Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn

Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn thi môn Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh hay, ngắn gọn

Question 1.

- What is the basic noun phrase?

- What is difference between Basic Noun Phrase and Complex Noun Phrase?

Basic noun phrase is a noun phrase that consists of premodification + head

and that function in the sentence as S, O,C

1, basic noun phrase is only 1 word (she is my friend)

2, the head of the basic noun phrase is realized by:

- a common noun with zero modifier (pens are used for writing)

- proper noun with/without modifier realized by closed system items (john wants to see u)

- common noun with closed system item (a/my/this book)

- pronoun with zero modifier ( I love him) - numerous (3 are absent)

- The difference between the basic noun phrase and the complex noun phrase

- Basic noun phrase is a noun

phrase that consists of (Pre-

modification) + head and that

functions in the sentence as S,

O, C

E.g: books are friends

- Basic noun phrase consists of only

1 word

Eg: He is my brother

S Cs

- Basic noun phrase consists of

pre-modification + Head ( closed

system items )

Eg: These books are mine

- Complex noun phrase is a noun phrase that perform in the sentence as

S, O, C and that consists of: pre- modification + head + post- modification

E.g: a good boy

- Complex noun phrase consists of premodification + Head ( opened class items ) Eg: A lovely girl is an idea lover

Open head

- Complex noun phrase consists of Pre- modification ( permanent + head … Eg: an interesting game

- Complex noun phrase consists of post-modification ( temporary)

Eg: the approach train

Question 2

- What is the function of the determiner in the noun phrase?

- What is the difference between restrictive and non- restrictive

modification?

The function of the determiner in the noun phrase:

- A determiner can take on a number of different meanings and roles in a sentence The determiner is used in every case to clarify the noun

- They may be used to demonstrate or define something or someone

- Quantifiers state how many of a thing, in number or expression A

determiner is used to show that the noun indicated is a specific one (that one), not

an unspecific one (any)

- They may also state the differences between nouns

- There are 6 subclasses of determiners: + Articles: definite a (n)

Indefinite : an old woman, girls

+ Possesives : my, your, his, her,…

+ Demonstratives: this, that, these,…

+ Interrogatives: whose, which, e.g: which colour,

+ Indefinite determiners: some water, every student…

+ Quantifier: much water,…

The difference between restrictive and non-restrictive modification:

Restrictive modification Non-restrictive modification

- Restrictive modifiers are not

punctuated

- A restrictive modifier gives essential

information, and couldn’t be left out

confusing the meaning

- Wider choice of relative pronouns

Who (m)

Which

That

eg: this is the girl whose picture you

saw

- Non-restrictive modifiers are, usually with commas

- A non-restrictive modifier supplies additional information, and could be left out without confusing the meaning

- Narrower choice of relative pronouns

Who (m) Which eg: he is Nam, whom I mentioned the other day

Question 3

- What are the verb forms an how are they used?

- State the relationship between tense and aspect?

Verb forms:

=>There are five forms for each verb : based form, s form, ingform, -edform, -ed/-en part

1 Based form:

-Imperative form: Be brave/ Put the word into the box.

-All the present tense except the third person singular: They love her.

-After modal auxiliary verb: I can do it.

-As object complement: I made her cry S V O Co

-In subjunctive sentences: He orders that we be here at 7.

-s form: the third person singular present tense: He loves her.

1 –ing form: +Progressive aspect: He is staying at home.

+ Ing participle clause: Going home, I did some shopping.

2 –ed form: simple past tense: They were unhappy yesterday.

3 –ed/-en participle form:

+Perfective aspect: I have finished my presentation.

+Passive voice: My watch is broken.

+Ed participle clause: Given a beautiful present, I was happy.

=>The relationship between tense and aspect:

In grammar, the word tense refers to the time period in which the verb of a sentence places an action.There are two tenses in English: present and past Unlike

many languages, English does not have a future tense To talk about the future, English requires either the modal verb WILL or the present progressive

For each grammatical tense, there are subcategories called aspects Aspect

refers to the duration of an event within a particular tense In other words, the aspect of a tense allows us to describe or understand how an event unfolds

overtime English has four aspects: simple, progressive , perfect , and perfect

progressive

Question 4

- State different kinds of mood

- Use of subjunctive Kinds of mood.

- Mood is our concept of relation between the verbal action to condition

such as certainly, necessity, obligation or possibility

-There are 3 kinds of moods:

1, indicative mood: the form of the verb that is used in interrogative or

declarative sentence Eg: – she went to the park (positive/ affirmative declarative sentence), she did not go, did she go

2, imperative mood: the verb form that is used to give an order or to make a

request

– positive imperative: be quiet please! – negative imperative: do not go out

3 subjunctive mood: the verb form that is used to express a wish It can be

classified into 3 categories: - The mandative: it is necessary that…

- The formulate subjunctive: long live HCM

– The hypothetical subjunctive: I wish I were you

- Uses of subjunctive: a, the mandative subjunctive mood:

* the base form is used to express a wish, a hope or a prayer Eg: – god save

queen

* in subordinate “that” clause, when the main clause contains an expression

of recommendation, resolution, demand, suggestion Eg: – it’s necessary that you

be here

b, the formulate subjunctive mood: Eg: come what way, we’ll go ahead

c, subjunctive “were” (unreal conditional sentence) to express unreality,

impossibility or doubt: eg: – I wish I went to home now

* comparative subjunctive (as if, as though, if only) Eg: – he talks as if he

was president

* modal perfect infinitive: + should have done (past), ought to have done:

Eg: you should have come here yesterday + could have done:

Eg: he could have worked hard + can’t/couldn’t have done:

Eg: he failed he could not have worked hard + needn’t have done:

Eg: you needn’t have done all these thing

* past subjunctive: it is time+ past subjunctive: Eg: it is time we stopped

here

Question 5

– State categories of verbs, according to the relationship between the verb element and other elements in the clause( draw the diagram)

- Acoording to the relationship between the verb element and other elements in the clause, there are 2 kinds of verb: intensive and extensive

(transitive: ditransitive, monotrsnsitive, complextransitive & intransitive

-Intensive verb is a verb that takes S complement and an obligate adverbial Eg: he is in the garden Intransitive verb have two characteristics

+ First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity

+ Second, it will not have a direct receiving the action - She walks in the park

- Monotransitive verb is a verb that takes 2 arguments: a subject and a

single direct object Eg: Yesterday, he bought a car

- Distransitive verb is one that takes both a direct object and an indirect

object Eg: He gave me a letter

- Complextransitive verb is a verb that takes a direc object plus an object

complement

Eg She called him a fool.

Question 6

– Discuss the complementation of verb The complementation of the verb:

1 Zero complementation:

- Intransitive verbs are often used with complete zero: eg: he came

- There may be time/manner Adjunct after the verb: Eg: They danced beautifully

- There may also be place Adjunct which seems to be closed associated with the verbs: eg: We are learning English in class

2, intensive complementation: (Cs and A)

A, S V Cs

–Cs= a NP: Eg: he is student (S +V +Cs_N.P)

– Cs= an adj phrase: Eg: she is beautiful (S +V+Cs_Cadj)

+ Cadj can be: prepositional clause:

Eg: I am fond of foodball (S+ V+ Cs +Cadj_pre.phrase)

+ finite clause: Eg: I am sure that he is rich ( S + V+ Cs +Cadj_ “that” clause)

+ non-finite clause: Eg: I am happy to meet you (S +V +Cs +Cadj_ “to” inf.NF.Cl)

B, S V A

– Cs= adv phrase: Eg: I am here today

– Cs= prepositional phrase:

+ of place: he is at the door, + of time: the meeting is at 7 am,

+ of cause: his failure is because of his being, + of purpose: this is for your exam,

+ of manner: I’m against you

3, monotransitive complementation: S V Od:

* O= NP: Eg: I like this book

* O= finite clause: Eg: he said that he would visit me

* O= non-finite clause: eg: I want to go now

4, ditransitive complementation: S V OO:

+ Oi:np1, Od:np2: Eg: he gave me his book

+ Oi:np, Od:f.cl: Eg: he gave me what he had

+ Oi:F.cl Od: np: Eg: he gave who he loved his book

+ Oi: F.cl, Od: F.cl: Eg: he gave who he loved what he had

+ Oi:np, Od: NF.cl Eg: She told the criminal to lay down his gun (to V) + Oi: F.cl, Od: NF.cl Eg: He tells whoever came to his house to answer some questions

5, Complex transitive complementation:

* (Od + Co)

+ Od= np 1; Co= np2: Eg: We consider him our younger brother

+ Od= np; Co= adj Phrase/ clause Eg: We pained the door red

+ Od= np; Co= NFcl Eg: We want him to finish his work in time ( to V) + Od= np; Co= Fcl Eg: You can call me whatever name you like

* ( Od + A)

+ Od= np +A = adv Eg: I put my pen here

+ Od= np +A= prepositional phrase Eg: She hung the pictures on the wall + od= np +A= as Fcl Eg: You can put it wherever you like

+ Od=Fcl +A= prepositional phrase Eg: Do not put off till tomorrow what you can do today

Question 7.

- State the definition and classification of clause in terms of structure Clause in term of structure:

1, finite clause: is clause whose verb element is a finite verb phrase: he is a

doctor

2 non-finite clause is a clause whose verb element is a nonfinite verb

phrase:

a, “to” infinitive nonfinite clause: to learn E is difficult

b, bare infinitive nonfinite clause: run away is I could do there

c, ING participle nonfinite clause: going home I did some shopping

+ ING participle nonfinite clause with S: because the teacher was ill, we

missed the lesson

+ ING participle nonfinite clause without S: when I was going home, I did

some shopping

d, ED participle nonfinite clause: given a beautiful present, she was happy

3 verbless clause: is a clause whose verb element is absent: Eg: if

necessary, I ‘ll phone you

She stay at home jobless.= because she was jobless, she stayed at home

Question 8

– State kinds of adjectives and the syntactic functions

Kinds of adj: 7;

1, simple adjs: good, big, long, rich, nice

2, derived adjs: prefix or suffix + root: beauty(n) =>beautiful,

happy=>unhappy

3 compound adjs: root+root: good-looking, well-done

4 adj phrases: a 6 years old boy

5, Ns as adj: a silver cup 6 participle as adjs:

- ing participle as adj: characteristics, features function, quantity of the adjective

– ed participle as adj: affected or attitude to something: eg: this film is very interesting; we are interested in this film

7 advs as adjs: the above statement, the up train

Syntactic functions:

1, most adjs can be both predicative and attributive

2, some adjs can be attributive only : an utter fool

3 some adjs can be predicative only : I am afraid of boy

4 some adjs indifference function have different meanings: he is a big eater

5, stative and dynamic: it is a female (stative) cat It is my old jacket

(dynamic)

Question 9

- Compare finite with non –finite verb phrases Finite and Nonfinite

phrases:

* Finite vps have tense and mood of s certain type Eg: We went there yesterday- tense: past

Mood: indicative They often have their own subject If she liked, she could

go They often appear in the simple, compound or complex sentence

* Non finite vps do not have tense and mood Eg: They want to go there They may have but more often do not have their S: for him to go there is difficult They often perform the function finite clause S, O, C, or A of the main finite clause and make up the complete complex sentence

Question 10.

- Differences among phrase, clause and sentence

- Differences among adjunct, disjunct, conjunct:

+ Adjunct is intergrated in clause structure

+ Disjunct and conjunct are peripheral in clause structure

+Disjunct can serve as response to a yes question- will he be there?, yes,

probably

+Conjunct can not serve therefore, be there tonight

+Adjunct can not appear initially in a negative declarative clause can be

contrasted with another adverbial in an alternative interrogation: does he write to them because he wants to or because he needs money?;

+Adjunct can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation:

we did not go there in Monday but on Tuesday

+Disjunct and conjunct can appear initially before a negative clause in

most cases: probably, he will be there tomorrow (disjunct), therefore, he cound not come on time (conjunct)

They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial alternative interrogation They cannot be focus of clause negation

Differences among phrase, clause, sentence:

+ Phrase is word group, part of speech equivalents: premod + head + postmod It is conceptual unit + Clause is (in)dependent language unit, is sentence

or part of a sentence:S, V, O, C, A S+V

+ Sentence is independent language unit: it is complete meaning + Phrase

is the smallest unit + Clause are in between phrase and sentence

+ Sentence is the laegest unit which includes phrase and clause

Question 11

– State kinds of adverbs and the syntactic functions

+ Kinds of adverbs:

1 adv of time: yesterday, this

morning

2, of frequency: every month, once a

week

3, of duration: sometimes

4 of place: on the table

5, of direction: around the world

6 of distance: next, near

7 of manner: badly, quickly

8 of means and instrument: by bus,

on foot

9 of degree: very, extremely

+ Syntactic function:

1, modifying a verb: he ran quickly (adjunct) – I went to the dentist

yesterday (adjunct),

2 modifying an adj: it ‘s too hot (intensive)

3 modifying an adv: he writes too fast(intensive)

4 sometimes the way modified:

+ a noun or noun equivalence: The meeting yesterday

+ a prepositional phrase”: The nail went right through the wall

+ a whole sentence: Naturally, the children are behaving well while you are here

Question 12

The difference between the premodification and the post

-modification in the comlex noun phrase

+ Complex noun phrase is a noun phrase that perform in the sentence as S,

O, C and that consists of: Premodification + Head + Postmodification

1 Explicitness: - Greater with post-modifier: eg: the Hanoi tourist

(pre-mod)

The tourist to Hanoi (+direction)/ round Hanoi (post-mod)

- Explicitness varies with different classes of post-modifiers:

Eg: the girl near the door (+position)

The girl sitting near the door ( + posture (action) + position)

2 Other featurea Permanence & temparariness

- Pre-modifiers: + temporary: the approaching train

+ permanent: this surprising news

- Post-modifiers: + temporary only: the train approaching at platform 5

b Passive & non-passive

- Pre-modifiers: + Passive : the broken vase

+ non-passive : a retired teacher

- Post-modifiers: + Passive only: the vase broken during the row

3 Pre-modification and the post -modification in combination

Pre-modification Head Post –modification

The pretty blackish girl (who) you met on the way here

The interlocking China box which you will see later

Her interesting love novel about war veterans

The English Grammar book there which I bought 2 years ago

The beautiful broken

China

vase on the table which I bought 2 months ago is

still there

- The possible element in the complex noun phrase are:

1 the head noun: the most important element: 3 girls

2, premodification includes closed/ opened system items:

Eg: all the 2 fat students ( closed + open + head)

3 postmodification occurs after the head noun and can be:

+ adj: a party official is waiting

+ adv: a man for away is hungry of love

+ finite clause: the man who is standing there is john

+ non finite clause: the man standing there is john

+ prepositional phrase: the man in the corner is john

Question 13: simple sentence can be classified into 4 kinds:

1 statement sentence in which S is always presented and generally precedes

the verb phrase: she will speak to me

2 question: sentence indicated by one or more of the 3 categories:

- operator comes before the S: will he come today?

- the initial of wh element: who will come today?

- rising intonation in positive sentence: he will come today?

3 command sentences which normally have no S and are in the infinitive

form: do it now

4 exclamation sentences which are initially introduced by what or how and

without inversion of S and operator: how beautiful the house is

Question can be divided into 3 major classes:

1 yes or no question in which operator is put before the S and with the

rising intonation: has he come yet? + the auxiliary verb “do”, + lexical “be”, + tag-question

2 wh question: +S: who opened the door? + Od: which book did you give

him?

+ Oi: who did you give the book to? + Cs: whose car is it?

+ Co: how wide did they buil the road?

+ Adverbial: -of time: when did you lea

- Of place: where do you live? - Of reason: why did you go to ss

- Of process: how did you do it? - Of intensifying: how much do you love her?

- Of frequency: how often do you go to church?

3 alternative question: 2 types:

+ the one resembling a yes or no question: do you like diep or thu?

+ The one calling for the choice: would you like tea or milk?

Question 14 Differences between the simple sentences and complex sentences:

Simple sentence contains only one clause, but complex sentence has more than1 clause