DẠNG : ChUYỂN ĐỔI TỪ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH SANG QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN ( VÀ NGƯỢC LẠI ) Dạng có mẫu sau , công thức nên đưa ví dụ có chổ tô màu dấu hiệu để nhận dạng công thức This is the first time I have seen him (đây lần đầu thấy ) =>I have never seen him before ( chưa thấy trước ) Mẫu có dạng : Đây lần làm chuyện => chưa làm chuyện trước The first time : lần Never before : chưa trước I started / begun studying English years ago (tôi bắt đầu học TA cách năm ) => I have studied English for years ( học TA năm ) Mẫu có dạng : bắt đầu làm cách + khoảng thời gian => làm chuyện for + khoảng thời gian Nếu ago mà có when + mệnh đề giử nguyên mệnh đề đổi when thành since I last saw him when I was a student.( lần cuồi thấy SV ) => I haven't seen him since I was a student.( không thấy từ SV ) Mẫu có dạng : Lần cuối làm chuyện => không làm chuyện từ Last : lần cuối Since : từ The last time she went out with him was two years ago.(lần cuối cô ta chơi với cách năm ) => She hasn't gone out with him for two years.( cô ta không chơi với năm ) Tương tự mẫu khác phần sau It's ten years since I last met him.(đã 10 năm từ gặp lần cuối ) => I haven't met him for ten years ( không gặp 10 năm ) Mẫu có dạng : Đã khoảng thời gian từ làm lần cuối => không làm việc + khoảng thời gian When did you buy it ? ( bạn mua ? => How long have you bought ? ( bạn mua ? ) Mẫu có dạng : when : dùng khứ đơn How long : dùng hoàn thànhViết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) This is the first time he went abroad => He hasn’t…… 2) She started driving month ago => She has…… 3) We began eating when it started to rain => We have…… 4) I last had my hair cut when I left her => I haven’t… 5) The last time she kissed me was months ago => She hasn’t… 6) It is a long time since we last met => We haven’t… 7) When did you have it ? => How long … ? 8) This is the first time I had such a delicious meal => I haven’t… 9) I haven’t seen him for days => The last … 10) I haven’t taken a bath since Monday => It is … DẠNG : BIẾN ĐỔI QUA LẠI GIỮA : ENOUGH , TOO TO , SO THAT , SUCH THAT Trước cụ thể vào cách biến đổi bạn nên ôn lại công thức cấu trúc trên: TOO TO (quá không thể….) He is too young to go to school (nó trẻ đến học ) The exercise is too difficult for me to do.(bài tập khó đến làm ) CÔNG THỨC : [TOO + adj/adv + (for sb) TO inf.] NGUYÊN TẮC CẦN NHỚ KHI NỐI CÂU DÙNG TOO TO Cũng giống enough, too to có nguyên tắc sau -1)Nguyên tắc thứ : Nếu trước tính từ ,trạng từ có :too ,so ,very , quite ,extremely phải bỏ - 2) Nguyên tắc thứ hai: Nếu chủ từ hai câu giống bỏ phần for sb 3) Nguyên tắc thứ ba: Nếu chủ từ câu đầu túc từ câu sau phải bỏ túc từ câu sau ex: He is so weak He can't run -> He is too weak to run The coffee was very hot I could drink it -> The coffee was too hot for me to drink ( Bỏ it it đồng nghĩa với coffee ) ENOUGH (đủ) Enough có hai công thức : 1) adj/adv + enough (for sb) to inf 2) enough + N (for sb ) to inf Các bạn lưu ý khác công thức : tính từ ,trạng từ đứng trước enough danh từ đứng sau enough ex: he is strong enough to lift the box.(anh ta đủ khỏe để nhấc hộp) strong tính từ nên đứng trước enough He doesn't drive carefully enough to pass the driving test carefully trạng từ nên đứng trước enough I don't have enough money to buy a car.(tôi đủ tiền để mua xe hơi) Money danh từ nên đứng sau enough *Nếu chủ từ thực hành động (động từ to inf ) phần (for sb),còn hai đối tượng khác đối tượng thực hành động to inf thể phần for sb ex: I study well enough to pass the exam.(tôi học giỏi đủ để thi đậu) câu người thực hành động study người pass the exam (thi đậu) nên phần for sb The exercise is not easy for me to do.(bài tập không đủ dễ để làm ) Chủ từ is not easy the exercise ,trong đối tượng thực hành động không giống nên phải có phần for me *Khi chủ từ túc từ động từ túc từ to inf túc từ hiểu nghầm ,không viết ex: The exercise is not easy for me to it.(sai) The exercise is not easy for me to do.(đúng) Túc từ it đồng nghĩa với chủ từ The exercise nên không viết Tóm lại bạn cần nhớ nguyên tắc sau NGUYÊN TẮC CẦN NHỚ KHI NỐI CÂU DÙNG ENOUGH: 1)Nguyên tắc thứ nhất: Nếu trước tính từ ,trạng từ có : too, so, very, quite ,extremely Trước danh từ có many, much, a lot of, lots of phải bỏ He is very intelligent.He can it ->He is very intelligent enough to it (sai) ->He is intelligent enough to it.(đúng) He has a lot of money He can buy a car ->He has enough a lot of money to buy a car.(sai) ->He has enough money to buy a car.(đúng) 2) Nguyên tắc thứ hai: Nếu chủ từ hai câu giống bỏ phần for sb ex: Tom is strong He can lift the box ->Tom is strong enough for him to lift the box.(sai) ->Tom is strong enough to lift the box.(đúng) The weather is fine Mary and her little brother can go to school ->The weather is fine enough to go to school.(sai) ->The weather is fine enough for Mary and her little brother to go to school.(đúng) Tuy nhiên chủ từ câu sau có ý chung chung bỏ ex: The sun is not warm We can't live on it ->The sun is not warm enough to live on.(we chung chung, người) 3)Nguyên tắc thứ ba: Nếu chủ từ câu đầu túc từ câu sau phải bỏ túc từ câu sau ex: The water is quite warm I can drink it ->The water is warm enough for me to drink it.(sai) ->The water is warm enough for me to drink (đúng) BÀI TẬP : Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) The room is so tidy that it took us one hour to clean it => It is 2) The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him => He is 3) The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night => It is 4) The books are so interesting that we have read them many times => They are 5) The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it => It was 6) The food was so hot that it turned my tongue => It was 7) There is so much rain that we can't go out => There is such 8) The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy => He is 9) The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more => It is 10) The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden => It was 11) There were so many people in the hall that we couldn't see him => There were such 12) The match was so exciting that all the fans shouted loudly => It was 13) They drank so much coffee that they couldn't sleep all night => They drunk such 14) Alice had so many exercises to that she couldn't go out => Alice had such 15) The woman was so poor that she needed everyone's help => She was SO THAT (QUÁ ĐẾN NỖI ) CÔNG THỨC : SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT + clause - Cách nối câu dùng so that + Trước adj/adv có too, so, very,quite bỏ + Nếu có a lot of ,lots of phải đổi thành much,many + Sau that viết lại toàn mệnh đề ex: He is very strong He can lift the box -> He is so strong that he can lift the box He ate a lot of food He became ill -> He ate so much food that he became ill He bought lots of books He didn't know where to put them ->He bought so many books that he didn't know where to put them SUCH THAT(quá đến nỗi… ) Công thức : SUCH( a/an) + adj + N + THAT + clause -Cách nối câu dùng such that + Trước adj/adv có too, so, very, quite bỏ + Nếu danh từ số không đếm không dùng (a/an) + Nếu sau adj danh từ lấy danh từ đầu câu vào đại từ vào chủ từ ex: He is a very lazy boy No one likes him ->He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him The coffee is too hot I can't drink it Sau chữ hot danh từ nên phải đem coffee vào, coffee không đếm nên không dùng a/an ->It is such hot coffee that I can't drink it Her voice is very soft Everyone likes her ->She has such a soft voice that everyone likes her + Nếu trước danh từ có much, many phải đổi thành a lot of ex: He bought many books He didn't know where to put them -> He bought such a lot of books that he didn't know where to put them CÁC DẠNG ĐỀ THƯỜNG GẶP VỀ TOO TO , SO THAT, SUCH THAT , ENOUGH : 1) ĐỔI TỪ SO THAT SANG SUCH THAT : N + BE + SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE => ĐẠI TỪ + BE Cách làm : Thêm such ( a,an) đem tính từ xuống ,đem danh từ xuống ,từ that trở viết lại hết => ĐẠI TỪ + BE SUCH ( A,AN ) ADJ + N + THAT CLAUSE The book is so interesting that I have read it many times It is => It is such an interesting book that I have read it many times Nếu danh từ số không đếm a, an 2) ĐỔI TỪ SO THAT SANG TOO TO : Đề có dạng : S + BE +SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE => S + BE + TOO Cách làm : Thêm tính từ vào , bỏ can't ,couldn't lấy từ động từ trở Nếu chủ từ câu khác thêm phần for sb Nếu túc từ câu sau giống chủ từ câu đầu bỏ túc từ => S + BE + TOO + adj +( FOR SB ) TO INF The water is so hot that I can't drink it => The water is too => The water is too hot for me to drink - Nếu đổi nguợc lại từ TOO TO sang SO THAT thường sai việc quên thêm túc từ vào chia sai 3) ĐỔI TỪ TOO TO SANG ENOUGH : Đề thường có dạng : S + BE + TOO + ADJ + TO INF => S + BE NOT Cách làm : - Dùng tính từ phản nghĩa + enough - Viết lại hết phần sau He is too weak to run fast => He isn't => He isn't strong enough to run fast Ghi :Trong tất cấu trúc chổ BE V ADV thay cho ADJ BÀI TẬP : Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) The room is so tidy that it took us one hour to clean it => It is 2) The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him => He is 3) The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night => It is 4) The books are so interesting that we have read them many times => They are 5) The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it => It was 6) The food was so hot that it turned my tongue => It was 7) There is so much rain that we can't go out => There is such 8) The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy => He is 9) The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more => It is 10) The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden => It was 11) There were so many people in the hall that we couldn't see him => There were such 12) The match was so exciting that all the fans shouted loudly => It was 13) They drank so much coffee that they couldn't sleep all night => They drunk such 14) Alice had so many exercises to that she couldn't go out => Alice had such 15) The woman was so poor that she needed everyone's help => She was 4) CHUYỂN ĐỔI QUA LẠI GIỮA Although/ though despite / in spite of Nguyên tắc chung cần nhớ : Although/ though + mệnh đề Despite / in spite of + cụm từ Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ sau: 1) Nếu chủ từ mệnh đề giống nhau: - Bỏ chủ từ ,động từ thêm ING Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time => Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time 1) Nếu chủ từ danh từ + be + tính từ - Đem tính từ đặt trứoc danh từ ,bỏ to be Although the rain is heavy, => Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, 3) Nếu chủ từ đại từ + be + tính từ : - Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hửu ,đổi tính từ thành danh từ ,bỏ be Although He was sick, => Despite / in spite of his sickness, 4) Nếu chủ từ đại từ + động từ + trạng từ - Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ ,trạng từ thành tính từ đặt trước danh từ Although He behaved impolitely, => Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior , 5) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + danh từ Hoặc : S + have + N - Thì bỏ there be Although there was an accident , => Despite / in spite of an accident, Công thức áp dụng cho biến đổi từ BECAUSE -> BECAUSE OF BÀI TẬP : Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa: 1) Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well => In spite of …… 2) Mary could not go to school because she was sick Because of … 3) Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time => Despite … 4) My mother told me to go to school although I was sick => In spite of … 5) Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home => Because of … 6) Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad Despite … 7) Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman => Despite … 8) In spite of his god salary, Tom gave up his job => Although… 9) Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep => In spite of …… 10) In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies => Even though …… 5) CHUYỂN ĐỔI QUA LẠI GIỮA SO SÁNH HƠN / BẰNG / NHẤT Để làm phần bạn phải nắm vững công thức dạng so sánh tính từ /trạng từ Các dạng đề thường cho : 1) A B B không A Nguyên tắc : Nếu đề cho so sánh ta đổi thành so sánh + phủ định ví dụ : Tom is taller than Mary : Tom cao Mary Mary is => Mary is not tall as Tom : Mary không cao Tom 2) không A A Nguyên tắc : So sánh => so sánh ví dụ : No one in the class is as tall as Tom: không lớp cao Tom => Tom is => Tom is the tallest in the class Tom cao lớp BÀI TẬP : Viết lại câu không thay đổi nghĩa : 1) Nobody else in the class is fatter than Mary => Mary is the … 2) I haven’t written as much as you => You have written… 3) Tom’s hair was not as long as Mary’s => Mary’s hair was… 4) No student in the school is noisier than I am => I am the … 5) The first film was not as interesting as this one => This film was … 6) This house is not so expensive as that one => That house is the … 7) My dog ate more than your dog => Your dog didn’t … 8) Volleyball is not as exciting as football => Football is …… 9) Tom isn’t as interested in movies as his father => Tom’s father is … 10) Mary is the best cook in this class => No one else … ... tidy that it took us one hour to clean it => It is 2) The man is so fool that no one took any notice of him => He is 3) The film is so long that they can't broadcast it on one night => It is ... He is a very lazy boy No one likes him ->He is such a lazy boy that no one likes him The coffee is too hot I can't drink it Sau chữ hot danh từ nên phải đem coffee vào, coffee không đếm nên không... was not as long as Mary’s => Mary’s hair was… 4) No student in the school is noisier than I am => I am the … 5) The first film was not as interesting as this one => This film was … 6) This house