NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh 1. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM - S/ ES - / s / : Phát âm /s/ đối với những từ tận cùng là t , k , p , f (gh , ph), th (bats, speaks, kits, dates, photographs) - / iz / : Phát âm /iz/ đối với những từ tận cùng là s , x , z , sh , ch , ge , ce ( kisses, fixes, watches, washes, changes) - / z / còn lại (speeds, bags, studies, kids, days, halves) 2. CÁCH PHÁT ÂM -ED - / id / : Phát âm /id/ đối với những từ tận cùng là d , t (arrested, wanted, started, mended, decided,…...) - / t / : Phát âm /t/ đối với những từ tận cùng là k, s , x , f , ch , gh , p , sh , ce ( walked, jumped, helped, missed) - / d / còn lại (explained, phoned, rained, arrived, involved) * Exception (Trường hợp ngoại lệ): naked, sacred, wicked, accursed, crooked (adj) → / id / 3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES – CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TYPE 1 (Có thể xảy ra ở Hiện tại hoặc tương lai) If Simple present , Will/ Can + V E.g: If you STUDY hard, you WILL PASS the exam = SHOULD you STUDY hard, you …. TYPE 2 (Không thể xảy ra ở Hiện tại) If Past, Would/ Could + V E.g: If I HAD enough money now, I WOULD BUY this book = WERE I TO HAVE enough…. TYPE 3 (Không thể xảy ra ở Quá khứ) If Past perfect (HAD + V3/ed), Would/ Could have + V3/ed E.g: If it HAD BEEN fine yesterday, we WOULD HAVE GONE on a picnic. = HAD it BEEN fine yesterday, we would have gone on a picnic. * Notes: + CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN HỖN HỢP: If Past perfect (HAD + V3/ed), Would/ Could + V E.g: If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now. + UNLESS = IF … NOT 4. PASSIVE VOICE - CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG * Năm bước căn bản để hoàn thành câu bị động E.g: The thieves were stealing the table 1. Tìm chủ từ bị động: the table 2. Chọn thì cho đúng với chủ từ. was being 3. Đặt quá khứ phân từ: stolen 4. Đặt BY + TÁC NHÂN vào: by the thieves 5. Hoàn tất câu: The table was being stolen by the thieves. * Bảng chia Chủ động sang Bị động: Simple present do is/ am/ are done Simple Past did was/were done Present continuous is/are doing is/are being done Past continuous was/were doing was/were being done Present Perfect has/have done has/have been done Past perfect had done had been done Future perfect will have done will have been done Simple future Will, shall do Will, shall be done is/are going to is/are going to do is/are going to be done Can, Could can, could do can, could be done May, Might May, might do May, might be done Must must do must be done Have to have to have to be done Used to Used to do Used to be done * Khi một ngoại động từ ở chủ động có hai tân ngữ, một trực tiếp và một gián tiếp, có thể chuyển thành hai câu bị động. E.g: I gave him an apple. An apple was given to him./ He was given an apple by me. *Cấu trúc câu: PEOPLE SAY/ REPORT/ THINK/ ASSUME (cho rằng)/ BELIEVE/ RUMOUR (đồn rằng) …… 1 NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh 1. People say that prevention is better than cure . It is said that prevention is better than cure . Prevention is said to be better than cure. 2. Everybody believed that he had died of AIDS. It was believed that he had died of AIDS He was believed to have died of AIDS 5. COMPARISON – SO SÁNH 5.1. So sánh bằng: AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS a. He is as tall as his friend. b. John drives as carefully as Tom. 5.2. So sánh không bằng: NOT SO/AS + ADJ/ ADV + AS a. He is not as tall as his friend. b. John doesn’t drive so carefully as Tom. 5.3. So sánh hơn: short ADJ/ADV + ER + THAN MORE + long ADJ/ ADV + THAN a. He is taller than his friend. b. John drives more carefully than Tom. 5.4. So sánh kém hơn: LESS + ADJ/ ADV + THAN a. Today is less hot than yesterday was. b. John drives less carefully than Tom. 5.5. So sánh nhất: THE + short ADJ/ ADV + EST THE + MOST + long ADJ/ ADV a. Spring is the most beautiful season of the year. b. This is the longest river in the world. • Short adj/ adv (Tính töø ngaén/ traïng töø ngaén) : ñoïc chæ coù moät aâm tieát (Ex: tall, hot, fast,…) • Long adj/ adv (tính töø daøi/ traïng töø daøi ) : ñoïc coù töø hai aâm tieát trôû leân. (Ex: useful, beautiful,.) * Một số chú ý trong so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất + Tính từ ngắn: a. Tận cùng là 1 phụ âm, đứng trước nó là 1 nguyên âm (u, e, o, a, i) thì ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối. E.g: hot hotter the hottest b. Tận cùng là –E thì ta chỉ thêm – R hoặc – ST E.g : Large larger the largest c. Tận cùng là –Y, đứng trước nó là 1 phụ âm thì ta đổi – Y thành – I E.g: Dry drier the driest + Tính từ có 2 âm tiết: tận cùng là -Y, - LE, -OW, -ER thì được dùng như tính từ ngắn. E.g: Happy happier the happiest Clever cleverer the cleverest + Một số từ bất qui tắc : - Good/ Well - better - the best - bad/ badly - worse - the worst - Much/ many - more - the most - Little - less - the least - Far - farther/ further - the farthest/ furthest 6. NHÓM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH - SO THAT = IN ORDER THAT + mệnh đề - IN ORDER (not) TO = SO AS (not) TO = (not) TO + Verb E.g: I stayed up late. I wanted to study my lesson. I stayed up late SO THAT I could study my lesson. IN ORDER THAT I could study my lesson. IN ORDER TO study my lesson. SO AS TO study my lesson. TO study my lesson. 7. TAG QUESTIONS (CAÂU HOÛI ÑUOÂI) - Caâu khaúng ñònh tag question: phuû ñònh Example: 1. Peter helped you, didn’t he? 2. You didn’t see him, did you? - Caâu phuû ñònh tag question: khaúng ñònh 2 NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh - Chuû töø trong caâu hoûi ñuoâi luoân laø moät ñaïi töø. * Löu yù: - I’m late, aren’t I ? - Let’s go, shall we?( let’s coù caâu hoûi ñuoâi laø shall) - Neáu chuû ngöõ laø: everyone, everybody, somebody, someone, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, none, neither thì ta duøng ñaïi töø laø: they - Neáu chuû ngöõ laø: everything, anything, nothing, something thì ta duøng ñaïi töø laø: it Example: - Everything is OK now, isn’t it? - Someone had recognized him, hadn’t they? - Nhöõng caâu coù chöùa caùc töø nhö: no + noun( danh töø), no one, none, nobody, nothing, neither, scarely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom ñöôïc duøng nhö nhöõng caâu phuû ñònh, vì vaäy caâu hoûi ñuoâi phaûi duøng nghi vaán khaúng ñònh. Example: - Nothing was done, was it? - No one would object, would they? - John seldom goes to parties, does he? - Neither of them complained, did they? 8. MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ WHO : thay cho người, làm chủ ngữ The boy is Tom. He is standing over there. The boy who is standing over there is Tom. WHOM: thay cho người, làm tân ngữ The boy is Tom. You met him yesterday. The boy whom you met yesterday is Tom. WHICH: thay cho đồ vật, làm chủ ngữ và tân ngữ The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday. The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting. WHOSE: thay cho tính từ sở hữu cả người và vật (theo sau WHOSE luôn luôn là 1 danh từ) This is the boy. His mother is my teacher. This is the boy whose mother is my teacher. WHEN: thay thế cho thời gian, làm trạng ngữ (nếu làm chủ ngữ và tân ngữ thì dùng WHICH) Sunday is the day. I am free on that day. Sunday is the day when I am free. Sunday is the day. I like it best. Sunday is the day which I like best. WHERE: thay thế cho nơi chốn, làm trạng ngữ (nếu làm chủ ngữ và tân ngữ thì dùng WHICH) * WHERE = IN WHICH The place is Quy Nhon. I was born there. The place where ( = in which) I was born is Quy Nhon This is the place. It has many beautiful sights. This is the place which has many beautiful sights. * THAT có thể thay thế cho WHO, WHOM, WHICH (trong mệnh đề giới hạn) * Chúng ta có thể KHÔNG dùng WHOM hoặc WHICH (nếu là tân ngữ) 1. The boy who/ that is standing over there is Tom 2. The boy whom/ that/ Ø you met yesterday is Tom. 3. The book which/ that/ Ø I bought yesterday is very interesting. * Mệnh đề không giới hạn là mệnh đề có dấu phẩy. Chúng ta dùng dấu phẩy khi trước từ thay thế là: + Tên riêng: Nam, Mary, Hanoi, London …+ Tính từ sở hưũ: his, her, my … + Đại từ chỉ định: This, That,… 1. Nam, whom you met yesterday, is my friend. 2. Nam, that you met yesterday, is my friend. (sai) 3. Nam, you met yesterday, is my friend. (sai) 9. REPORTED SPEECH Ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ôû Quaù khöù : (said/ told/ ...) * Ñoåi thì ñoäng töø trong ngoaëc khi chuyeån sang giaùn tieáp: Hieän taïi Quaù khöù Quaù khöù hoaøn thaønh EX: a. Caâu meänh leänh: (1) “ Look after my son carefully.” She told me TO look after her son carefully. (2) “ Don’t phone me at night.” She told me NOT TO phone her at night. b. Caâu phaùt bieåu : (3) “ I have never come late.” She told me THAT she had never come late. 3 NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh c. Caâu hoûi : (4) “Are you at your sister’s house ?” She asked me IF I was at my sister’s house. (5) “ Where did you meet my brother ?” She asked me WHERE I had met your brother. CHUÙ YÙ : Ñoåi caùc ñaïi töø cuûa caâu giaùn tieáp: Ngoâi nhaát(I/ me/ my/ mine/ we/ us/ our) S Ngoâi hai ( you/ your/ yours) O Ngoâi ba (he/ she/ her/ him/...) khoâng ñoåi * Ñoåi traïng töø chæ thôøi gian & nôi choán : Traïng töø chæ thôøi gian Traïng töø chæ nôi choán Tröïc tieáp Giaùn tieáp Tröïc tieáp Giaùn tieáp 1. Now Then 1. This / That That 2. Here There 2.These/ Those Those 3. Today That day 3. Here/ There There 4. Yesterday The day before/ The previous day 5. Tomorrow The day after/ The next day/ The following day 6. ...Ago ...Before 7. Last.... The .... before 8. Next… The …. After/ The following … Ex: He said to me , “ I met your father and my uncle yesterday.” He told me that he had met my father and his uncle the day before. 10. SOME STRUCTURES OF SENTNECES (1 SOÁ CAÁU TRUÙC CAÂU ) I. CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ: 1. TOO … TO: quá ….(ai)…. không thể .. Too + adj/ adv + (for S.O) + to V Ex: + The coffee is too hot for me to drink. + He spoke too quickly for us to understand. 2. ENOUGH: (đủ … để có thể) adj/ adv + enough + (for S.O) + to V / enough + N + (for S.O) + to V Ex: + Mary isn’t old enough to drive a car. + She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter. + Thay have enough money to buy a house. 3. SO … THAT/ SUCH … THAT: (Quá … đến nỗi ….) SO + adj/ adv + (for S.O) + THAT + S +V Ex: + The food is so hot that I can’t eat it. + The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class. SUCH + (a/ an) + adj + N + (for S.O) + THAT + S +V Ex: + It was such an easy question that everyone got it right. + There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one. *NOTES: Cả 3 cấu trúc: too … to, so … that, và not … enough thể hiện cùng một ý kiến khi mệnh đề đứng sau so … that ở phủ định và enough đi kèm với tính từ/ trạng từ mang ý nghĩa ngược lại. Ex: Mark is too young to see the horror film. Mark is so young that he can’t see the horror film. Mark is not old enough to see the horror film. II. USED TO: 1. USED TO + V: đã từng làm gì : 4 NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh Ex: He used to go fishing with his father as a boy. 2. GET/ BE USED TO + V-ING: quen với Ex: She is used to going swimming in the morning. * NOTES: Ex: + Tom used to smoke. Tom has stopped smoking. Tom no longer smokes. III. WOULD RATHER = PREFER: 1. Caáu truùc thích laøm caùi naøy hôn caùi khaùc: Would rather + V + than + … = Prefer + V_ing/ N + to + … Ex: + I would rather go to the cinema than stay at home. + I prefer going to the cinema to staying at home. 2. Muoán ai laøm gì: Would rather + S.O + V2/ED Ex: I would rather you did exercises tomorrow. IV. IT + TAKES / TOOK/ WILL TAKE +( O) + TIME + TO + V : Maát (bao nhieâu thôøi gian )...ñeå... Ex: It took him 15 minutes to walk to school. V. THE FIRST TIME: lần đầu tiên S + have + never + V3 It’s the first time + S + have + V3 Ex: I have never been to Nha Trang. It’s the first time I have been to Nha Trang. VI. THE LAST TIME: lần cuối cùng S + haven’t + V3 + since/ for + time. The last time + S + V2 + was + time Ex: I haven’t played tennis since 1990. The last time I played tennis was 1990. VII. IT + BE + TIME + SINCE: (Đã được ….. kể từ khi …) S + haven’t/ hasn’t + V3 + for + time It’s + time + since + S + V2 Ex: I haven’t seen him for years. It’s years since I saw him. 11. Wish – ƯỚC MUỐN - Động từ Wish= If only ( ao ước) thường dùng để diễn tả những ước muốn, những điều không có thật hoặc rất khó thực hiện. - có 3 loại câu ước. 1. Future wish:( ước muốn ở tương lai) * form: S + wish + S + would + V(inf) + O. * eg:- I wish I would be an astronaut in the future. - If only I would take the trip with you next Sunday. 2. Present wish( ước muốn ở hiện tại) * form: S + wish + S + V- ed(p1) + O Were + adj / n Could + V (inf) * eg:- I wishI were rich (but I am poor now) - I can’t swim. I wish I could swim. - If only Ben were here ( but Ben isn’t here. I wish he were here) - We wish that we didn’t have to go to class today( we have go to class) 3. Past wish: ( ước muốn ở quá khứ) * form: S + wish + S + had + V- ed + O * eg :- I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year. ( I failed my exam ) - She wishes she had had enough money to buy the house. ( she didn’t have enough money to buy it ) - If only I had met her yesterday. ( I didn’t meet her ) 12. Dạng của động từ. I.To – infinitive. 5 NGỮ PHÁP ÔN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh Sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau: - sau các động từ: want, intend, decide, expect, hope, mean, offer, promise, refuse, wish,.... - sau các tính từ: glad, happy, ready, kind, .... - sau các phó từ:enough, too, - trong cấu trúc: - It + take + O +(time) + to-inf - S + V + O +(not) + to-inf ( V: ask, get, tell, want, advise, request,...) Eg: I want to buy a new house./ I’m glad to pass the exam. II.Bare infinitive. Sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau: - sau Model Verbs như: can, may, must, will, shall, would, should, would rather , had better,.... - trong cấu trúc với V là : make, let, have - trong cấu trúc với V là động từ tri giác: see, hear, notice, feel,... *Eg: I can speak English very well. / I hear him come in. III .Verb- ing. Sử dụng trong các trường hợp sau: - sau một số động từ như: avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish,keep, mind, practise, stop.... - sau các Phrasal verbs: to be used to, to get accustomed, to look forward to, to have a good time/difficulty, to be busy, to be worth,... - trong cấu trúc với V là động từ tri giác biểu đạt hành động đang tiếp diễn - sau các giới từ như: about, of, with, without,... *Eg: I enjoy fishing. / Alice is fond of dancing. 13.C¸c liªn tõ: A,MÖnh ®Ò chØ nguyªn nh©n : Because, as, since, for, now that: bëi v× Eg:They can’t go out because it’s very cold outside. • note: For : lu«n ®øng sau mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh eg: The old man gets tired for he walks a long way. B, MÖnh ®Ò chØ sù nhîng bé: Although, even though, though Eg: Although it’s raining, Peter goes to the fields. * note: NÕu mÖnh ®Ò chØ sù nhîng bé ®øng tríc, ph¶i cã dÊu phÈy Peter goes to the fields although it’s raining. -Despite/ In spite of + V-ing/ noun phrase. Eg: Despite working hard, he can’t support his large family. Athough he works hard, he can’t support his large family. C.MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng tõ chØ nguyªn nh©n. Because of/ Due to/ Owing to ( bëi v×) + noun/ gerund phrase Eg: She got ill because he worked hard - She got ill because of working hard. Tom didn’t go to the movies due to having seen the film. * Sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a Because & Because of: *, …….because + pronoun/ noun + be + adj *,……..because of + poss/the + adj + noun ( tÝnh tõ së h÷u) Eg: This man can’t see well because he’s old - This man can’t see well because of his old age. D.Tõ nèi : - And( vµ): dïng thªm th«ng tin Eg:His father is a docter and he works in hospital. -or( hoÆc): diÔn t¶ sù lùa chän. Eg: Do you study Maths or Chemistry? -But(nhng): nèi hai ý t¬ng ph¶n nhau. Eg: He is fat but his brother isn’t. -So(do ®ã, v× thÕ): diÔn t¶ hËu qu¶. Eg: He is busy, so he can’t help you. - Therefore(do ®ã) ®ång nghÜa víi So, chØ hËu qu¶. Eg: He is busy; therefore he can’t help you. *Kh¸c víi So: Therefore - cã thÓ theo sau dÊu phÈy(,) dÊu chÊm phÈy(;) hoÆc dÊu chÊm c©u(.) - However(Tuy nhiªn): diÔn t¶ sù t¬ng ph¶n, ®ång nghÜa víi But, nhng lu«n nèi liÒn hai mÖnh ®Ò. Eg: He’s over seventy; however, he’s still active. It’s raining hard; the game is, however, going on. 6 ... khẳng đònh NGỮ PHÁP ƠN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh - Chủ từ câu hỏi đuôi đại từ * Lưu ý: - I’m late, aren’t I ? - Let’s go, shall we?( let’s có câu hỏi đuôi shall) - Nếu chủ ngữ là: everyone,... nobody, none, neither ta dùng đại từ là: they - Nếu chủ ngữ là: everything, anything, nothing, something ta dùng đại từ là: it Example: - Everything is OK now, isn’t it? - Someone had recognized...NGỮ PHÁP ƠN THI VÀO 10 – 2012 Th.S Huynh Le Minh People say that prevention is better than cure It is said