T ^ P CHI' KHOA HQC XA HOI s g (192) 2014 THUYiT TRAO D | XA HOI VA QUYfeN LUC CUA PETER BLAU VA VAN HOA QUAN LY VO HAD QUANG Thuyet trao dot cda P. Blau de cap den hien timng trao dot xa hoi va quyin li/c - hai vSn de ca ban cua ddi song xa hgi tir cap vi mo dSn cap vi mo. Trong do, Blau nhan manh va phan tich nhirng khai ni$m ca ban nhw tinh hdn tap, bat binh ding, tinh da dang, tinh khac biet, cac loai to chirc, cau true xa hoi, cac loai gia tri trao doi, co che hinh quyin tire va trao doi quyin luc cung nhw he qua cua nd quan ly. 1. TRAO B | V A Q U Y E N L y C TRONG QUAN HE XA HOI C A P VI M Muc dfch cua thuyet trao doi xa hoi cua P. Blau la ly giai va thiu hieu cac cau true xa hpi tren co sa phan tich cac qua trinh xa hgi dieu tiet cac quan he giu-a ngu-oi cung nhu" cac nhom xa hgi voi nhau. Cau hoi nghien CLPU CO ban ma P. Blau (1964, tr. 2) dat cho cong trinh nghien ciru thuylt trao doi xa hgi la doi song xa hgi du-gc to chLrc cau true cua cac lien ket xa hgi cang tro nen phirc tap nhu' the nao. D l dat toi muc dich do, tru-oc tien phai nghien ciru nhu'ng tu-ong tac xa hgi tru-c tilp giu'a cac ca nhan cac nhom xa hoi vi mo, tren co so xay dirng nen mong cho nghien ciru xa hgi o cap vT mo, tire nghien ciru moi quan he xa hoi diln va gi&a cac nhom xa hpi rgng Ion. P. Blau cho rang can nghien ciru tu'ong tac mat doi mat d l xay dirng co so nhan thirc cau true xa hgi cung nhu' sir phat trien ciia no. Tu'ong tac xa hgi la co so d l tao cac quan he xa hgi de tir dg Vu Hao Quang. Pho giao su tien si. Hpc vien B^o chi Tuyen truyen. hinh cau true xa hgi (P. Blau, 1964, tr. 13-15). Qua trinh tu'ong tae x5 hgi la qua trinh trao d i i giCra cac ca nhan cung nhir cac nhcm xa hpi d l xay dyng eae quan he xa hpi voi \\s each la ryong cpt ciia eac c i u true xa hpi. Sir biln dpi cau true xa hpi eung dp biln dpi cac quan he xa hpi va he qua ciia no la biln doi xa hpi. Theo P. Blau, qua trinh trao doi xa hgi d i n toi bien dpi xa hgi diln thep ben bu'oc. Biroc 1, sir chuyin giao trao doi giu-a cac ca nhan; Bu-ac 2, sir phan hoa vi the va quyen lire; Bu'oc 3, sy hgp phap hoa va chirc, giep hat gilng cho biln doi; Byoc 4, sy doi lap va biln d i i . Hanh dgng diln trgng cuge trao d i i xa hpi la tinh co hpac nglu nhien, nhyng cugc trap dpi chf cc t h i tiep tuc neu cac ben tham gla trao d l l co the dap irng l i n boi nhii'ng phan thygng ma m l i ben mong dgi. Neu phan thyong chf co tir mgt ben thi cupc trap d i i ed t h i bi pha vg hoac bi dimg I9I. Cupc trap dpi dygc diln mgt each lau dai hay bin chat phu thupc vap cac phan thyong ma cSe ben tham gla trap chp nhau. Phan thyong cc the la vat chat hpac tinh than va deu CP y nghTa xac djnh trpng cugc trac d i i . vo H A O Q U A N G - THUYET TRAO SOl XA HQI V A Q U Y E N LIJC . Khong phai chF vgt chit (tien bgc, cua cat, sue lao dgng) mdi cung co dugc quan he trao doi ma tinh than cung cd vai trd tuang tu. Cai "gia" cua v|t dua trao d i i CO gia trj nhu the nao phu thugc vao su danh gia chu quan cua cac chu t h i hanh dgng mgt tinh huong xa hpi cu t h i . Tinh huong xa hdi cung nhan thuc chu quan cua tung ben tham gia tuang tac xa hpi hay trao doi xa hgi. Ttnh hudng xa hdi gom cac nhan to chu quan va nhan td khach quan. Nhan to ehu quan la tri thuc, quan niem hay dao due, nilm tin, tinh cam, y ehi cua chu the hanh ddng. Nhan to khach quan gdm dilu kien ben ngoai doi vdi ehu t h i hanh dgng nhu du lugn xa hgi, dieu kipn ehinh trj, the chi, dieu kien vgt chit, tai san, chuc vu hay chd dung xa hpi, v.v . Trong trao doi, eac ehu t h i chd dgi phin thudng l l n kilu "c6 di cd Igi mdi togi long nhau". Nlu giu'a hp phan thudng cho khdng chac chin thi quan he trao d i i hay su lien kit giua ho se yeu di hoac se bi chim dut. Trong trao d i i , it diln su trao doi ngang bang. Khi mot ben c i n cai gi dd tu doi tac nhung khong nhan duac mpt sy trao doi tuang duang tu phia ngugc Igi thi ed phuang an cd t h i diln ra: (1) Ngudi cd t h i ep ngudi giup dd minh; (2) Ngudi ed t h i tim nguon Iue thay the khae d ngudi de dgt dugc eai ma minh mong muln; (3) Ngudi e l ging d l tri quan he mpt each lau dai vdi ngudi ngoai cai ma ngudi c i n d ngudi (vi dugc quan hp eung la phin thudng); (4) Dieu quan trpng nhit, ngudi cd the ty lam eho nd phg thupc vao ngudi va coi d6 nhu la "eai the tin dyng ehung" de ngudi cd the su dung muon (G. Ritzer, 1996, tr. 274-275). Cac cupc trao doi ca nhan deu dien mpt each ngau nhien, nhien cac chu the hanh dpng co xu hudng gia nhgp vao nhdm va lien ket nhdm. Nhung ngudi mdi d i n mudn tham gia vao nhdm vi hp nhin thiy nhu'ng phan thugng cc t h i nhan dugc n l u trd thanh vien cua nhdm. Trong do, nhicng vien cu cua nhdm thi lai mong dgi ngudi mdi d i n ed nhu'ng ddng gdp gi eho nhdm. Vi t h i , nhicng ngudi muln tham gia vao nhdm thudng chung td rang minh la ngudi ed nang luc va vipc tham gia vao nhdm se lam cho nhdm mgnh them, Cac vien nhdm cung diu muln chung to nang luc cua minh d l duac nhung vien khae thda nhgn. Qua trinh tuang tac va cgnh tranh nhdm cang mgnh me han ed them vien mdi. Cac vien eua nhdm chf thua nhgn vien mdi sau hp nhgn duge nhOng phan thudng vien mdi mang igi, vi t h i vien mdi cd gang gay an tugng va hiln dang eho nhdm nhung gi cd the de nhgn lai su thua nhan cua cae vien khac cua nhdm. Kit qua cua qua trinh dong hda nhdm dan tdi ciu kit nhdm. Mat khac, qua trinh canh tranh giCfa cac vien nhim gay an tugng cho nhdm t i t y l u din tdi su phan hda nhdm ngudi ed t h i ddng gdp nhieu han, cd uy tin han so vdi ngudi kia. Mpt nghich ly diln qua trinh tuang tac nhdm nhung ngudi cd kha nang gay an tugng de tgo sy lien kit nhdm thi nhung ngudi khac Igi cam nhgn i n TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HQI sg fl92) 2014 tugng mdt each miin cudng vl hp sg bj phu thupc bdi nhdm gay an tugng. Trong giai dogn d i u cua qua trinh hinh nhom, cac cupc canh tranh gianh su thua nhgn cua nhdm da d i n tdi mpt hien tugng khach quan la viec xuit hien nhung thu ITnh tilm nang. Nhung ngudi cd kha nang mang Igi nhung phin thudng t i t nhit cho nhdm chinh la nhung nhan vat ed tiem nang nhat d l chiem vj tri thu ITnh nhdm. Qua trinh phan hda nhdm thdng thudng se dl ddi vdi qua trinh xac djnh la thu ITnh cua nhom, kit qua cua cgnh tranh mang tdi. Trong qua trinh cgnh tranh d l gianh sy thua nhgn nhdm, cae vien y l u nang luc han c6 xu hudng thua nhan sue manh cua nhung ngudi ed kha nang mang Igi eho nhdm nhilu phin thudng han. Cudi cung, nhung ngudi yeu the han eupe cgnh tranh mong muon tilp nhgn nhu'ng phin thudng cua nhu'ng thu ITnh tiem nang, dieu da giup cho hp bo dugc tam ly sg bj phu thupc. Nhd ca c h i den bu ma nhdm thu ITnh tiem nang va nhdm yeu t h i v i n cd t h i lien kit dugc vdi nhau. Kit qua, nhung thu ITnh tiem nang trd thu ITnh chinh thuc va nhdm bj phan hda ngudi lanh dgo va ke phu thupc (cip dudi). Nhung ngudi thit the sau nhicng eupe cgnh tranh nhdm v i n cd nhu cau cao d i i vdi viec lien kit nhdm, dd hp thudng tuyen b l rang "khdng muln" lam thu ITnh de Idi keo va tgo sy dong cam, sy chip nhan tu phia nhicng ngudi v i n cdn dang thuc hipn nhu'ng eudc dua chilm vi tri thu ITnh. Nhung ngudi chilm duac vi tri thu ITnh cung khdng muon mit di nhijng ngudi thua cudc, ngugc Igi hp mudn tgo su doan k i t nhdm nen hg tuyen b l rang, ehinh nhung ngudi "tu cho minh" la y l u han v l n cd nang luc mgt Tnh vyc nao dd de lam giam cai dau cua "vit thuang" qua trinh cgnh tranh. Nhung ngudi chiem vi tri thu ITnh mdi tuyen bo hg khdng kilm soat khu vyc hay ITnh vuc ma nhung ngudi thua cupc dang hoat ddng de tao su doan kit va tai lien k i t toan nhdm. P. Blau eho rang, ed hai loai hinh t l chuc ton tai xa hpi duang dgi. Loai thu nhit hinh qua trinh trao ddi va canh tranh; logi thu hai, hinh y dinh chu quan eua mdt nhdm ngudi hay eua mpt to chuc xa hgi nao do. Trong ca hai logi hinh td chuc tren diu xuit hien nhdm lanh dao va nhdm bj lanh dgo (phu thugc). Qua trinh phan hda nhdm cac tieu nhdm (thanh ban lanh dgo va e i p dudi) la qua trinh tat yeu. Tuy nhien, sy phan hda cac cue d i i lap giua cac nhdm lgi rit khac nhau. Loai nhdm thu nhit qua trinh cgnh tranh d i n d i n phan hda va hinh cau true nhdm (lanh dgo va cap dudi). NhiJng xung dgt xa hdi diln giua nhdm lanh dgo va bi lanh dao cd the dugc dieu tilt bing su den bu va nhugng bp lin da trai qua qua trinh hogt dpng thyc tiln va thda nhgn l i n ve mgt uy tin eung nhu nang luc. Trong dd, nhdm thu hai "ban tay t l ehuc" sap xIp, nen sy bat binh dang da nam san c i u true cua to chuc. Nhung bit binh dang xa hpi, mau thuin va xung dpt gii>a hai tilu nhdm da nam eiu true cua logi hinh t l chuc nay. Tren thyc te, ban tay vd hinh cua t l chuc phai vu HAO QUANG -THUYET TRAO OOl XA HQi VA QUY£N LI/C can thipp vao logi hinh t l chuc thu hai d l giai quyet nhung nhipm vy dgc thu cua xa hoi duang dgi, vi du: cac nhdm dgc nhiem chong khung bo; cac nhdm cdng tac dac biet chong tham nhung, v.v . Su chuyen doi cac quan he xa hpi t u c i p dg vi md den cap dd vT md la su chuyin doi v l chit. Bdi eiu true xa hgi vT md va sy trao d i i cua nd phue tgp han nhilu so vdi c i p vi md (nhdm nhd, cac quan he trao doi mat doi mat). 2. TRAO D I X A H O I V A Q U Y E N L y c TRONG CAU T R O C Vl MO Cae quan he xa hpi d cap vT md ed mgt so thupc tinh khac can ban so vdi quan he vi md. P. Blau cho rang khdng thd dung ly thuylt hanh vi xa hgi d l giai thich cae quan h$ xa hpi vT md nhu cac nha hanh vi xa hgi thudng lam. Viec xac djnh vat trung gian giua ca nhan va tap the hay nhdm Idn chinh la cac chuan myc va gia trj. Chuin muc la vat trung gian d l thyc hipn nhijng cupc trao doi giua tap t h i vdi ea nhan. Trong gia tri la vat trung gian d l thyc hipn cupc trao doi xa hpi rpng Idn nhat gii>a cac tap the, cac nhdm xa hdi vT md. Tieu chuin gia trj cd t h i xem xet nhu la vat trung gian cua ddi song xa hgi. Theo P. Blau, cd logi gia trj vdi nhung ehde nang rieng cua nd: Thu nhit, gia trj dac thu la vgt trung gian cua lien ket va doan kit xa hgi. Gia tri dac thu cd chuc nang thing nhit, quy tu cac vien eua nhdm hay cua tap t h i v l mgt m l i nhu chu nghTa yeu nudc hay tinh thin tgp the. Gia trj dgc thu khdng nhijng chf thyc hipn khau trung gian d l chuyin tai cdc thugc tinh cua tgp the hay toan xa hdi den ca nhan ma chuyin tai ca tinh chit dong chit hay ddng dang cua nh&ng ca nhan den nhung ca nhan khac nhdm tao sy thong cam, su ding thuan nhdm. Gia tn dac thu cdn giup chu t h i hanh dpng phan biet cai nhdm, cai ngoai nhdm de tgo su c i u kit nhdm cung nhu tang cudng tinh thong nhit nhdm. Thu hai, gia trj quat. Dd la cac tieu chuan d l danh gia va dugc chip nhgn chung giOa cac vien xa hgi hay nhdm. Nhd cd tieu chuan chung ma cac cugc trao d i i gian tiep van dugc diln ra. Cae ca nhan cd the ddng gdp vao sy nghiep chung cua tap the bdi vi ea nhan dd nhgn thuc tuang doi dung ve eai chuin hay cai thudc cua tap the. Ngugc Igi, dua vao cai chuan chung, tgp the ed t h i thudng phgt ca nhan. Thu ba, gia tri cua sy hgp ly hda thim quyen. Nhung ngudi lanh dgo hap ly hda tham quyin cua minh doi vdi mdt ehue vu hay cuang Vj xa hpi cu the nhim kilm soat hanh vi eua nhiJng ngudi khae. Thu tu, gia trj cua su doi lap hay ching doi. Gia trj ching doi la vat trung gian eho phep nhijng ngudi cd quan dilm doi lap vdi mpt trat ty xa hdi hay trgt tu cua mpt to ehuc tap hap lai vdi d l thuc hien hanh dpng cai t l td ehue hoae xa hpi. P. Blau de xuit he thong cac khai nipm nhdm, tap t h i , to ehuc, chuin gia trj eiu true xa hdi vT md nham ly giai cae quan he xa hdi d t i m vT md de xay dyng mdt xa hdi thong nhat, on dinh, nham ching lai nhung bit on, nhiJng chia re cac bp phan cua hp thong xa hpi. De giai thieh hipn tugng trao doi va quyen luc nhu la eai t i t y l u cua quan hp TAP CHi KHOA H Q C ' X A HOI so f192) 2014 xa hgi, P. Blau tiep tuc nghien cuu cac quan he d c i p eiu true vT mo xa hpi. v i n d l trung tam eua thuyet eiu true vT md la cac dieu kien c i u true vT md cac cdng dong va dan eu tac ddng d i n ddi sing xa hdi nhu t h i nao. P. Blau cho rang ed logi hinh phan b l dan s i : tinh hdn tgp; tinh bit binh dang; tinh da chilu egnh xa hpi. Trong dd, tinh hdn tap mdt tap hgp dan s i phu thudc vao s i lugng cae nhdm khac va sy phan bd dan cu mdt each nglu nhien cac nhdm nhu t h i nao; Tinh bit binh dang de cap din sy khac biet giua cac ca nhan va cae nhdm xa hpi v l mue dp tu ddi da la duang vd cue va toi thilu la bing 0. Sy bit binh ding xa hdi cd t h i ludng bang phuang phap djnh do. Tinh da dang d l cap d i n sd lugng nhung khac biet mpt tap hgp dan sd. Nhung khia canh chinh cua sy khae biet trao doi xa hpi da d i n d i n viec hinh eac kilu quan he xa hdi khac tao cac c i u true xa hpi. Ciu true xa hdi la mpt khdng gian da chilu canh eua cac vj tri xa hgi dd eae ea nhan duge phan bd theo cac dgc trung nhan khau xa hgi va eae quan he xa hpi cua nd. N6i each khae, c i u true xa hpi la eac kilu phan bo dan s i theo cac vj tri xa hdi khac khdng gian da chilu canh xa hdi, cac vi tri dd phan anh va tac dong den m6i quan he giua ehung vdi nhau. Vi tri xa hdi la chd dung cua ca nhan khdng gian xa hdi. Chd dung dd dugc xac djnh khdng nhung v l mat thu bae, chuc nang xa hdi ma cdn dugc xac dinh bdi sy khac biet danh gia xa hdi ddi chua duge phan loai mpt each chinh xac. Cac quan he lien nhdm la loai quan he duge quan tam phan tich han thuylt cau true vT md cua P. Blau. Tan xuit quan he lien nhdm dien it han so vdi quan hp nhdm. Quan he nhdm cd ehue nang cung co sy doan kit nhom nhien nd Igi sinh mpt hidn tugng can trd su lien k i t nhdm vdi nhdm khae vi tinh cau ket eua cac vien nhdm. Do vay viee tgo eae quan he lien nhdm la rit quan trgng doi vdi viee eung cd cac c i u k i t cgng dong, tap t h i (nhdm Idn) tham chi d eip quoc gia dan tdc. c i u true xa hdi phu thupc vao kha nang hay xac suit cac tilp xuc hay cae quan he xa hdi. Con ngudi cang song gin mpt khdng gian cang cd nhieu kha nang gap gd va kit giao vdi (P. Blau, 2006, tr. 343-354). Tuy nhien, sy k i t giao chi xay cac cupc tilp xuc d khdng gian dang tin cay chu khdng phai nhiJng quen bilt hdi hgt be ngoai nhu euge gap ga nai cdng cdng hay tren xe buyt. Ca hdi gap ga cua hai vien eua hai nhdm khac tang len cung vdi su da dang hay tinh khdng ddng nhat eua nhdm. Ndi each khae, tinh khdng dong nhit cua nhdm eang cao thi eang cd nhilu ea hpi gap gd eho cae vien eua hai nhdm khae nhau. Ngugc lai, hai nhdm cang cd tinh dong nhit (giong nhau) thi ca hdi gap gd giua hai vien cua hai nhdm eang giam. Trong tap hgp dan so, mue dp lien he hay ket giao xa hpi eua nhdm nhd nhilu han so vdi nhdm Idn. Kich thudc cua nhdm cang Idn, cac kit giao xa hpi giOa cac nhdm eang giam. Trong xa hpi cd su vo HAO QUANG - THUY£T TRAO D6\ XA HQI VA QUYfeN H/C phan tang bit binh ding ve vj t h i xa hpi cOa cac ca nhan va cac nhdm nen xa hgi cd xu hudng phan tang hinh chop. Ket qua eua phan hda xa hdi qua trinh ket giao giua cae nhdm xa hpi phy thudc vao ba nhan to chinh la hdn tap, bit binh dang va tinh da dang cac nhan t l xa hOi da tgo cac ting ldp xa hpi hay phSn hda xa hgi cac giai cip, giai tang va dugc xIp dgt theo muc cao thip cua dja vj kinh t l hay quyin luc. Nhung vj tri xa hpi d ting tren cd nhilu quan he kit giao vdi eae vi tri xa hdi d tang dudi han (Le Ngpc Hung, 2013, tr. 113-124). IWdc dg giam bdt bit binh dang xa hgi lam giam nhp anh hudng cua cac vj t h i eao ddi vdi cac vj t h i thip kit giao xa hpi. Mue dg bat binh dang cang giam, khoang each xa hpi giiJa cae vj the cang giam nen cae ca nhan cang cd kha nang kit giao vdi nhau. Dieu the hipn ro quan hp xa hpi hi$n nay, nhung ngudi giau it kit giao vdi ngudi ngheo, nhung ngudi ed chuc vy eao it kit giao vdi ngudi cd chuc vu thip. Ban ve tuang quan cac kit giao nhdm, P. Blau cho rang, quan hp nhdm, ting cua cac quan he dpc lap va phy thugc = 1. Gpi muc quan he dpc lap Id X, muc quan he phu thupc l l n la Y thi X+Y = 1. Muc dp dgc lap cdn gpi la tham s i gigp nhau, muc dp phu thupc l i n la tham s i hgp nhit. Tham s i giap cang eao phan anh kha nang quan hp lien nhdm cang cao. Tham so hgp nhit cdng cao phan anh muc quan he (kit giao) lien nhdm cang thip. Cac kit giao xd hpi phan anh quan he xa hgi gida cdc cd nhan cung nhu cdc nhdm, trfin ca sd dd hinh c i u true xa hgi. Trong mdt cau true xa hdi lai cd the hinh cae t i l u c i u true dua tren ca ehe hinh thdnh tuang ty ndi tren. P. Blau dua kit Iuan quan trpng de tdm tat npi dung chinh ly thuyet c i u true vT md cua minh nhu sau: (1) Cd sy phan biet giua nhung khdc biet ca ban cua moi ca nhan vdi tat ca nhung ngudi khac va nhung khae bipt ve mat c i u true giua t i t ca eac cap mdt tap hgp dan s i . (2) Muc dp hdn tgp giua eon ngudi tgp hgp dan s i cang Idn thi eang cd ca hpi md hai ngudi gap gd, kit giao vdi trd nen khac nhau. Tuy nhien, muc dp hdn tgp v l mgt c i u true mgt tgp hgp dan so (ma tap hgp dan s i ed gia trj khac biet trung binh cua t i t ca cac cgp) edng idn thi cang cd nhieu kha nang d l hai ngudi khac (ve mat dae trung xa hpi) cd cae quan he vdi ngudi kia, k l ca quan hp hdn nhan. (3) Bit binh dang giua eon ngudi lam giam quan he kit bgn vdi nhau, nhung bat binh dang v l eiu true (duge hinh tren ca sd khac biet cua t i t cd cdc cgp) Idm tang cudng kha nang cua cdc quan he khac bipt v l mat vj t h i cua tat ca eac logi quan he xa hgi, ke ea quan he hdn nhan. 3. TRAO D | Q U Y £ N Ll/C VA V A N HOA QUAN LY Nhu tren da d l cap, tuang tdc hay trao ddi xa hdi gida ngudi vdi cd nguon gdc tu quan hp thuc tiln trai nghiem cua ngudi. Quyen lyc sinh t u trao doi xa hoi giua ben cd quyen va ben khdng cd hogc it quyen, ndi each khac la ben dpc Igp vd ben phy thupc. TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 M92) 2014 Trao ddi xa hpi tren thuc t l la trao doi giua cac ben bit binh ding xa hdi. B i t binh dang xa hdi cd tu eon ngudi sinh ra, vi vgy nd mang tinh t u nhien. Xa hdi hinh d l giai quylt cdi b i t binh dang cd tinh ty nhien dd. Con ngudi phai trao doi vdi cdi ma minh khdng ed nhung minh c i n hogc muln. Qui lugt dd dugc cac nha ly thuylt trao ddi gpi la "ehi phi" vd "Igi nhuan", hay "eai mit" va "cai dugc". Trong ddi sdng xa hdi tai mpt thdi dilm nhit djnh, ting so "eai ed" hay tai san (vat chit l l n tinh than) cua toan bp xa hdi la khdng ddi, nhien sy phan bd tai san bit binh dang ddi vdi ea nhan hay nhdm. Phan phdi cua eai cua xa hdi la mdt v i n d l quan trpng nhit va phuc tap nhit cua lich su nhan loai. Ban ehit xa hdi loai ngudi la sy hgp tae d l eung ton tgi, qud trinh hgp tac dd cd sy eung cd phat triln va su phan ly xa hdi. Dieu da duge P. Blau ly giai ly luan v l hinh cac logi to chuc. Quyin lye eua eon ngudi duge hinh quan he trao ddi vdi ngudi khac, khdng cd loai trao ddi vd quydn luc md chi cd it hogc nhilu. Trong bat ky mdt loai hinh td chuc xa hdi nao, quyin lye cua ca nhan hay nhdm dugc hinh tu hai hinh thuc to chuc chinh. Thu nhit, ed nhan tu egnh tranh va cd duge quyen lyc "mgnh han" ngudi khdc nen trd thu ITnh. Thu hai, mpt t l chuc eip tren hoac nhiJng ngudi ed quyin lye han, nhung thu ITnh nhdm chi dinh, bo nhiem. Ndi each khac, cd nhan ed dugc vi tri quan ly mdt nhdm hay mdt t l chuc xa hoi la phin d i u d l dat dugc hoae cip tren chT djnh. Theo nhu c i u khdch quan cua xa hdi, hai hinh thuc to chdc (each sap xep cdn bp) d i u cd nhan to hgp ly. Ngydi ta cung cd the ket hgp ca hai each sap x I p nhan s u tren phugng phdp tong hgp d l vua dam bao tinh dan ehu vua dam bao tinh chf dgo tap trung. Tuy nhien, n l u khdng cd s y kiem soat minh bgch thi ea ba hinh thuc sap xep nhan sy ndi tren d i u bj lgi dung va iam tha hda cdng tac t l chdc. Chung ta c i n thilt phai bdn tdi khia egnh cua hien tugng tha hda hay lech chuan xa hpi dilu kien xa hpi hien nay. Theo ly thuylt trao doi quyen lyc eua P. Blau, ede ed nhan edng giong ve mat quan dilm, lgi ich va phuang phap hanh dpng cang co kit chat che vdi mpt nhdm, sy lien ket npi bd nhdm cang chat cang khd cd lien kit ngoai nhdm. Dilu ndy giai thich cho hipn tugng tham nhung vd kha nang ching pha tham nhCing Id rat khd khan tinh ty vp c i u kit nhdm nay. Cdc nhdm "suy thoai tu tudng chinh trj dgo 6ifc loi song" cung tuang ty nhu vay, tham chi cdn khd phat hipn han vi d i u hipu suy thodi d i u nam cdc "tuang tac i n " , hogc it cdng khai. Mdt dilu quan trgng han cd lien quan tdi hipn tugng c i u k i t eua cac phin tu dong dang mgt ca cau dan so, theo P. Blau, la cac cd nhan cd vj tri xa hdi cao cd xu hudng chi phoi cac cd nhan thip nhilu han tgo tuang tac thien hudng mpt chieu theo kieu "tren bao dudi phai nghe". Quan hp bit binh ding xa hgi cdng Idn tinh chat mgt chilu quan he quyin luc cang Id'n, mau thuin xa hdi cdng cao. Mau thuin xa hpi giam trao doi quyen lyc giam, tuc Id bat binh ding xa hpi giam. Dilu thiy vO HAO QUANG - THU Y£T TRAO D I XA HQI vA QUY£N rat ro thuc tiln ljch su nudc ta. Khi d i t nudc cd chien tranh thi "Tudng sT mpt Idng phy tu, hda nudc sdng chen rugu nggt ngao". Trong dilu kien chien tranh, quan hp "tudng sT, vua tdi" khdng each bidt md nhgp vao mpt do khoang each xa hdi v l quyin lye trd nen rit nhd vl t h i tgo dugc sue mgnh to idn gdp phan thyc hien cupc chiln tranh nhan dan chong giac ngoai xam thing Igi. Trong thdi ky bao cip, mac du muc sdng ciJa ngudi dan rit thip, nhung trgt tu xa hOi Igi kha I n djnh, vl cae cugc trao doi xa hdi it bit binh dang han, phan hda gidu ngheo thip han hien nay. Nghien cuu phan tang xa hpi eung chi rang, thdi k^ bao eip phin ddng dan cu sing d muc trung binh, phin dmh va phan day cua thap phan tang deu rit hep " . thap phan ting thdi ky bao c i p se edn phinh rpng han d mue song trung binh vd hpp han d ea phia dinh va day thdp"'^'; dilu ndy phan dnh mue bit binh dang thip. Tuy nhien d i n cuoi nam 1990, tinh hinh phan tang xa hdi da thay doi: "Nam 1998, chenh Ipch ve thu nhgp giua nhdm 20% gidu nhit vd nhdm 20% ngheo nhit Id 11,26 lin, giua nhdm 10% gidu nhit va nhdm 10% ngheo nhit Id han 20 lan, cdn giua nhdm 5% gidu nhit va nhdm 5% ngheo nhit la han 40 lin"'^'. Sy phan hda giau ngheo ndi rieng, muc dp bit binh ding xa hgi (dja vj kinh te, chinh trj, uy tin xa hpi) (David Ashley, 1990, tr. 273-279) ndi chung Id nguyen nhdn ddn d i n phan ting xa hgi vd hinh cae logi quyen lye ehinh thong (quyin lyc hgp phdp to chuc trao cho) vd quyin lyc truyln thong (quyen lye uy tin xa hpi ma cd nhdn dgt dugc) Khi Lyc xa hdi chuyen tu md hinh quan Iy tap trung hda sang md hinh quan ly mdi kilu "kinh t l thj trudng djnh hudng xa hpi chu nghTa" da tgo sy da dgng xa hpi, phdt huy duac nhung phim chit tdt cua cd nhan vd nhdm v l mat kinh t l , nhien he thong phdp luat chua tien kip vdi su biln doi nhanh chdng eua he thing kinh t l d i n tdi viec tao nhung bit binh dang xa hdi theo kieu mdi. Diu hieu eua bit binh dang xa hdi thdi ky la nhdng nhdm Igi ich dugc hinh thdnh edc to chuc nhd nudc vd eae ea quan cdng quyin. Nhung vy dn Idn ve tham nhung nhu Vinashin, Vinalines,.,. Id bang chung cho lugn diem tren. Tp ngn xa hpi vd tdi phgm cung diln rit da dang va phuc tap tren t i t ca cac ITnh vyc kinh te, chinh trj, van hda, xa hpi. Nhung hien tugng tham nhung, ngn xa hpi va tpi pham id nhung diu hipu bit on dinh cua trat tu xa hpi, nhien muc dp bit on djnh v l n cdn kilm sodt dugc sy on djnh v l t h i ehl chinh trj. Theo P. Blau qud trinh hinh to ehue gom bdn giai dogn, mdi giai doan cd nhicng net dac thu rieng v l mat tuang tac xa hdi. Giai dogn 1, trao doi d l thich ung lln nhau. Giai dogn 2, phan hda vj thi, vai trd va quyen lyc. Giai doan hgp phap hda quyin luc; giai doan xuit hipn mau thudn va nhicng eai caeh de to chuc phat triln len giai dogn mdi cao han hoac tan ra. Tuang ung vdi eac giai doan cua sy phdt trien cua t l chuc, ngudi td ehuc ed kieu tuang tae trao ddi quyen tuc vdi nhu da trinh bay d phan tren. Tuy nhien, mdi nln van hda khdc thi cdc md hinh tuang tac cd nhung net TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HOI so (192) 2011 dac thil rieng cua np. B6i vol ngycri Viet, cc Ipai hinh van hca CP' ban irng xir la: van hoa gia dinh, dong hp; van hpa lang xa; van hoa liia niro'c (san xuit nho); van hoa chien tranh. B i n Ipai hinh van hpa tham gia vap tat ca cac ITnh vyc quan he xa hpi. Trpng quan he quan ly, ngydi Vipt d l diing tinh cam va vat ehit d l trao doi, dilu da co nguIn goc tir nguyen ly irng xir dan gian la "Mpt tram eai iy khpng bang mgt ti cai tinh". Trong quan hp d p tren c i p dyoi, cap tren cung thien hyong dung tinh cam hon la diing "iy" (luat). C i p dyoi thi dung ea tinh cam l l n vat chit d l trao doi vol va vol cap tren. Hipn typ'ng da cu t h i hoa "van hoa phong bi" va qua mirng nhan l l . Tit, v.v . Vol net van hoa Icilu "gia dinh, dong hg, lang xa", cap dyoi cc xu hyong quan he lau dai vol cap tren d l nhan dygc "an sung" cua cap tren vi sy trung cua minh. Lcai hinh trap doi thir tu' phan anh tinh chat van hoa chiln tranh. Trong lich Viet Nam, ngyol Viet co hon nira thoi gian phai chiu dyng canh chiln tranh voi eac nu'O'c h i u hit la manh hon minh, cho nen dp mem dec, l . sg 8 (192) 2014 THUYiT TRAO D6| XA HOI VA QUYfeN LUC CUA PETER BLAU VA VAN HOA QUAN LY VO HAD QUANG Thuyet trao dot cda P. Blau de cap den hien timng trao dot xa hoi va quyin li/c . quyin tire va trao doi quyin luc cung nhw he qua cua nd trong quan ly. 1. TRAO B6| VA QUYEN LyC TRONG QUAN HE XA HOI CAP VI M6 Muc dfch cua thuyet trao doi xa hoi cua P. Blau la ly. ciia no la biln doi xa hpi. Theo P. Blau, qua trinh trao doi xa hgi din toi bien dpi xa hgi diln ra thep ben bu'oc. Biroc 1, sir chuyin giao trao doi giu-a cac ca nhan; Bu-ac