Đề cương ôn thi Phân tích diễn ngôn tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọc

Đề cương ôn thi Phân tích diễn ngôn tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi Phân tích diễn ngôn tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi Phân tích diễn ngôn tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi Phân tích diễn ngôn tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi Phân tích diễn ngôn tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi Phân tích diễn ngôn tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọc

DISCUSSION QUESTION Question 1 The difference between 2 approaches to text

Basically, there are 2 approaches to text

The first sees text as “the verbal record of a communicative act” (Brown

and Yule, 1983:6) or as “the linguistic product of communicative

process”(widdowson, 1984:100)

The second approach tends to see text as a semantic or communicative

category Eg, Halliday and Hasan, 1976 view text as a “semantic unit”

characterised by cohesion or a frameword that is logical and general

Question 2 The difference between transactional and interaction function of language

Transactional function is basically the transmission of information, ideas

or thought We call the language which is used to conveyed factual or

propositional information primarity transactional language It is used to express content

According to Lyons(1977:32) the notion of communication is readily used

of feelings, moods, attitudes Written language is used primarily for

transactional purpose

Interactional function is concerned with maintaining or establishing

social relationships It is the phatic use of the language to negotiate

role-relationships, peer-solidarity, the exchange of turn in conversation, the saving of face of both speaker and hearer

It expresses social relations and personal attitudes Spoken language is primarily interactional

Question 3 Present your understanding of the informativity in

discourse

To measure the informativity of a discourse, we should pay attention to the notion of choice and probability

A discourse (according to Bell) is seen as the relation of choices made from among sets of options At each point where a choice is made, there are actual choices which are more or less probable

The less probable and predictable a choice, is the more informative and interesting a discourse is If a discourse contains too much information (too many lexical units) it may become unreadable But if it contains too little

information, it is readable but not worth reading at all

Eg, food contamination is one of the most critical issues in developing countries (high informative) Poisonous food is one of the most serious problems

in developing countries (less informative)

Question 4 context and an example of the role of the context in the interpretation of a discourse

Context seems just to be the minimal stretch of language that helps to understanding what is spoken or written It is the non-linguistic factors that contribute and constrain our interpretation or discourse and tell us what

proposition has been actually uttered

We can know what kind of illocutionary force has been assigned by the speaker to the proposition

role of the context in the interpretation of a discourse

Context helps us disambiguate the interpretation that is most suitable and appropriate Context includes not only the relevant cotext but also the relevant features of the situation of the utterance Sometimes it is called “context of situation”

Eg, he is her hope for change in her life now (informing, commenting)

Question 5 The difference between context and cotext

Context is the minimal stretch of language It refers linguistic factor and

make clear what sentence is uttered It also tell us what proposition has been assigned to the proposition by the speaker

Cotext is stretch of language that occurs before or after the utterance

which needs to be interpreted It refers no-linguistic factor and surrounds

sentence which help understand the meaning

Question 6 Distinguish between the principle of local interpretation and analogy

2 principles may be helpful in our reading of text They are the principle

of local interpretation and analogy

According to Brown & Yule, the principle of local interpretation

instructs the hearer not to construct a context any larger than he needs to arrive

at an interpretation

The principle of analogy enables the hearer pr listener to interpret

discourse in light of his past experience and background knowledge When the hear encounters new situation, he selects from his memory a type of experience

he has generalized before, relates it to his background knowledge in order to interpret it

Question 7 The difference between anaphoric and cataphoric

reference.

There are 2 types of discourse reference: anaphotic if it points back or catephoric if it points forward

We need to look ahead in the text This is a cohesive device which points towards It draws futher into the text in order to identify the elementd to which the reference items refer

In the other hand, anaphoric items which point the reader and listener backwards to a previously mentioned entity, process or state of affairs It helps

us to understand the unit refered to by an anaphoric relevance we need to look back in the text

Eg, a man looks at the sun and remarks:”it’s beautiful” “it” in the context does not refer to anything that was said before, but relates to part of the situation

in which the speaker and the hearer are

Question 8 The difference between presupposition and implicature Presupposition is the assumptions that the speaker makes about what the

hearer is likely to accept without challenge or the common ground between the speaker and the hearer

It associated with linguistic forms and remains constant under negation test It is not subject to cancellation within one and the same utterance by one and the same person It also can be identified with the help of presupposition

triggers Eg: he had gone there by bike before.

Implicature accounts for what a speaker can imply suggest or means as

distinct from what the speaker literally says It associated with context and reference It is modifiable or changeable when the utterance is subject to

negation test

It is likely to be cancelled It also can be identified inference only and

based on explicit meaning and presupposition Eg: it made me admire him a lot.

Question 9 topic of the sentence and the discourse

For some people, the term topic is associated with description of sentence structure

According to Hockett: the speaker announces a topic and then say

something about it In many language, the grammatical subject is the marker of the topic and the predicate indicates the comments Eg:the boy likes foodball

We are not concerned with politics

However it may not always be the case Eg: I wrote 2 letters One I

posted One I put in my pocket

According to Palmer: sentence contains 2 parts, each of which carries information: + the first is the theme (called topic) contains known information; + the second is the rheme (thuyết ngữ) (called comment) contains new

information

For us, the importance thing is that we shall treat topic as “what is being talked about”

Discourse topic is a generalization or an abstraction The expression of a

topic should be subjective There are a number of ways of expressing the topic

of discourse There are no such a thing as one correct expression of the topic for any fragment of discourse  topic is what is being talked about Eg: A story can have different titles to which the topic of a text is equivalent

Question 10 topic framework

The notion “topic” is considered as “what is being talked about” Topic framework may be seen as a composition of all the features of context activated

by the discourse participants

It comprises all the activated features of context directly refered in the text and needs to be called upon to interpret it The speaker or writer usually operates within this topic framework to produce language

We will have sense that the sentence are connected topically Relevance is important indicator of the topic framework The information provided is not out off place, as it were

Question 11 theme and the types of theme

Theme is usually expressed by the left most constituent of the sentence, refers of what the speaker nominated as the subject of what he will talk about in the theme

- 2 types of themes: (from formal perspective): marked and unmarked

+Unmarked theme: coincided (trùng hợp) with the subject in the

affirmative, the auxiliary and wh-inquestion, the first verb in the imperative (bắt buộc)

+ Marked theme: the first element is not coincident with the above

element

Eg: tomorrow, I ‘ll go to see him if I have time (unmarked), she is pretty, but not as the way he expected (marked)

Question 12 the approaches to discourse analysis

According to Clyne, discourse analysis moves into 3 directions:

+comparing native discourse across culture;

+ examining the discourse of non-native speakers in a second language; +examining and comparing the discourse of people of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds interacting either in a lingua franca or in one of the interlocutors’ language

Eg: the influence of different dialects on English second languge learner’s

speaking skill at HDU

Question 13 discourse and the functions of discourse analysis

Discourse constitutes the social Three dimensions of the social are

distinguished – knowledge, social relations and social identify and these

correspond respectively to three major functions of language….Discourse is shaped by relations of power and invested in ideologies (Fairclough, 1992:8)

Functions: the study of discourse is the study of any aspect of language in use (grammatical meaning, the use of language,…)(Fasold 1990:65)

The analysis of discourse is necessarily, the analysis of language in use as such, it can nit be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes or functions which these forms are designed to serve in human affairs

Question 14 The 7 macro functions of language

-1 the emotive function (biểu cảm):communicating the inner states and emotions of the addresser (“oh, no!” “uhm!” , “Fantastic!” and swear words used as exclamations)

-2 the directive function (chỉ thị): seeking to affect the behaviour of the addressee (“please, help me” “Shut up”, “I’am warning you”)

-3 the phatic function( xã giao):opening the channel or checking that it is working either for social reasons (“hello”, “lovely weather”, “do you come here often?”) or for practical ones (“can you hear me?” “Are you still there?” “Can you read my writing?”)

-4 the poetic function (thơ ca):in which the particular form chosen is the essence of the message (the advertising beanz meanz heinz would lose its point

if it were paraphrases as “if you are buying beans, you will naturally buy heinz)

-5 the referential function (tham chiếu):carrying information

-6 the metalingguistic function (siêu ngôn):focusing attention upon the code itself, to clarify it or to renegotiate it (“what does this word here mean?”,

“will” and “shall” mean the same thing nowadays)

-7 the contextual function (ngữ cảnh) :creating a particular kind of

communication (right, let’s start lecture, it’s just a game)

Question 15 The criteria of the distinction between spoken and

written language

-1 manner of production:+ the speaker could be supported by gestures,

posture, more demanding circumstance +The speaker can see spontaneous reactions from the audience + The speaker may refine the expressions

+ The writer could be chosen with words, can not see the reaction from

audience +The writer is under no pressure in terms of the monitoring +The writer has many opportunities to polish the ideas by changing them till they satisfy the author’s view

-2 forms: + in spoken language, incomplete sentence; “and” is very

common; active declarative forms; topic comment structure is common

Active constructions are commonly used in formal speech; the same syntactic

forms are repeat: I consider that problem, I consider that matter,…; + in written

language, passive structures are common in formal speech, premodified noun

phrases occur frequently, is metalinggual markers to connect clauses Generally various ways of expression

-3 the presentation of discourse: text: in spoken, is verbal record of the

communication act, the interpretation is very subjective, difficult to be

transcribed; in written, different type-face, different size of paper, different font,

presentation

Question 16 7 standards of a discourse according to Bell

According to Bell (1991) in order for a language unit to be identified as a discourse, it must meet at least 7 standards, for the sake of brevity, it could be counted as five:

-1, cohesion and coherence:

cohesion is concerned with formal surface structures to interact with underlying semantic relations or underlying functional coherence to create textual unity Cohesion is seen as one of the ways to indicate coherence

Coherence,in contract, is concerned with the sequencing of the

configuration of the concepts and the relation of the textual world which

underlie and are realized by surface text

-2 intentionality and acceptability:the producer of the text must intend

it to contribute towards some goal and the receiver of it must accept that it is, indeed, fulfilling some such purpose

-3 informativity:is seen as the relation of choices made from among sets

of options At each point where a choice is made, there are actual choices which are more or less probable The less probable and predictable a choice is the more informative and interesting a discourse is

-4 relevance:a discourse must possess a degree of relevance or

situationality Eg: Vietnamese takeaway could be only understood in the

context “sale off/ on sale/ for sale”

-5.intertextuality: the context creates the discourse as much as the

discourse as much as the discourse creates the context This means that part of the environment for any discourse is a set of previous discourse, discourse that are taken for granted as shared among those taking part

Question 17 the difference between cohesion (thống nhất) and

coherence (mạch lạc)

Cohesion refers to the formal relationship that causes texts to cohere or stick together It is indicates by grammatical, logical and lexical relationships

found among or between the sentences of a text It involves the formal links which exist between sentences

In contrast, coherence refers to the type of semantic or rhetorical

relationships that underline texts It can obtain on basis of relevance, theco-operative principle, the common shares background knowledge between

participants in a speech event and discourse is structured, as well

Question 18 The components of context according to Firth and

Halliday

Firth believes that a context of situation should embrace the following categories:

-1 the relevant features of participant: (speaker, writer)

+ verbal action of the participants; + non-verbal action

-2, the relevant objects

-3, the effect of the verbal action/ later,

According to Halliday develops these concepts into what he terms: fields, tenor, mode of discourse +Field of discourse refers to the subject matter of the

discourse, which is what the speaker talks about +Tenor is concerned with the interpersonal relations between the participants + mode is about the channels or the ways by which discourse is conducts

Question 19 The components of context according to Hymes

- Addressor and addressee: writer, speaker, reader….

- Audience: overhearer, produces the utterance

- Topic: range of languge used

- Setting: location or time: where, when, postures, gestures…

- Channel: how to contact between participants is maintained

- Code: what language or style, dialect of language is used

- Message form: what forms are intended: fairy tales, love story

- Event: nature of communicative event within which a text embedded

- Key: evaluation of the text

- Purpose: outcome which the participant wish to happen as a result in the

communicative event

Question 20 The components of speech act according to Austin

-1 Austin also emphasizes the conventional nature of thee performative act and te fact that an agreed procedure must be followed

There are four felicity conditions:

A,there must exist an accepted conventional procedure, having certain conventional effect, that the procedure includes the uttering of certain words by certain persons in certain circumstances

B, the particular persons and circumstances in a given case must be

appropriate for the invocation of the particular procedure invokes The words must be uttered by the appropriate person, apart from the correct and appropriate words

C the procedure must be executes by all participants both correctly

D, and completely The last 2 conditions cover misfires which occur in spite of the fulfillment of the first 2 conditions

-2 a second distinction Austin draws is between explicit and implicit performatives

An explicit performative is one which contains performative verb

whereas an implicit one conveys implicatures.this distinction applies, in

principle, to both constative, non-constative utterances

Question 21.The classification of speech act according to Austin

Austin’s theory distinguishes 3 kinds of acts involved in saying:

locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary

-A locutionary act is the act of saying something in the full sense of say -An illocutionary act is an act performed in saying something, the act identified by the explicuit performative According to Autin, he grouped

illocutionary into 5 classes: