Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ âm âm vị học tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọc

Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ âm âm vị học tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ âm âm vị học tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ âm âm vị học tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ âm âm vị học tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọcĐề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ âm âm vị học tiếng Anh hay, chọn lọc

Câu 1 What is intonation? Indicate types of intonation and functions of intonation

Intonation may be defined such as a unity of the speech melody, sentence

stress, voice quality and speech tempo which enable to the speaker communicate

It can be understood and recognized as the pitch of voice (high or low)

In term of forms of intonation, we focus on moving tones used by the speaker.

Basically, there are 2 main forms of tones: falling tone/tune which descends from a higher to lower pitch and rising one, the movement from a lower to higher one A part from those, sometimes complex tones are frequently found They are falling-rising tone and falling-rising-falling one

The 4 common functions are: the attitudinal, the accentual, the grammatical,

the discourse

1, the attitudinal: the intonation enables us to express emotions and attitudes

as we speak and this adds a special kind of meaning to spoken language This means the same sentence can be aid ij different ways: angry, happy, grateful and so

on,

2, the accentual: this type of function help to produce the effect of prominence

of syllables that need to be perceived as stressed

3, the grammatical: in this function, the listener is better to recognise the

grammar and syntactic structure of what is being said by using the information contained in the intonation

4, the discourse: in listening to the speaker, it is very important for the listener

to recognize the “new” or “given information” while the speaker is conveying, indicating in his/her conversation

Câu 2 What are aspects of connected speech? State the types of assimillation

1, rhythm is a notion that involves some noticeable event happening at regular

intervals of time which you can compare with a heart beat, a flash light or a piece

of music,

2, assimilation is something which varies in extend according to speaking rate

and style: it is more likely to be found in rapid, casual speech and less likely in slow, careful speech,

3,elision is the sounds disappear which is also released as zero or be deleted,

4, linking is a phenomenon that happens when the final consonant of the first

word id linked to the initial vowel of the next word

Type of assimilation: The assimilation occurs when 2 words stand near by the

first of which ends with a single final consonant (which we will call C’) and the second of which starts with a single initial consonant (which we will call C”) If C’

changes to become like C” in some way, the assimilation is called regressive If C”

changes to become like C’ in some way, the assimilation is call progressive

Câu 3 How Speech sounds made? State the production of oral and nasal sounds, voiced and voiceless sounds, consonants and vowels.

- All the sounds we make when we speak are result of muscles contracting The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for almost all speech sounds: muscles in the larynx produce many different modifications in the flow of air from the chest to the mouth

- After passing through the larynx, the air goes through what we call the vocal tract, which ends at the mouth and nostrils Here the air from the lungs escapes into the atmosphere We have a large and complex set of muscles that can produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract

A nasal consonant is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to

escape freely through the nose (m, n)

An oral consonant is a consonant sound in speech that is made by allowing air to

escape from the mouth, as opposed to the nose for example [p], [w], [v] and [x]

Voiced sound

Voiceless sound

Consonants

Vowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes

from the larynx to the lip.

Câu 4 Give the definition of Vowel, how are vowels classified? Name types of vowel?

- Vowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips

- There are 20 vowels in English The classification of vowels is based on 4 major aspects: tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and the tenseness of the articulations

The qualities of vowels depend upon the positions of the tongue and lips It is important to classify them According to the position of the main part of the tongue The part of the tongue that is raised: front, back and central vowels The height to which it is raised: close and open vowels The position of the lips: rounded and unrounded vowels Spread vowels Close rounding and open lip-rounding

Câu 5 What is an English syllable? State the nature and structure of English syllable

- An English syllable is a unit of pronunciation uttered without interruption, loosely, a single sound

- The nature of the syllable: Syllable may be defined both phonetically and

phonologically Phonetically, syllables are usually described as consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to airflow and which sounds comparatively loud, before and after this centre, there will be greater obstruction to airflow and/or less loud sound

- Eg: i, what we might call a minimum syllable would be a single vowel in isolation (the words ‘are’ ɑ: ‘or’ ɔ:) ii, some syllables have an onset (‘bar’ bɑ:

‘key’ ki:), iii, syllables may have no onset but have a coda (‘am’ æm ‘ought’ ɔ:t),

iv, some syllables have onset and coda (‘run’ rɅn ‘sat’ sæt),

- The structure:

+ English allows a very wide range of syllable types Every English vowel can

function as the nucleus of a syllable Most English vowels may function as complete syllables A few vowels require a coda of at least one consonant With perhaps only one exception, every English consonant may function as the onset of

a syllable Every English consonant except [h] can constitute the coda of a syllable English allows up to three consonants in the onset of a monosyllabic word However, when the onset consists of more than one consonant, there are restrictions on just which consonants can occur together

+ When two consonants occur as the onset of an English syllable, the first must

be a stop or a fricative and the second must be a liquid [l, r] or a glide [j, w] English three consonant onsets are even more constrained than two consonant ones The first consonant must be [s], the second may be one of the voiceless stops [p, t, k], and the third may be either a liquid [l, r], or a glide [j, w] For the most part, the codas of English syllables are approximately mirror images of English syllabic onsets

Câu 6 Indicate the types and levels of stress State the rule to identify the stress syllable of two-syllable nouns Give example

- There are 2 types of stress: word stress and sentence stress

- Type of stress:

+ Word stress:

1, primary stress: the prominence that results from this pitch movement, or

tone, gives the strongest type of stress

2, secondary stress: is weaker than primary stress but stronger than another

syllable Eg: around /əraʊnd/, school /sku:l/

+ Sentence stress:

1, primary stress: is the strongest and loudest stress of all

2, secondary stress: is the second loudest stress

3, tertiary stress: is the weaker than the secondary stress

4, weak stress: is called zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness

- Function of stress: to draw the listener’s attention to a certain element

altering the meaning or suggesting feeling or emotion In word, stress may perform

a distinctive function, it may distinguish certain English verb from noun consisting

of the same phonemes

- Rules to identify the stressed syllable of two-syllables nouns: if the second

syllable contains a short vowel the stress will be usually come on the first syllable Otherwise it will be on the second syllable ‘money’ ‘mʌni ‘balloon’ bə’lu:n verb:

‘apply’ ə’plaɪ ‘enter’ ‘entə

Câu 7 State the nature of stress State the factors we have to consider in order to decide of the stress placement.

- The nature of stress is simple enough We can study stress from the point of

view of production and of perception; the two are obviously closely related but are not identical The production of stress is generally believed to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables Measuring muscular effort is difficult, but it seems possible, according to experimental studies, that when we produce stressed syllables, the muscles that we use to expel air from the lungs are more active, producing higher subglottal pressure

- Prominence is produced by 4 main factors: loudness, length, pitch, quality

+ Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed +The length of syllables has an important part to play prominence

+Every syllable is said on some pitch; pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low and high pitched notes

+A syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighbouring vowels

- In order to decide on stress placement, it is necessary to make use of some or

all of the following information:

+ Whether the word is morphologically simple, or whether it is complex as a result either of containing one or more affixes or of being a compound word

+ The grammatical category to which the word belongs,

+The number of syllables in the word,

+ The phonological structure of those syllables

Câu 8 What is consonant? What are factors for classifying English

consonants Indicate briefly the types of consonants.

Consonant is a speech sound when pronounce it, the organ always form the

barriers obstruction and the air-stream is stopped before going out of mouth and

the vocal cords are vibration or not vibration

There are 24 consonants in English The classification of consonants were

shown to based on 3 aspects of articulation: place of articulation, manner of

articulation and voicing

Place of articulation

Manner

of

articu-lation

Bilabial labiodental dental alveolar Palato

-alveolar

palata l

velar glott

al

approxima

nt

voicing refers to the relative size of the oral cavity which can change depending on

the position of the back of the tongue Voicing is the sound that we will hear when

the vocal folds vibrate

Câu 9 How many plosives are there in English? List them The plosives have different places of articulation- what are they? which plosives are fotis and which are lenis ones

- English has 6 plosive consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g the plosives have different places of articulation P and b are bilabial: the lips are pressed together T and d are alveolar, the tongue blade is pressed against the alveolar ridge

Normally the tongue does not touch the front teeth as it does in the dental plosives found in many languages k and g are velar, the back of the tongue is pressed against the area where the hard palate ends and the soft palate begins The voiceless plosives p, t, k sometimes called fortis and b, d, g are then called lenis The plosive phonemes of English can be present in the form of a table as shown below:

Place of articulation

1 Fricatives and of affricates

Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that when they are produced,

air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound

Affricates are rather complex consonants They begin as plosives and end as

fricatives ʧ, ʤ are the only 2 affricate phonemes in English

Place of articulation labiodental dental alveolar Palato-alveolar glottal Fortis

Lenis

Câu 11 The strong form will be used when:

a) they occur at the end of a sentence, as in “Chips are what I’m fond of”

b) A weak-form word is being contrasted with another word, as in “The letter

is from him, not to him.”

c) A weak-form word is given stress for the purpose of emphasis, as in “You must give me more money.”

d) A weak-form is being “cited” or “quoted”, as in “You shouldn’t put “and” at the end of a sentence.” The most common weak-form words are:

THE (ðə or ði) A (ə) AND (ən) BUT (bət) THAT (ðət as a conjunction of relative pronoun) THAN (ðən) AT (ət or æt) FOR (fə or fɔ:) FROM (frəm or frɑm) OF (əv

or ɑv) TO (tə or tu) AS (əz or æz) SOME (səm or sʌm) CAN, COULD (kən, kəd

or kæn, kʊd) HAVE, HAS, HAD (əv, əz, əd or hæv, hæz, hæd) SHALL, SHOULD (ʃəl, ʃəd or ʃæl, ʃʊd) MUST (məs, məst or mʌst) DO, DOES (də, du, dez or du:, dʌz) AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE (əm, ə, ər, wəz, wə, wər or æm, a:, wɑz, wɜ:)

Câu 12 in order to learn how the sounds of speech

are produced it is necessary to become familiar with the different parts of the vocal tract These different parts are called articulators, and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics

Câu 13 does a one-syllable word have a stress?

Yes, a one-syllable word have a stress when it is in a sentence Some basic rules:

1, disyllable words: in most disyllable words, primary stress falls on the first

syllable.eg: ready, mother Exception: disyllable word with a prefix or a suffix which has lost its meaning, the primary stress falls on the root syllable: become /bɪ’kʌm/, react /ri:’ækt/; disyllable verbs ending in ate, ize, ise Fy: the primary stress falls on the second syllable Surprise /sə’praɪz/

2 in words of 3 or 4 syllables the stress falls on the third syllable from the end

of the word (family /fæmɪli/ cinema/sɪnɪmə) and especially with verbs ending with suffixes such as ize, fy, ate, logy, logist, cracy, recognize /’rekəgnaɪz/ qualify /’kwalɪfaɪ/

Câu 14 phonetics and phonology

Phonetics is the study that deal with sound themselves how they are made, articulatory phonetics how they are perceived, auditory phonetics and the physics involved

Phonology is the study that deal with how the speech sound are organized into system for each individual language Eg: how the sound can be combined the relation between them and they affect each other

Câu 15 why is it necessary for you to study phonetics and phonology?

A lower levels of study one is concerned simply with setting out how to form grammatical sentences, but people who are going to work with the language at an advanced level as teachers or researchers need the deeper understanding provided

by the study of grammatical theory and related areas of linguistics

The theoretical material in the present course is necessary for anyone who needs to understand the principles regulating the use of sounds in spoken English

An important purpose if the course is to explain how English is pronounced in the accent normally chosen as the standard for people learning the English spoken in England At the comparatively advanced level at which this course is aimed it is usual to present this information in the context of generl theory about soeech sounds and how they are used in language

Câu 16 the larynx

The larynx is in the neck, it has several parts Its main structure is made of

cartilage, a material that is similar to none but less hard The larynx’s structure is made of 2 large cartilages These are hollow and are attached to the top of the trachea The front of the larynx comes to a point and you can feel this point at the front of your neck

Inside the box made by these 2 cartilages are the vocal folds which are 2 thick flaps of muscle rather like a pair of lips At the front of the vocal folds are joined together and fixed to inside of the thyroid cartilage At the back they are attached

to a pair of small cartilages called the arytenoids cartilages It is necessary to study the larynx because it is main parts which make the sound Studying about the larynx we know about the structure of its, so we can make a very complex range of changes in the vocal folds and their positions These changes are often important in speech

The arytenoids cartilages are attached to the top of the cricoid cartilage but they can move so as to move the vocal folds apart or together We use the word glottis to refer to the opening between the vocal folds If the vocal folds are apart

we say that the glottis is open, if they are pressed together we say that the glottis is closed

Câu 16 how many phases in producing a plosive consonant

4 phases:

the first is when the articulator or articulators move to form the stricture for

the plosive We call this the closing phase

The second phase is when the compressed air is stopped from escaping We

call this the compression phase

The third phase is when the articulator used to form the stricture are moved so

as to allow air to escape, this is the release phase

The fourth phase is what happens immediately after the third phase, so we will

call it the post-release phase