Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn

Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn

Question - What is the basic noun phrase? - What is difference between Basic Noun Phrase and Complex Noun Phrase? Basic noun phrase is a noun phrase that consists of premodification + head and that function in the sentence as S, O,C 1, basic noun phrase is only word (she is my friend) 2, the head of the basic noun phrase is realized by: - a common noun with zero modifier (pens are used for writing) - proper noun with/without modifier realized by closed system items (john wants to see u) - common noun with closed system item (a/my/this book) - pronoun with zero modifier ( I love him) - numerous (3 are absent) - The difference between the basic noun phrase and the complex noun phrase Basic noun phrase Complex noun phrase - Basic noun phrase is a noun phrase that consists of (Premodification) + head and that functions in the sentence as S, O, C E.g: books are friends - Basic noun phrase consists of only word Eg: He is my brother S Cs - Basic noun phrase consists of premodification + Head ( closed system items ) Eg: These books are mine - Complex noun phrase is a noun phrase that perform in the sentence as S, O, C and that consists of: premodification + head + postmodification E.g: a good boy - Complex noun phrase consists of premodification + Head ( opened class items ) Eg: A lovely girl is an idea lover Open head - Complex noun phrase consists of Premodification ( permanent + head … Eg: an interesting game - Complex noun phrase consists of postmodification ( temporary) Eg: the approach train Question - What is the function of the determiner in the noun phrase? - What is the difference between restrictive and non- restrictive modification? The function of the determiner in the noun phrase: - A determiner can take on a number of different meanings and roles in a sentence The determiner is used in every case to clarify the noun - They may be used to demonstrate or define something or someone - Quantifiers state how many of a thing, in number or expression A determiner is used to show that the noun indicated is a specific one (that one), not an unspecific one (any) - They may also state the differences between nouns - There are subclasses of determiners: + Articles: definite a (n) Indefinite : an old woman, girls + Possesives : my, your, his, her,… + Demonstratives: this, that, these,… + Interrogatives: whose, which, e.g: which colour, + Indefinite determiners: some water, every student… + Quantifier: much water,… The difference between restrictive and non-restrictive modification: Restrictive modification Non-restrictive modification - Restrictive modifiers are not - Non-restrictive modifiers are, usually punctuated with commas - A restrictive modifier gives essential - A non-restrictive modifier supplies information, and couldn’t be left out additional information, and could be confusing the meaning left out without confusing the meaning - Wider choice of relative pronouns - Narrower choice of relative Who (m) pronouns Which Who (m) That Which eg: this is the girl whose picture you eg: he is Nam, whom I mentioned the saw other day Question - What are the verb forms an how are they used? - State the relationship between tense and aspect? Verb forms: =>There are five forms for each verb : based form, -s form, -ingform, -edform, -ed/-en part Baseform -s form -ingform -edform -ed/-en form Be Cook Make Come Tell Is/am/are Being Was/were been Cooks Cooking cooked cooked Makes Making Made made Comes Coming Came come Tells Telling Told told Based form: -Imperative form: Be brave/ Put the word into the box -All the present tense except the third person singular: They love her -After modal auxiliary verb: I can it -As object complement: I made her cry S V O Co -In subjunctive sentences: He orders that we be here at -s form: the third person singular present tense: He loves her –ing form: +Progressive aspect: He is staying at home + Ing participle clause: Going home, I did some shopping –ed form: simple past tense: They were unhappy yesterday –ed/-en participle form: +Perfective aspect: I have finished my presentation +Passive voice: My watch is broken +Ed participle clause: Given a beautiful present, I was happy =>The relationship between tense and aspect: In grammar, the word tense refers to the time period in which the verb of a sentence places an action.There are two tenses in English: present and past Unlike many languages, English does not have a future tense To talk about the future, English requires either the modal verb WILL or the present progressive For each grammatical tense, there are subcategories called aspects Aspect refers to the duration of an event within a particular tense In other words, the aspect of a tense allows us to describe or understand how an event unfolds overtime English has four aspects: simple, progressive , perfect , and perfect progressive Question - State different kinds of mood - Use of subjunctive Kinds of mood - Mood is our concept of relation between the verbal action to condition such as certainly, necessity, obligation or possibility -There are kinds of moods: 1, indicative mood: the form of the verb that is used in interrogative or declarative sentence Eg: – she went to the park (positive/ affirmative declarative sentence), she did not go, did she go 2, imperative mood: the verb form that is used to give an order or to make a request – positive imperative: be quiet please! – negative imperative: not go out subjunctive mood: the verb form that is used to express a wish It can be classified into categories: - The mandative: it is necessary that… - The formulate subjunctive: long live HCM – The hypothetical subjunctive: I wish I were you - Uses of subjunctive: a, the mandative subjunctive mood: * the base form is used to express a wish, a hope or a prayer Eg: – god save queen * in subordinate “that” clause, when the main clause contains an expression of recommendation, resolution, demand, suggestion Eg: – it’s necessary that you be here b, the formulate subjunctive mood: Eg: come what way, we’ll go ahead c, subjunctive “were” (unreal conditional sentence) to express unreality, impossibility or doubt: eg: – I wish I went to home now * comparative subjunctive (as if, as though, if only) Eg: – he talks as if he was president * modal perfect infinitive: + should have done (past), ought to have done: Eg: you should have come here yesterday + could have done: Eg: he could have worked hard + can’t/couldn’t have done: Eg: he failed he could not have worked hard + needn’t have done: Eg: you needn’t have done all these thing * past subjunctive: it is time+ past subjunctive: Eg: it is time we stopped here Question – State categories of verbs, according to the relationship between the verb element and other elements in the clause( draw the diagram) - Acoording to the relationship between the verb element and other elements in the clause, there are kinds of verb: intensive and extensive (transitive: ditransitive, monotrsnsitive, complextransitive & intransitive -Intensive verb is a verb that takes S complement and an obligate adverbial Eg: he is in the garden Intransitive verb have two characteristics + First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity + Second, it will not have a direct receiving the action - She walks in the park - Monotransitive verb is a verb that takes arguments: a subject and a single direct object Eg: Yesterday, he bought a car - Distransitive verb is one that takes both a direct object and an indirect object Eg: He gave me a letter - Complextransitive verb is a verb that takes a direc object plus an object complement Eg She called him a fool Question – Discuss the complementation of verb The complementation of the verb: Zero complementation: - Intransitive verbs are often used with complete zero: eg: he came - There may be time/manner Adjunct after the verb: Eg: They danced beautifully - There may also be place Adjunct which seems to be closed associated with the verbs: eg: We are learning English in class 2, intensive complementation: (Cs and A) A, S V Cs –Cs= a NP: Eg: he is student (S +V +Cs_N.P) – Cs= an adj phrase: Eg: she is beautiful (S +V+Cs_Cadj) + Cadj can be: prepositional clause: Eg: I am fond of foodball (S+ V+ Cs +Cadj_pre.phrase) + finite clause: Eg: I am sure that he is rich ( S + V+ Cs +Cadj_ “that” clause) + non-finite clause: Eg: I am happy to meet you (S +V +Cs +Cadj_ “to” inf.NF.Cl) B, S V A – Cs= adv phrase: Eg: I am here today – Cs= prepositional phrase: + of place: he is at the door, + of time: the meeting is at am, + of cause: his failure is because of his being, + of purpose: this is for your exam, + of manner: I’m against you 3, monotransitive complementation: S V Od: * O= NP: Eg: I like this book * O= finite clause: Eg: he said that he would visit me * O= non-finite clause: eg: I want to go now 4, ditransitive complementation: S V OO: + Oi:np1, Od:np2: Eg: he gave me his book + Oi:np, Od:f.cl: Eg: he gave me what he had + Oi:F.cl Od: np: Eg: he gave who he loved his book + Oi: F.cl, Od: F.cl: Eg: he gave who he loved what he had + Oi:np, Od: NF.cl Eg: She told the criminal to lay down his gun (to V) + Oi: F.cl, Od: NF.cl Eg: He tells whoever came to his house to answer some questions 5, Complex transitive complementation: * (Od + Co) + Od= np 1; Co= np2: Eg: We consider him our younger brother + Od= np; Co= adj Phrase/ clause Eg: We pained the door red + Od= np; Co= NFcl Eg: We want him to finish his work in time ( to V) + Od= np; Co= Fcl Eg: You can call me whatever name you like * ( Od + A) + Od= np +A = adv Eg: I put my pen here + Od= np +A= prepositional phrase Eg: She the pictures on the wall + od= np +A= as Fcl Eg: You can put it wherever you like + Od=Fcl +A= prepositional phrase Eg: Do not put off till tomorrow what you can today Question - State the definition and classification of clause in terms of structure Clause in term of structure: 1, finite clause: is clause whose verb element is a finite verb phrase: he is a doctor non-finite clause is a clause whose verb element is a nonfinite verb phrase: a, “to” infinitive nonfinite clause: to learn E is difficult b, bare infinitive nonfinite clause: run away is I could there c, ING participle nonfinite clause: going home I did some shopping + ING participle nonfinite clause with S: because the teacher was ill, we missed the lesson + ING participle nonfinite clause without S: when I was going home, I did some shopping d, ED participle nonfinite clause: given a beautiful present, she was happy verbless clause: is a clause whose verb element is absent: Eg: if necessary, I ‘ll phone you She stay at home jobless.= because she was jobless, she stayed at home Question – State kinds of adjectives and the syntactic functions Kinds of adj: 7; 1, simple adjs: good, big, long, rich, nice 2, derived adjs: prefix or suffix + root: beauty(n) =>beautiful, happy=>unhappy compound adjs: root+root: good-looking, well-done adj phrases: a years old boy 5, Ns as adj: a silver cup participle as adjs: - ing participle as adj: characteristics, features function, quantity of the adjective – ed participle as adj: affected or attitude to something: eg: this film is very interesting; we are interested in this film advs as adjs: the above statement, the up train Syntactic functions: 1, most adjs can be both predicative and attributive 2, some adjs can be attributive only : an utter fool some adjs can be predicative only : I am afraid of boy some adjs indifference function have different meanings: he is a big eater 5, stative and dynamic: it is a female (stative) cat It is my old jacket (dynamic) Question - Compare finite with non –finite verb phrases Finite and Nonfinite phrases: * Finite vps have tense and mood of s certain type Eg: We went there yesterday- tense: past Mood: indicative They often have their own subject If she liked, she could go They often appear in the simple, compound or complex sentence * Non finite vps not have tense and mood Eg: They want to go there They may have but more often not have their S: for him to go there is difficult They often perform the function finite clause S, O, C, or A of the main finite clause and make up the complete complex sentence Question 10 - Differences among phrase, clause and sentence - Differences among adjunct, disjunct, conjunct: + Adjunct is intergrated in clause structure + Disjunct and conjunct are peripheral in clause structure +Disjunct can serve as response to a yes question- will he be there?, yes, probably +Conjunct can not serve therefore, be there tonight +Adjunct can not appear initially in a negative declarative clause can be contrasted with another adverbial in an alternative interrogation: does he write to them because he wants to or because he needs money?; +Adjunct can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation: we did not go there in Monday but on Tuesday +Disjunct and conjunct can appear initially before a negative clause in most cases: probably, he will be there tomorrow (disjunct), therefore, he cound not come on time (conjunct) They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial alternative interrogation They cannot be focus of clause negation Differences among phrase, clause, sentence: + Phrase is word group, part of speech equivalents: premod + head + postmod It is conceptual unit + Clause is (in)dependent language unit, is sentence or part of a sentence:S, V, O, C, A S+V + Sentence is independent language unit: it is complete meaning + Phrase is the smallest unit + Clause are in between phrase and sentence + Sentence is the laegest unit which includes phrase and clause Question 11 – State kinds of adverbs and the syntactic functions + Kinds of adverbs: adv of time: yesterday, this morning 2, of frequency: every month, once a week 3, of duration: sometimes 5, of direction: around the world of place: on the table of distance: next, near of manner: badly, quickly of means and instrument: by bus, on foot of degree: very, extremely + Syntactic function: 1, modifying a verb: he ran quickly (adjunct) – I went to the dentist yesterday (adjunct), modifying an adj: it ‘s too hot (intensive) modifying an adv: he writes too fast(intensive) sometimes the way modified: + a noun or noun equivalence: The meeting yesterday + a prepositional phrase”: The nail went right through the wall + a whole sentence: Naturally, the children are behaving well while you are here Question 12 - The difference between the pre-modification and the post -modification in the comlex noun phrase + Complex noun phrase is a noun phrase that perform in the sentence as S, O, C and that consists of: Premodification + Head + Postmodification Explicitness: - Greater with post-modifier: eg: the Hanoi tourist (premod) The tourist to Hanoi (+direction)/ round Hanoi (post-mod) - Explicitness varies with different classes of post-modifiers: Eg: the girl near the door (+position) The girl sitting near the door ( + posture (action) + position) Other featurea Permanence & temparariness - Pre-modifiers: + temporary: the approaching train + permanent: this surprising news - Post-modifiers: + temporary only: the train approaching at platform b Passive & non-passive - Pre-modifiers: + Passive : the broken vase + non-passive : a retired teacher - Post-modifiers: + Passive only: the vase broken during the row Pre-modification and the post -modification in combination Pre-modification Head Post –modification The pretty blackish girl (who) you met on the way here The interlocking China box which you will see later Her interesting love novel about war veterans The English Grammar book there which I bought years ago The beautiful broken vase on the table which I bought months ago is China still there - The possible element in the complex noun phrase are: the head noun: the most important element: girls 2, premodification includes closed/ opened system items: Eg: all the fat students ( closed + open + head) postmodification occurs after the head noun and can be: + adj: a party official is waiting + adv: a man for away is hungry of love + finite clause: the man who is standing there is john + non finite clause: the man standing there is john + prepositional phrase: the man in the corner is john Question 13: simple sentence can be classified into kinds: statement sentence in which S is always presented and generally precedes the verb phrase: she will speak to me question: sentence indicated by one or more of the categories: - operator comes before the S: will he come today? - the initial of wh element: who will come today? - rising intonation in positive sentence: he will come today? command sentences which normally have no S and are in the infinitive form: it now exclamation sentences which are initially introduced by what or how and without inversion of S and operator: how beautiful the house is Question can be divided into major classes: yes or no question in which operator is put before the S and with the rising intonation: has he come yet? + the auxiliary verb “do”, + lexical “be”, + tag-question wh question: +S: who opened the door? + Od: which book did you give him? + Oi: who did you give the book to? + Cs: whose car is it? + Co: how wide did they buil the road? + Adverbial: -of time: when did you lea - Of place: where you live? - Of reason: why did you go to ss - Of process: how did you it? - Of intensifying: how much you love her? - Of frequency: how often you go to church? alternative question: types: + the one resembling a yes or no question: you like diep or thu? + The one calling for the choice: would you like tea or milk? Question 14 Differences between the simple sentences and complex sentences: Simple sentence contains only one clause, but complex sentence has more than1 clause 10 The simple sentence - Simple sentence is a sentence that have only one finite verb - A simple sentence is a sentence whose elements are realised by phrases -A simple sentence can also be referred to as an independent clause It is referred to as "independent" because, while it might be part of a compound or complex sentence, it can also stand by itself as a complete sentence Examples of simple sentences include the following: She loves you The train was late I like listening to music The complex sentence - Complex sentence is a sentence, one of whose element is a clause - Complex sentence by using coordination and subordination - A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clause Examples of dependent clauses include the following: We have lived here since we graduated from the college They went there so that they could earn their living When she see him, he ran away Adverbial classify: Adverbial clauses are those performs adverbial functions in the sentence (adjunction, disjunction, conjunction) 12 kinds of adverbial - Adverbial of time: eg: when he saw you, I lived in HN - Adverbial of Condition: e.g :If he come, I will kiss him - Adverbial of concession : e.g: she looks pretty whether she wears or not - Adverbial of place:e.g: He said he was happy where he was - Clause of reason/cause: eg: I lent him money because he need it - Clause of circumstance: eg: seeing that the weather has improved, we shall enjoy our competition - Clause of purpose: I left early to catch the train - Clause of result: we planed many shrubs, so the garden looked beautiful - Clause of manner: I was never allowed to things as I wanted to them - Clause of proportion: the more Lan goes fast train, the more Lan loves it - Clause of preference: rather than go by air, I’d take the slowest train - Clause of comparision: Lan is taller than Hoa Question 15 syntactic features of clause elements: 11 Clause can be analyzed into elements: S, V, O, C, A S: +Normally a noun phrase or a clause with nominal function, + Comes before the verb phrase in declarative sentence of right after of the operator in question + Has number and person concord O: + A noun phrase or a clause with nominal function + Follow the S and V phrase + By passive transformation assumers the status of the S an Oi where both Od present precedes an Oi and syntactically equivalent to a prepositional phrase C: + A noun phrase, an adj phrase or clause with nominal function having coreferential relation with the S or O + Followed by the S or O + Does not become a S through the passive transformation Adverbial: + An adv phrase, a noun phrase, a prepositional phrase or adverbial clause + Normally mobile (more than one in the sentence) + Optional (can be added to or moved from a sentence with affecting an exceptability of sentence of the sentence The semantic roles: S can be: - Agentive: the animated that cause the event denotes by a verb Eg: Mr Tien opened the door - Instrumental: the generally inanimated S It often expresses unwitting events Eg: the frost has killed the flower - affected: occur with an intransitive verb Eg: thank fell down/ the penis on table or can occur with an intensive verb the road becomes narrower - recipient role: use with such verb as have, own possess which are indicated by the following relation Eg: Her daughter has a shirt - Locative: the S may have function of designating place Eg: London is foggy = it is foggy in London -Temporally S: can usually be replaced by the emply “it” Eg: it is my birthday tomorrow - Eventive S: S that designated “ arrangements” or “ activities” and permit S an intensive complementation with the time adverb Eg: the concert is on Tuesday - Empty its subject: use despecially with dimate predication Eg: it is raining /it is getting dark O can be: -affected: animated or inanimated participant which does not cause the event denoted by the verb but directly some other way Eg; Many MPS cristicized the monster 12 - Recipient: animated participant which is passively implicated( by the event or state) Eg: I’ve fond you a new watch - Effected: the one that refers to smt which exits only virture of the activity indicated by the verb Eg: I’m writing a letter Idiomatic coliequialism: do/ make/ take/ give - Locative : the one that has function of desiquating place Eg: the horse jumped the fenceTurn, leave, reach, surround, penetrate, climb, mount… - Efected indirect objects as indirect object has the role of recipient (give, own , pay…) has an effected object and an affected object as indirect object Eg: I paid her a visit = I visited her C can be:+ The roles of Cs: * Current attribute ( with state verb) Hoa seems happy * Resulting attribute ( with dynamic verb) : Quan fell ill + The role of Co: * Current attribute : I ate the meal cold & * Resulting attribute : They elected him president Question 16 – Classification of clause in term of their syntactic function - According to the syntactic function of sub –clause According to their syntactic functions of clause: kinds + Main- clause: (independence or superordinate) + Sub- clause: (dependence or subordinate) Eg: I think that you can it if you try : c b a Eg: I think that you can it if you try: c= is the subordinate to “b” I think that you can it if you try : “b” is the subordinate to “c” I think that you can it if you try : “a” = is the subordinate to “b” “b” is the subordinate to “a” According to the syntactic function of subclause, we classify subclause into kinds: + Nominal clause: a clause that performs nominal function in the sentence as S,O, C Eg: I know you are rich/ I want to learn English + Relative clause: Eg: the man who was standing at the door is my brother I gave my book to Lan, who you met yesterday + Comment clauses: Eg: To tell the truth, he is very kind 13 + Adverbial clauses: Eg: After having breakfast, he went to school Question 17 What are primary auxiliaries and how are they used? - what are the syntactic features of modalities? - According to their function of the items in the same verb phrase, we classify verbs in kinds: auxiliary and lexical verbs Primary verbs: be, do, have Auxiliary Primary Modal Periphrastic Perfect Progressive Passive can, may, must Do have be be ought to, dare, need - Periphrastic often used in negative interrogative sentence - Perfect, Progressive, Passive used to add the meaning of aspect, voice of the verb phrase\ - Modal used to add the meanings to the verbs phrase Periphrastic: Perfect: Progressive: be Passive: be have Present Do/does Have/ has (be)+ am/is/are /is/am/are Past did Had Was/ were Was/ were (+been) (been/being) - Primary auxiliary used as operator: Eg: They did not go there/ What has she got? - Primary auxiliary used as proform (pro-verb): Eg: she went there but I did not/ have you finish? Yes, I have - Only “do” can be used as emphatic auxiliary: Eg: Do come in and sit down * The syntactic features of modalities? - List of items: can, may, shall, will - Their own forms: + Present: can, may, will, must… + Past: could, might, should, would For their present tense forms, only one form is used for all persons and numbers Eg: he/we can go now - Form of the verb following them: Modal + V(base) of the lexical/auxiliary verb following it Eg: you can go/ they must have gone out - Used as operator: eg: she cannot it now - Used as proform: eg: you must go there but they must not Question 18 – What is the difference between the phrasal verbs and prepositional verb? Phrasal verb: a verb that consists of items: the verb+ the particle 14 Eg: gice up, break down, set up… - There are kinds of phrasal verb: + Intransitive phrasal verb : does not take any object : take off, get up Eg: the plan took off at o’clock + Transitive phrasal verb: takes object Eg: we saw off our friend/ saw them off - If the object is not a personal pronoun, the particle can either follow or precede the object - If the object is a personal pronoun, the particle must follow it - The verb and the particle cannot be separated by an adjunct: Eg: he quickly took off his shoes - Allow pronominal questions: eg: what did he take off? - Allow passivisation : eg: His shoes were taken off quickly Prepositional verb: a verb that consists of items : the verb + the preposition Eg : wait for, care for, insist of… - The preposition must always precede the object - The preposition and the verb can be separated by an adjunct Eg: he looked everywhere for his dictionary - Allow pronominal questions: eg: what did he look for? - Allow passivisation: Eg: his dictionary was looked everywhere for - kinds of preposition verbs: + Monotransitive preposition verbs: take one object Eg: They look after him + Ditransitive preposition verbs: take objects.Eg: he got rid of her/ he made use of the book Question 19 –categories of verbs according to their abilities to be used in the progressive form - According to their abilities to be used in the progressive form (aspect) Verbs are classified into stative and dynamic + Stative: a verb that expresses state, experience, condition…It has no continuous forms, expressing -Fellings and emotion: eg: admire, hate, mind, love, adore… -Thinking and believe: argue, mean, realize, see, feel… -Wants and preferences: prefer, want, wish… -Perception and sense: perceive, see, hear, taste… -Being, seeming, having: be, become, seem, have… -States and conditions: concern, consist, keep, hold… + Dynamic: a verb that indicates an action or single event, it has continuous form -Deriberate: I am tasting the soup -State: I tasted salty 15 Question 21 –What are the main types of concord? - Discuss the S and V concord Concord is the agreement between sentence elements Different type: There are types of concord S-V concord : + number S-V concord; + personal S-V concord, + notional S-V concord + proximity S-V concord; + coordinated S-V concord S-O concord: if the O is a reflexive pronoun, it agrees with the S in person, number and gender S-C concord: the agreement between S and C in number and gender Eg: she is actress Pronoun concord: the agreement between personal pronoun and their antecedents in numbers and gender Eg: John is wearing his hat/ they are wearing their hat Discuss the S and V concord: the most important type of concord in English is concord of number between S and V * S-V concord: + number S-V concord: the verb agrees with the S in number + personal S-V concord: the verb agrees with the S in person + notional S-V concord: an agreement of verb with S according to the idea + proximity S-V concord: an agreement of verb whatever N or Pronoun closed precedes it + coordinated S-V concord: agreement between a vern and a S that consists of or more N phrase coordinated by “and” Question 22 – What are possible ways of indicating subordination in a complex sentence? - Subordinate are perhaps the most important formal indicators of subordination in complexs sentence - There are four ways of indicating subordination in a complex sentence + Formal indicators +Use of wh-words + Optional use of subordinator +Absence of subodinator 1)Formal indicators: in the sentence, we can notice subordinators which may be subclassified in the following diagram SUBORDINATORS Simple Compound Correlatives 16 As, become, if, since, that, when, while, etc, As if, as though, so as, so that, in oder that 2) Use of wh-words: So…that, more than, such… that, no sooner than, hardly…when Wh-words Pronouns (S-O-C in sub cl.) Adverbs (=A in sub.cl.) Who, which, what Where, When, why,how… What he say is’nt true I’ll go where you go Who’ll go there hasn’t been decided Why he hadn’t come was stll troubing her then 3) Optional use of subordinator + In finte clause: I knew (that) he didn’t like joking + In non-finte clause: (while) Runing way Tom saw Mary (After) Having finished the work, they went home 4)Absence of subodinator : + In non-finte clauses acting as S, O, or C: He wants him to shop talking./ Watching these films was not to my liking + To contigent adjectiveal clauses: They went home tired/happy + In case of subject-operator in version: Had you gone there you would have met her Question 23 – How are dependent clause classified? Dependence clause: maybe classified either by structural type or function - Structural classification: + Finite clause; + Non –finite clause; + Verbless clause - Functional classification of different clause in the superordinate clause: +Od + Subordinate: eg: that we need more shoes is obvious + Cs: eg: the point is that we are leaving + Oi: eg: I’ll devote whoever he is my golden thousand + Co: eg: I imagined him overcome with grief * They may also function within element as: + Post modifier in Noun Phrase + Prepositional complementation ; + Adjectival complement + Disjunct; Conjunct Question 24 – State difference types of conditional sentence? Conditional sentence: can be classified types: Zero conditional – used for present, real/ factual situations If-clause (condition) (If + Present tense) If I drink coffee at night If you heat water Main clause (result) (Present tense) I don’t sleep well it boils 17 First conditional – used for future, real/ factual situations Second conditional – used for present or future unreal, imaginary situations Third conditional – used for past unreal, imaginary situations (If + Present tense) If I drink coffee tonight If they are late (If + Past tense) If I drank coffee tonight If I had wings (Future tense) I won’t sleep well I'm going to be angry (would + verb) I wouldn’t sleep well I would fly (If + Past Perfect tense) If I had drunk coffee last night If I had known about his condition Mixed conditional- use to talk about things which could happen in the present, if a certain event had happend in the past (if + past perfect ) If you had taken my advic If you had not forgot to pay the bill (would have + past participle) I wouldn’t have slept well I would have phoned for you earlier (would + infinitive) you would not have these problems now you would still have an internet connection The different between subordination and co-ordination Subordination Co-ordination - Use subordinating conjunction or - Uses coordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns to transform conjunctive adverbs (with appropriate independent clauses (main punctuation) or punctuation to combine clauses or ideas) into dependent short independent clauses into a single clauses (subordinate clause or sentence Co-ordination implies and ideas) balance of elements that are of equal - Subordination clauses are semantic value in the sentence subordinate to (and thus hold less semantic value than) the independent clause(s) to which they are linked Example: Example: The football game has been postponed The football game has been postponed We'll We'll have to something else (2 have to something else (2 simple sentences simple sentences with no coordination with no coordination or subordination but note or subordination, but note how how subordination occurs below) coordination occurs below 18 Example: Co-ordination Example: Subordination Question 25 – Discuss multi –premodification and post –modification Multiple –premodification - The items can be premodifiers: Predeterminer + determine + postdeter + adj + particular + Ns + N_head Eg: all the three beautiful black young dancing school girl Prede / deter / postdeter/ color / age / participant / Ns / N_head - Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings: Eg: a beautiful black young girl # a beautiful young black girl - Cases of premodified promodifiers: Eg: the consumer goods prices increase control Multiple- postmodification - The items can be postmodifiers: (pre-modification )Predete + deter+ postdeter + adj + parti + Ns + N_head + Adv/prep +N.FCL + Rel.C (post –modification) Eg: all the three beautiful black young dancing school girl in the corner talking to the director who waved to you when you entered - Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings: - Cases of premodified promodifiers: 19 Eg: the construction of the northern part of our country A young son from his first marriage to a British actress THE END 20 [...]... clause: 2 kinds + Main- clause: (independence or superordinate) + Sub- clause: (dependence or subordinate) Eg: I think that you can do it if you try : c b a Eg: I think that you can do it if you try: c= is the subordinate to “b” I think that you can do it if you try : “b” is the subordinate to “c” I think that you can do it if you try : “a” = is the subordinate to “b” “b” is the subordinate to “a” According... semantic value than) the independent clause(s) to which they are linked Example: Example: The football game has been postponed The football game has been postponed We'll We'll have to do something else (2 have to do something else (2 simple sentences simple sentences with no coordination with no coordination or subordination but note or subordination, but note how how subordination occurs below) coordination... are classified into stative and dynamic + Stative: a verb that expresses state, experience, condition…It has no continuous forms, expressing -Fellings and emotion: eg: admire, hate, mind, love, adore… -Thinking and believe: argue, mean, realize, see, feel… -Wants and preferences: prefer, want, wish… -Perception and sense: perceive, see, hear, taste… -Being, seeming, having: be, become, seem, have… -States... we need more shoes is obvious + Cs: eg: the point is that we are leaving + Oi: eg: I’ll devote whoever he is my golden thousand + Co: eg: I imagined him overcome with grief * They may also function within element as: + Post modifier in Noun Phrase + Prepositional complementation ; + Adjectival complement + Disjunct; Conjunct Question 24 – State difference types of conditional sentence? Conditional... clause (result) (Present tense) I don’t sleep well it boils 17 First conditional – used for future, real/ factual situations Second conditional – used for present or future unreal, imaginary situations Third conditional – used for past unreal, imaginary situations (If + Present tense) If I drink coffee tonight If they are late (If + Past tense) If I drank coffee tonight If I had wings (Future tense)... I'm going to be angry (would + verb) I wouldn’t sleep well I would fly (If + Past Perfect tense) If I had drunk coffee last night If I had known about his condition Mixed conditional- use to talk about things which could happen in the present, if a certain event had happend in the past (if + past perfect ) If you had taken my advic If you had not forgot to pay the bill (would have + past participle)... shall enjoy our competition - Clause of purpose: I left early to catch the train - Clause of result: we planed many shrubs, so the garden looked beautiful - Clause of manner: I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them - Clause of proportion: the more Lan goes fast train, the more Lan loves it - Clause of preference: rather than go by air, I’d take the slowest train - Clause of comparision: