Bài giảng thực hành biên dịch (dành cho sinh viên ngành cđ tiếng anh)

Translating by a more specific word Context In some cases, it may be appropriate or necessary to use a more specific word to translate an English word into Vietnamese.. This usually inv

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢNG BÌNH

KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ

GIÁO TRÌNH (Lưu hành nội bộ) THỰC HÀNH BIÊN DỊCH

TRANSLATION PRACTICE

(Dành cho sinh viên ngành cao đẳng tiếng Anh)

Tác giả: Nguyễn Thọ Phước Thảo

Năm 2015

MỤC LỤC

Lời mở đầu

Unit 1: How to deal with non-equivalence at lexical level……….3

Unit 2: How to deal with idioms and set expressions……….9

Unit 3: Dealing with structural errors………13

Unit 4: How to deal with style errors……… 19

Unit 5: Translation of cultural terms……… 22

Unit 6: Translation of sentences……… 28

Unit 7: Translation of texts……… 43 Tài liệu tham khảo

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

Giáo trình thực hành biên dịch được biên soạn phù hợp với trình độ và yêu cầu đào tạo đối với sinh viên ngành cao đẳng tiếng Anh Giáo trình giúp cho sinh viên nắm vững các kiến thức

cơ bản về các loại hình biên dịch, kỹ thuật biên dịch và những lỗi cần tránh khi dịch Sinh viên được áp dụng lý thuyết vào các bài tập thực hành theo độ khó tăng dần: luyện tập dịch các mẫu câu cơ bản, dịch các loại mệnh đề và dịch các đoạn ngắn theo chủ đề: Văn hoá, giáo dục, kinh tế, giải trí, khoa học

Giáo trình giúp sinh viên có khả năng vận dụng linh hoạt những phương pháp, kỹ thuật dịch cơ bản, phân tích được nội dung văn bản gốc dựa trên những nguyên tắc dịch thuật đã học, biết cách tránh các lỗi thường gặp trong quá trình biên dịch, từ đó lựa chọn từ, cấu trúc ngữ pháp thích hợp để tạo ra bản dịch hay và chính xác

UNIT 1 HOW TO DEAL WITH NON-EQUIVALENCE

AT LEXICAL LEVEL

It is often the case that no direct equivalents can be found in Vietnamese for English words It may be that the concept or idea is new to Vietnamese translators,

as in the case of „gender‟, which is, in fact, a relatively new concept in general, and

a very difficult concept is known or understand and explain in many languages It may also be that the concept is known or understood that there is no specific word

in Vietnamese used to express it Another difficulty is that, in addition to their concrete meaning, some words have special connotations that are not conveyed by the Vietnamese word for the same thing The strategies listed below can be used to handle cases of non-equivalence

1 Translating by a more specific word (Context)

In some cases, it may be appropriate or necessary to use a more specific word to translate an English word into Vietnamese This usually involves choosing among different words, as there may be many Vietnamese words that correspond to the general category or meaning expressed by English word For instance, Vietnamese has many words that mean „to carry‟ with distinction being made depending on the size and shape of the object; its animate (e.g a child as opposed to a box); and how

it is carried (e.g in the hand, or in the arms…) Similarly, the English word for

„rice‟ can be translated by many different Vietnamese words, depending on whether one is planting it, harvesting it, cooking it, or eating it In these cases, the English word alone is not enough to determine the appropriate Vietnamese translation, and it is necessary to examine the English context

Example:

Below are 10 different uses (meanings) of the word “Run” (English)

1 the boy runs

2 run along

3 color runs

4 run the computer

5 vine runs

6 boss runs a company

7 runs for president

8 time runs fast

9 run over

10 dry run

2 Translating by a more general word

In other cases, it may be appropriate to use a more general word to translate and English word with no specific Vietnamese equivalent For example, English makes distinctions among mopeds, scooters, and motorcycles, the larger wheels and engines than both moped and scooters Vietnamese, on the other hand, refers to all two-wheel, motorized vehicles as „xe máy‟ Similarly, the English word „paw‟,

„foot‟, or „leg‟ may all be translated by the Vietnamese word „chân‟, which does not suggest any problems of comprehension in Vietnamese, as it should be clear from the context which of these words is meanr Another example can be found in

a manual on community development, which translates the word „matrix‟ by the Vietnamese word „ma trận‟ has a specific use in mathematics only, and does not have the additional sense of a model or a plan according to which something is developed In this example, „matrix‟ is better translated „bản‟, which is a more general word used to classify a written plan or formula

3 Translating by cultural substitution

This strategies involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with one of the different meanings by similar impact in the translated text Because of their self-described „respect‟ for the original text, most Vietnamese translators object to this strategy and tend to translate directly, even though it is in appropriate For example, a farmer‟s manual that has been translated into Vietnamese suggests the planting of different types of fruit trees which are not even grown in Vietnam The original manual, which was developed in other parts in Asia, was not modified at all for the Vietnamese context Though some translators argue that it is not the responsibility of the translator to change the text in this way, the translator is in fact playing an important role in this task Translators should be encouraged to consider the appropriateness of the documents they are translating and suggest changes to make them more culturally appropriate However, this is not only the burden of the translator, but also of the commissioners of the translation and the editor

4 Translating by using a loan word plus explanation

There is some objection to this strategy in Vietnam, as many translators prefer to coin new words in Vietnamese rather than borrow English words However, this strategy is very useful when the translator deal with concepts or ideas that are new

to Vietnamese audience, culture-specific items, and proper names or diseases or medicines that are widely known in English names For instance, HIV and AIDS are two loan words that are frequently used in Vietnamese, as they are referred to

by their English names in almost every part of the world Because these words have been in common used in Vietnam for a long time, they are often used without any accompanying explanation Whenever a loan word is used, it is better to give an explanation Another example is the acronym for oral dehydration salts, or ORS, which is printed on every package and hence easily reorganized; this is normally written in English with an explanation in Vietnamese: ORS (muối bù mất nước)

5 Translating by using a paraphrase

This strategy can be used when we translate an English word or concept that does not exist in Vietnamese, or when the Vietnamese term for it does not introduce all the meanings conveyed by the English term for the same concept For example, in the sentence: „Pregnant women should avoid alcohol.‟, the English „alcohol‟ includes all alcoholic drinks in its meaning The Vietnamese word „rượu‟ does not include beer in its definition, so the Vietnamese translation should add the word beer to reflect the full meaning of the source language sentence Another example

is that the English words „abuse‟ and „neglect‟ signify a whole range of behaviors, some of which are not conveyed by the Vietnamese words alone As a result, the

English sentence: „Children should be protected from abuse and neglect,‟ can not

be translated simply as „Trẻ em phải được bảo vệ khỏi sự lạm dụng và lơ là.‟ This

translation does not account for their full meaning, which must be unpacked for better understanding This can be done by paraphrasing as a translator has

attempted in the following translation: „Trẻ em cần bảo vệ chống lại mọi hình thức bạo lực, gây tổn thương hay xúc phạm, bỏ mặc hoặc xao nhãng trong việc chăm sóc‟ Back translated roughly into English, this sentence reads: „Children must be protected from all forms of violence causing harm or offense, and form abandonment and negligence in their care.‟

khi không có mặt tại cuộc họp‟ which omit the word „physically‟ in the translation The difference in meaning between „being physically present‟ and „being present‟

is so minimal that it does not justify translation into Vietnamese, which cannot easily express the slight emphasis implied here by the author, and would not do so

by emphasizing the physicality of a person‟s presence

II Circle the correct word

1 I couldn‟t begin/ start my car this morning, the battery was flat

2 We will discuss the matter before/ in front of he arrives

3 Tim speaks/ says/ tells French much better than me

4 Can you borrow/ lend me $20 please? I‟ll pay it back tomorrow

5 You can easily fit three people on to the back chair/ seat of your car

6 He was killed by/ with a knife

7 It‟s not good telling the teacher you‟ve left/ forgotten your books at home

8 You really must/ have to come and see us some time

9 I was able to drive to London quickly because the road was clean/ clear

III Translate

1 We must all work together to contribute to the building of a strong nation

2 The Labor Government was blamed by many Australian people for contributing to the poor economy

3 She is a beautiful dancer

4 The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister

5 He was a failure in art

6 Premature babies usually have breathing problems

7 Although he is the head of the company, he has no head

8 In 1999, some major commodities were stockpiled because of poor quality

9 According to Mr Thien, his plant curently produces lubricants under the API (American Petroleum Institute) standards

10 Nói chuyện qua điện thoại thì dễ bị hiểu nhầm

11 Chúng tôi thật sự chia buồn về việc ra đi của bố bạn

12 Kha Luân Bố đã tìm ra Tân thế giới vào năm 1842

13 Tôi đang tìm cuốn sách

14 Micheal Faraday đã tìm ra máy phát điện

15 Tiến hai bước về phía tôi

UNIT 2 HOW TO DEAL WITH IDIOMS AND SET EXPRESSIONS

Every language has a set of idioms and fixed expressions of its own, which has been created and developed throughout history It is profoundly influenced by the geographical position, natural and social conditions of the culture in which the language is used Thus, the sets of idioms and fixed of expressions in different languages varies in many ways

Idioms and set expressions can be dealt with in the ways similar to those mentioned above With idioms, however, there is another difficulty that the translator may not realize that s/he is dealing with an idiomatic expression, since more idioms may make sense when translated literally

1 Using an idiom or a set expression of similar meaning and form

It is sometimes possible to find a Vietnamese idiom or expression with a similar meaning to an English idiom or expression, and which is expressed in the same way One example is the idiom „to fight like cats and dogs‟, which is expressed using the same words in Vietnamese: „Cãi nhau như chó với mèo.‟; anther is

„Better than never.‟, which is translated: „Thà muộn còn hơn không đến‟ It is ideal

if such a match can be found, but this kind of correspondence is not common, and it

is usually necessary to use other strategies in dealing with idioms and set expressions

Ex:

- Face to face  Mặt đối mặt

- Love is blind  Yêu là mù quáng

2 Using an idiom or set expression of similar but different form

It is possible and easy to find a Vietnamese idiom with a similar meaning for an English idiom or set expression A good example can be found is the translation for

„to carry coals to Newcastle‟: „Chở củi về rừng.‟, which is translated as „to carry firewood to the forest‟ The meaning here is clearly the same for both idioms-to bring something to a place that has an abundance of that thing-but the way in which each language expresses is bound to be the culture of that language It is far more cumbersome to translate this idiom literally into Vietnamese with an explanation that Newcastle to a well-known coal-producing city in England (as was suggested

by some Vietnamese translators), which would unduly interrupt the flow of the text and greatly diminish the idiom‟s impact By substituting a similar Vietnamese idiom, then the flow and the impact of the source text are retained in the translation

Ex: Crow do to not pick crow‟s eyes  Chó không ăn thịt chó

 Dog does not eat dog

3 Translating by paraphrasing

When Vietnamese equivalents cannot be found, paraphrasing may be the best way

to deal with an idiom or set expression in English A good example can be found in

an article on maternal mortality, which includes the sentence, „But before the news estimates replace the old as a way of packaging up the problem, it should be said that a mistake has been made in allowing statistics such as these to slip into easy language the expression „packaging up the problem‟ caused the problem in translation, as it was misinterpreted to mean „assembling‟ or „gathering‟ However, even if this phrase were clearly understood, it would be difficult to find a precise equivalent in Vietnamese In fact, it would be difficult to find a precise equivalent

in Vietnamese In fact, it would be difficult to restate concisely in English This phrase is best dealt with by paraphrasing, which in English could be understood as something like „summing up the problem by referring to it simply as a number, which does not reflect its true magnitude or impact.‟ The expression „to slip into

easy usage‟ is problematic for the same reasons, and is also best dealt with by paraphrasing, as a literal translation into Vietnamese would be meaningless

4 Translating by omission

This strategy could be used when we translated words or phrases that would require lengthy explanations, awkward paraphrases, or literal and unnatural translation This strategy has also be used when we translate phrases which has two meanings one of the meanings may be sacrificed for the other For instance, a book entitled

„Being Positive-Living with HIV/AIDS‟ causes problems in translate because of the double meaning of „being positive‟ The meaning of the phrase could be that a person is suffering from positive HIV and that s/he should have an optimistic outlook on life This may be clear to the translator, who may interpret the phrase to mean that this book is for and about people who are HIV positive However, the double meaning should be made clear through collaboration with the commissioner, after which choice must be made between the two meanings, for it would not be possible to translate both meanings by one Vietnamese phrase As the emphasis is on positive to translate both the fact of being HIV positive , one translator has suggested the translation: „Hãy sống yêu đời dù nhiễm HIV‟ This translation expresses the notion of being positive about life without mentioning anything about being HIV positive status

6 as stupid as a bull ngu như bò

24 Marriage are made in Heaven

25 Necessity is the mother of invention

26 Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder

27 Book and friend should be few but good

28 Everybody's bussiness is nobody's bussiness

29 You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs

30 A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast

31 Don't let the grass grow under your feet

32 One birth in the hands is worth two in the bush

33 Blood is thicker than water

UNIT 3 DEALING WITH STRUCTURAL ERRORS

Each language has its own division of the lexicon into classes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and so on Different languages will have different classes and subclasses

It will not always be possible to translate a source language noun with a noun in the receptor language Grammatical constructions vary between the source language and the receptor language The order of the words in the sentence may be completely reserved The following Vietnamese simple sentence is given with a literal English translation:

Vietnamese: Chị sống ở đâu?

Literal English translation: You live where?

Understandable translation into English requires a complete reversal of the word order: Where do you live? It is common that passive constructions will need to be translated with an active construction or vice versa, depending on the natural form

of the receptor language For example, Vietnamese people tend to use active constructions to express their ideas whereas English people prefer to use passive constructions Vietnamese: Người ta xem Nguyen Du là một nhà thơ vĩ đại (Active) English: Nguyen Du is considered to be a great poet (Passive) The above translated sentences are only examples to show some types of grammatical adjustments which will result if a translator translates idiomatically in the source language Certainly, there will be times by coincidence they match, but a translator should translate the meaning not concern himself with whether the forms turn out the same or not

Influence of the mother tongue

In the process of learning a foreign language, our mother tongue shapes our way of thinking, and, to some extent, our use of the target language (word order, choice of words)

Thanks to translation, we understand better the interference in the mother tongue when learning a foreign language and will be able to explore the potential of both languages – their merits and shortcoming – by using contrastive analysis Word order: The differences between word orders in Vietnamese and English are shown

in the following example: Vietnamese-into-English translation: (i) “Anh ấy là một sinh viên giỏi Tên của anh ấy là Nam.” In the phrase “sinh viên” is a noun, “giỏi”

is an adjective, “tên” is a noun, and “của anh ấy” is possessive adjective As we know, in Vietnamese, an adjective or possessive follows a noun In contrast, an adjective precedes a noun or possessive adjective has the same position And the above phrases are written:

“He is a good student His name is Nam.”

adj n possessive n

However, because of the influence of the mother tongue, many beginners hardly avoid the mistakes – wrong English word orders, as in the example below: (ii) “Tuy nhiên, một số hãng phần mềm vi tính lại lo ngại về phần mềm mã nguồn mở.” Beginners sometimes translate in this way: “However, some companies‟ software computer worry about software open source.” Suggested English version:

“However, some computer software companies worry about opened source software.”

Grammatical structures

Vocabulary is not enough for translating It needs a special mean to make it meaningful in the sentence That is grammar or grammatical structures In the process of translation, the grammatical structures are indispensable means Insufficient knowledge on either of the two areas may lead to translation of poor quality English is very inflexible when compared to other languages It goes by very strict structures while the Vietnamese language is much more flexible For instance, the Vietnamese language does not always use articles; there are many tenses in English, they are used with a particular structure In

case, an untrue tense is used readers cannot understand or misunderstand For instance,

“Tôi đã học tiếng Trung Quốc 5 năm nay.” Suggested English version: “I have learned

Chinese for 5 years.” The tense of the verb is the present perfect tense, it shows an action

which happened in the past, and up to now or in the future However, there are no rules of using the different verb forms to express time when an action happens in the Vietnamese

language With the above present perfect tense, the sentence can be translated as “Tôi đã

học tiếng Trung Quốc được 5 năm rồi.” In this way, the verb “học” has no inflection and

the meaning of the sentence is the same In conclusion, grammatical structures in English are so complicated and not easy to master It requires the learners have to find an effective way of learning to study and practice more if they want to limit grammar errors in using English in general and specifically in translation subject as skilled translators

Misuse of verb forms

The grammar errors which are related to the misuse of verb forms often occur when the translators keep Vietnamese structures to translate the Vietnamese sentences into English The following sentence is considered to have grammar error because the translator misused the voice Vietnamese: “Giáo dục qua mạng, hay giáo dục trực tuyến là một loại hình giáo dục phát triển nhờ vào tiến bộ của ngành công nghệ thông tin.” English:

“Internet or on-line education is a form of education which develops thanks to information technology.” (Incorrect) (Nguyễn Thành Đức, 2009) The error of this example is the verb “develops”, which is in active form It must be in passive form “is developed” because “Internet or on-line Education” cannot develop by itself Therefore, the Vietnamese sentence should be translated “Internet or on-line Education is a form of education which is developed thanks to information technology.”

Misuse of relative pronouns

The grammar errors related to the misuse of relative pronouns often occur when the complex Vietnamese sentences are translated into English The following sentence is considered to have grammar error because the translator misused the part of speech of pronoun Vietnamese: “Các nhà khoa học nhận thấy những người phụ nữ ăn nhiều chocolate trong suốt thời gian mang thai thì con của họ cười nhiều và năng động hơn những bà mẹ không hề ăn chocolate trong thời gian mang thai.”

English: “A research group observed that the children of mothers who eat much chocolate during their pregnancy frequently laugh and more active than the children of other mothers.” (Incorrect) (Nguyễn Thành Đức, 2009) The error of this example is that the wrong combination of the noun phrase “children of mothers” and the relative pronoun

“who” fails to express the meaning “the pregnant women eat chocolate” In this case, the relative pronoun “who” must be replaced by the relative pronoun “whose” Therefore, the Vietnamese sentence “Các nhà khoa học nhận thấy những người phụ nữ ăn nhiều chocolate trong suốt thời gian mang thai thì con của họ cười nhiều và năng động hơn những bà mẹ không hề ăn chocolate trong thời gian mang thai.” should be translated “A research group observed that the children whose mothers eat much chocolate during their pregnancy frequently laugh and more active than the children of other mothers.”

Misuse of the part of speech

The following sentences are considered to have grammar mistakes because the translator misused the part of speech

Example 1: Vietnamese: “Trong đời sống con người, cười là dấu hiệu của một cơ thể

khỏe mạnh.” English: “In people‟s lives, laugh is a sign of a healthy body.” (Incorrect) (Nguyễn Thành Đức, 2009)

The English sentence ““In people‟s lives, laugh is a sign of a healthy body.” is incorrect because of the subject “laugh” In above Vietnamese sentence, “cười” has a general meaning, so “a laugh”, “laughing”, or “to laugh” will be the suitable subject Therefore, there are three ways to translate the Vietnamese sentence “Trong đời sống con người, cười là dấu hiệu của một cơ thể khỏe mạnh.” Into English as follow: “In people‟s lives, a

laugh is a sign of a healthy body.” “In people‟s lives, laughing is a sign of a healthy body.” “In people‟s lives, to laugh is a sign of a healthy body.”

Example 2: The Vietnamese sentence “Người có đầu óc hài hước thường dễ tạo được sự

cảm thông của người khác.” is incorrect to be translated into English as “People with sense of humor easily make others sympathy.” (Nguyễn Thành Đức, 2009) In the example, the English sentence is incorrect because of the word “sympathy” which is a noun In English, it is incorrect to use the structure “to make + somebody + noun” as in the sentence, but it has to be written as the structure “to make + somebody + adjective” Therefore, the noun “sympathy” must be changed into the adjective “sympathetic”, and the correct sentence is “People with sense of humor easily make others sympathetic.” The grammar errors which are related to the misuse of the part of speech occur when the translators do not remember the part of speech of words, the grammar structures, or they

do not fully comprehend the meaning of the sentences that needs to be translated

As can be seen from the examples mentioned above, some translators focused on the structures of the source language - Vietnamese - so much that they fail to convey all the implicit meaning of the target language - English In fact, it is not necessary to keep the form at all The most important thing is that the translations must be done on the basic of the target language grammar that is familiar to the readers This principle suggests that the translator should not depend largely on the structures of the source language but break them to convey the meaning as much as possible in an appropriate structure in the target language

In order to overcome this type of structural errors, the most effective way for translators is to master the structurs of both languages It is clear that a translator who is proficient in English cannot help being good at Vietnamese and vice versa

Practice

1 Thank you for your pretty present”

2 „The USA is said to be a powerful country

3 The Vietnamese Airlines had coped with difficulties due to the regional

financial crisis

4 Schools teach mathematics because of its very important roles

5 Thank you for your letter

6 Hue was recognized as the world‟s cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1994

7 I was rewarded with a trip to Nha Trang by my parents after a year of hard work

8 What‟s the time?

9 Are you my teacher?

10 Why don‟t we go to the cinema?

11 Why did you say so?

12 Unless he has done the work to my satisfaction, I will not pay him for this

13 The dividing gap between the rich and the poor as well as corruptionand social unrest caused by the relocation of people in industrialized areas, have made many people hesitate in further changes

14 It is also necessary to invest in increasing capability of battery production

establishments to meet the demand for automobile and motobike manufaturing and assembling in accordance with the localization program.‟

15 It takes much time to deliver goods to remote areas by backward means of transport.‟

UNIT 4: HOW TO DEAL WITH STYLE ERRORS

Styles play an important role in formal translation and strongly affect the second language meaning Due to the context, text-type and audience, the levels of language in translation can be different - the informal language used in informal situations ; colloquials used in spoken language; familiar language used among friends, relatives, members in a family; formal language used in formal texts such

as speeches in conference, legal documents, business letter & documents, research papers The examples given below clearly indicate that the same massage could be expressed in different styles

1 Drop me a line (informal language )

2 Remember to write me a letter (neutral)

3 I look forward to your letter (informal language )

4 They can escape from family supervision (formal)

5 Their parents can‟t keep an eye on them (colloquial)

6 They are completely armed (formal)

7 They are armed to teeth (colloquial)

Style error is an acute problem to the translators There are translators did not master the difference when using various styles such as conversational, academic, scientific, literary styles Many translators failed when coming across the unfamiliar styles due to being unawaHre of degrees of formality (informal or formal style), usage of vocabulary (informal, colloquial, formal) These are some style errors taken out from some Vietnamese- English translations 1 Nếu chúng tôi đặt hàng với số lượng lớn, liệu doanh nghiệp anh có bán với giá rẻ không?

(If we place substantial orders, can your enterprise get us with soft price?) It is impossible to use informal style in a business letter Instead of using “soft price” , the translator should use “cheaper price”

2 Thời tiết Huế không thích hợp cho người già Mùa hè trời nóng như thiêu đốt, trong khi mùa đông lạnh đến xương tủy (The weather in Hue is favorable for the old It is burning hot in summer while it chills to the bones in winter.) It is impossible to use informal style to tanslate a formal text Instead of using “burning hot”, the translator should use “exceedingly hot”

PRACTICE:

I What is ambiguous in the following sentences

1 He loves his dog more than his mother

2 My mother told me not to play in the street on Friday

3 Jane likes English, but French seems better to me

4 Zayd took summer courses, and his leisure hours were devoted to tennis

5 Jack met Tom when he was going to the theatre

6 The house was built near the river which has a beautiful garden and two large living rooms was sold for eighty thousand dollars last month

7 He was nowhere to be found

II Translate into Vietnamese

REPORT: INFORMATION CENTRE

Enhanced services in the information centres were accompanied by removal of the restrictions on access by members Previously this allowed members to exercise their membership rights only at specified times The result of the changes was a very significant increase in user access to the centres- they are now very busy from 08:00 to 19:30 Monday to Friday and 08:00 to 16:30 on Saturdays

FASHION DESIGN

Our UK-Vietnam Fashion catwalk display of UK and Vietnamese graduates was one of our successful collaborative events, showcasing the best of young creative design from both countries Press and media coverage reached record levels, resulting in far greater awareness of UK and Vietnamese expertise in fashion design The show was preceded by a design competition Twenty-four

Seven, and a team was described as “one of the most successful events…so far in Vietnam, and something of a first”

WORLD BOOK DAY

In commemoration of World Book Day in April we held a special event to light two different types of books used by sight-impaired people, talking books and Braille books Young sight-impaired people in Hanoi and HCMC were invited to our centers to listen to „live‟ talking book spoken by English language teachers They were presented gifts of Sony Walkmans and talking book cassettes