui lòng ý Có họp lớp trưởng lớp đại học cao đẳng tiếng Anh vào chiều thứ Sáu, ngày 14 tháng năm 2011 văn phòng khoa Ngoại ngữ Mong tất thành viên đến häp Notice! Attention please!// There will be a friendly volleyball between students of the department of Foreign Languages and Music - Art of department // on Saturday afternoon, on January 15, 2011 at 4p.m at Multi-functional hall Please come and cheer on us! All the staff are requested to have (attend) an English open class // It will be held on every Monday, and Friday after working hours from January 15th, 2011 at p.m in the central meeting room // All students will be expected to be (attend the class) on time The Personnel Department Translate the message into Vietnamese To: Mr Black From: Mr Nam, a head of sales department No: 0903464798 Date: J January 8th, 2011 Time: a.m Message: Tomorrow's meeting will be delayed / put off to the next weekend because the manager must go on urgent business 64 Receiver: Le Mai Translate the message into Vietnamese To: Miss Hoa From: Mr White, a head of Personnel department No: 0914464789 Date: J January 10th, 2011 Time: p.m Message: Mr White would like you to book a table of four guests of the company for tomorrow's lunch Receiver: Tran Tan UNIT Suggested answer Trên 03 Tháng Sáu năm 2014, với hỗ trợ Văn phòng Hợp tác Quốc phòng, Bộ Quốc phòng Đại sứ quán Hoa Kỳ - Kế hoạch Khẩn cấp Tổng thống Cứu trợ AIDS (ODC / DoD PEPFAR), Bộ Quốc phòng Việt Nam, Cục Quân Y (MoD / MMD) tổ chức hội thảo việc tăng cường quản lý phòng thí nghiệm qn cơng nhận Ba mươi hai quân đội nhân viên y tế Việt Nam từ 22 bệnh viện quân quan trọng trung tâm y tế dự phòng tham dự hội thảo ba ngày Hà Nội, dẫn đầu chun gia từ Trung tâm Kiểm sốt Phòng Bệnh (CDC) lực lượng vũ trang Mỹ Viện nghiên cứu khoa học y học (AFRIMS ) Viện Vệ sinh Dịch tễ Trung ương (NIHE) Chương trình hỗ trợ mục tiêu tăng cường hợp tác quốc phòng song phương Hoa Kỳ Việt Nam, khẳng định Tuyên bố chung Tổng thống Barack Obama Chủ tịch nước Trương Tấn Sang vào tháng Bảy năm 2013 Hà Nội, 28/ 10/2015 – Hơm nay, Chính phủ Việt Nam Hoa Kỳ tổ chức kiện quan trọng: Lễ Kỷ niệm 20 năm Hợp tác Y tế Việt Nam – Hoa Kỳ bình thường hóa quan hệ song phương Đại sứ Ted Osius, Bộ trưởng Y tế Nguyễn Thị Kim Tiến, Thứ trưởng Ngoại giao Hà Kim Ngọc tham dự Lễ kỷ niệm 65 nêu bật thành tựu lĩnh vực y tế mà hai nước đạt 20 năm qua  Translate into English Looking forward to the future, the U.S and Vietnam have established a growing partnership under the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) since last year, to better prevent, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks Addressing issues of global health importance together not only benefits both countries, but also the region and world at large Ơ nhiễm mơi trường thuật ngữ tất cách người làm ô nhiễm môi trường xung quanh họ Con người làm ô nhiễm không khí khí độc khói, làm nhiễm nước chất hóa học loại chất khác, hủy hoại đất nhiều poại phân bón thuốc trừ sâu Con người làm ô nhiễm môi trường nhiều cách khác Ví dụ họ làm hỏng cảnh đẹp tự nhiên vứt bừa đồ cũ rác rưởi xung quanh Họ vận hành máy móc tầu xe làm khơng khí ồn khó chịu Gần cách hay cách khác gây ô nhiễm môi trường Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity today Air, water, and soil-all harmed by pollution – are necessary to the survival of all living things Badly polluted air can cause illness and even death Polluted water kills fish and other marine life Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing food Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful word Everyone wants to reduce pollution But the pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious because things that benefit people cause much pollution For example, exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of all air pollution But the automobile provides transportation for millions of people Factories discharge much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories provide jobs for people Too much fertilizer and pesticides are important aids to the growing of crops 66 Khi xả rác vỉa hè dọc theo lề đường, rửa cống thoát nước sau trận mưa lớn Cuối dòng nước chảy đến dòng sơng đại dương gần //Tất cần nước để uống sinh hoạt Nếu nước trở nên nhiễm từ rác khơng hữu ích Động vật nhầm lẫn loại rác mặt nước thức ăn bị chết nghẹt thức ăn rác //Thực chúng không cố gắng ăn rác để bị mắc vướng vào Rác bẩn Nó khơng khơng nhìn đẹp mắt mà mang đến mầm bệnh // Các vi trùng mang mầm bệnh từ loài động vật bị thu hút vào khu vực có nhiều rác Sau lồi động vật tiếp tục truyền bệnh đến cho người bệnh 67 REFENCES Fogiel, M., (1995), REA's Handbook of English Grammar, Style, and Writing, Researchand Education Association Tuấn,Nguyễn Văn , Giáo trình Dịch 4, Vân, Hồng Văn (2006), Translation: Theory And Practice, A textbook for senior students of English, Nhà xuất giáo dục Lê Huy Lâm, Trương Hoàng Duy & Phạm Văn Thuận, (2009), Luyện dịch AnhViệt, Việt Anh , Nhà xuất tổng hợp TP Hồ Chí Minh Lê Văn Sự, (2011), A collection of 692 passages for English- Vietnamese and Vietnamese-English translation,( Tuyển tập 692 đoạn văn luyện dịch Anh – Việt Việt – Anh, Nxb Hồng Đức Phạm Phương Luyện, (2008), Để học tốt mơn dịch, Theo giáo trình EnglishVietnamese Translation Material for Advanced Students of English, Vietnam National University College of Foreign Languages Websites: http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/ http://tailieu.vn/tim-kiem/tai-lieu/luyen%20dich%20anh%20viet.html 68 69 70 71 ... create an idiomatic translation: “ Thủ tướng giao cho quan có liên quan ban hành luật khu công nghiệp nhằm cung cấp số sở pháp lý hoàn chỉnh cho việc hoạt động khu công nghiệp khu chế xuất Việt... ngữ gốc Receptor language: ngôn ngữ dịch Principle of translation: nguyên tắc dịch/ kỹ thuật dịch Meaning component: thành tố nghĩa Surface structure: cấu trúc bề mặt Primary meaning: nghĩa chinh/nghĩa... with “thích đáng, thích hợp, có liên quan”; “ agency” with “ đại lý, quan, chi nhánh”; “foundation” “nền móng, tảng, sở” For this reason, in this context it should be chosen the most appropriate