Tài liệu Hướng dẫn và ví dụ Writing

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Hướng dẫn chung về bài luận:

1 Topics:

Some intensive English programs in the United States offer a foreign student the option

of living with an American family while he or she is studying abroad Many students feel that such a home-stay program is a valuable part of their total learning experience

However, others may feel that such a plan offers little value In a short essay, discuss one

or two advantages of living with an American family and then state one or two

disadvantages Tell whether you are in favor of or opposed to the idea of home-stay Give examples to support your opinion

2) Outline

Advantages:

· Opportunity to learn about American customs

How to behave on different occasions

Other aspects of American life

· Environment to improve English

Conversation with family members

Homework

Disadvantages:

· Lack of privacy and independence

Family activities

· Being treated like a child

Making friends

Leisure activities

3) Opening:

There is much disagreement over whether it is necessary for a foreign student who is studying in the United States to live with an American family Some people maintain that the home-stay program is meaningless Other people, however, argue that such a program

is a valuable part of their total learning experience If I were forced to agree with one of the two positions, my choice would be for the latter

4) Body:

Why do some people dislike the idea of staying with an American family? For one thing, these people think that living with an American family involves both a lack of privacy and little opportunity to be independent For instance, the foreign student may

find that the family expects him or her to join them in group activities such as watching

television and going on picnics At times, however, he or she might enjoy staying alone

to read or to write letters For another, living in an American home involves the

possibility that the family may treat the student like a child For example, the parents

may want to decide who the student's friends will be and how he or she should spend the leisure time

Although I agree that there may be one or two disadvantages to living with an

American family, I insist that the advantages far outweigh them In the first place, by

taking part in a home-stay program, the student gains an excellent opportunity to learn about American customs He or she will find out how to behave in different social

situations such as parties and ceremonies and how to dress on these occasions In

addition, the student will learn about many other aspects of the American way of life,

such as the way schools are run in the United States With a family close by, he or she

can ask questions about attendance rules and school costs Meanwhile, the family will

make certain that the student becomes acquainted with this new way of life, and soon he

or she will feel at home In the second place, living with an American family provides the student with an ideal environment to improve his or her English For example, each

time the student has a conversation with someone in the family, this native speaker can help with his or her pronunciation and grammar Maybe even the young children in the

family can help the student with his or her homework As a result, English will surround

the student most of the time during his or her stay in the United States

5) Conclusion:

In conclusion, I believe that the advantages of a home-stay program are more obvious than its disadvantages not only because the student can learn about American customs in the most natural way possible, but also because the student can improve his or her

English more effectively in the native language environment

6)

· Brief Checklist

Have I answered the question?

Does my essay have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion?

Does my introduction have a thesis statement?

Does each body paragraph have a topic sentence?

Does each topic sentence have sufficient examples and/or reasons?

Have I correctly used transitions and reference words?

Does each paragraph have sentence variety?

Does my conclusion make it clear which side I support?

Are there any run-on sentences or fragments?

Have I used parallel structure correctly?

Have I indented each paragraph?

Have I used capital letters correctly?

Have I made any mistakes in punctuation?

Are there any spelling mistakes?

Have I made other obvious grammatical mistakes?

Hướng dẫn về cách liên kết câu:

Topic 1: In most elementary and high schools in the United States, the average class size

is 25 to 30 students In some countries, schools have an average class size of more than

60 students In your opinion, what would be the ideal class size? Explain why

Which kind of class size is better? In the United States, a typical class in most

elementary and high schools has 25 to 30 students, while in some other countries the

average class size can amount to more than 60 students As far as I am concerned, a

class of about 20 students is ideal

In the first place, the teacher can satisfy the demands of all the students in a small

class As there are only about 20 students in the class, it will not be long before the

teacher comes to know his or her students well enough The teacher can get to know the abilities and problems of each student, which makes it easy for the teacher to handle the class Consequently, every question can be answered; every request can be satisfied, and every bit of talent can be tapped

In the second place, teaching in a small class can be more effective than in a bigger

one The main reason, I suppose, is that there are more opportunities of communication

between the teacher and the students in a small class For example, the teacher can ask

more questions and the students have more chances to answer questions If necessary, a class can be conducted in the manner of discussion, in which all the participants,

including the teacher, can actively exchange views over an idea or issue In addition, not

only does the teacher in a small class find it easier to organize the class, but also the students can hear more clearly and thus be more attentive in class All this is almost

impossible in a class of about 60 students A case in point is the class size of the

elementary and high schools in China Because each class has more than 50 students, those who sit at the back of the classroom cannot hear the teacher clearly and hence often become absent-minded in class The teaching result is often unsatisfactory

In conclusion, I believe that a small class of about 20 students is more advantageous not only because in such a class the teacher can better satisfy the needs of students, but also because it makes the teaching and studying more effective Therefore, I strongly advocate that all schools should adopt the policy of small class size

Topic 2: Developments in transportation such as the invention of the automobile have

had an enormous impact on modern society Choose another development in

transportation that you think is of great importance Give reasons for your selection

Human transportation has witnessed quite a few revolutionary changes As far as I

am concerned, one of the most important developments in transportation has been the

invention of international jet transport Since this style of transportation appeared in the 1950s, it has caused widespread revolutionary effects and has actually changed the way people look at the world

In the first place, jet travel surpasses all other means of land transport in speed A

hundred years ago, it took weeks to cross the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans by ship Today, those same trips can be completed in a matter of hours One can attend a meeting in Paris

and have dinner in New York the same day In fact, the amazing speed of the jet plane

has changed people's concept of space Today the world is much smaller than it was in the past

In the second place, jet travel is less expensive but more comfortable One hundred

years ago, since an international journey was extremely expensive, only wealthy people could afford to travel comfortably, while poor people had to save for years in order to purchase a ticket Besides, the traveling conditions then were almost unbearable Today,

however, due to the invention of jet planes, it is possible for more and more people in

every country to travel in comfort Businessmen fly from city to city to make fortunes; students fly home from abroad to visit their parents; and tourists fly from country to country to enjoy their sightseeing

In conclusion, I argue that the international jet travel has changed the world not only because it can take us from place to place at a surprisingly high speed, but also because it makes it possible for more and more people to travel at a relatively low cost

Today, individual nations are not as isolated as they were in the past, and people now

think of the whole planet as they once thought of their own hometowns Therefore, I strongly hold that the development of the jet travel is of great importance in the history

of transportation

Topic 3: Some people say that exploration of outer space has many advantages; other

people feel that it is a waste of money and other resources Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer

With the development of outer space exploration, many people begin to doubt

whether the endeavor is worthwhile It is true that some money and other resources must

be spent in this area, but in my opinion, human beings should continue the adventure because it can add to our knowledge, acquire new resources, and even find places where

human beings can live

To begin with, the exploration of outer space will add to our knowledge about the

universe as well as about the earth Although human beings have been living on the earth

for thousands of years, we know very little about it For example, we are not even sure

about how the earth came into being, why the dinosaurs disappeared altogether from the face of the earth, and whether there is life on other planets The attempt to explore outer space will certainly help us answer all these questions and bring us a great many benefits

In addition, the exploration of outer space may help mitigate the energy crisis As we all know, our oil, coal, and other conventional fuels will be exhausted in the near future

Although the scientists are looking for alternatives on the earth, such as nuclear power,

we may launch spacecraft to the moon or other planets, where natural resources might be abundant and untapped

Last but not least, the exploration of outer space may find new habitation for human

beings Our earth is becoming more and more uninhabitable because of the population explosion Although we have tried various means to relieve the burden of overpopulation, such as the building of skyscrapers and the practice of birth control, but the problem is getting increasingly serious The best way, I think, is to turn our eyes to outer space Some scientists are already working on the possible human migration to another planet, say, the Mars

Since space exploration has so many important advantages, there is no reason for any objection to it Those who only see the financial and material resources used for this undertaking are near-sighted Would they leave the earth in a state of overcrowding, energy shortage, and severe pollution? Would they remain ignorant of the earth upon which human beings depend for survival? If not, they should change their position and support the scheme for space exploration

Topic 4: Some students like to have outdoor activities Others like indoor activities

Which do you prefer? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer

Students differ in the activities they enjoy Some may be fond of outdoor activities, while others would like to spend almost all of their time indoors Although I cannot persuade those who prefer outdoor activities to give up their hobbies, I, personally, can always find pleasure and satisfaction in the various indoor activities that interest me

To begin with, indoor activities are more convenient and can be done at any time and

in any place Whether it is night or day, rainy or sunny, warm or cold, we can stay at home playing chess, reading books, listening to music, operating computers or even just

thinking Furthermore, we are free from the limit of space For example, in order to do

some reading, we do not need a court, which is necessary for playing tennis And we will never be upset because we cannot afford a racket

Another but more important advantage of indoor activities, I think, is that they can

greatly help open one's mind and make one intelligent By reading, we can become more knowledgeable; by meditating, we can become wiser; by surfing on the Internet, we can wander in the wonderland of information and knowledge

In short, I believe that indoor activities are more important and more beneficial On the one hand, these activities do not require special conditions On the other hand, we

can benefit more from them

Topic 1: Some people prefer work or activities that mainly involve working with people

Others choose work or activities that mainly deal with objects or machines Compare these types of activities Which of them do you prefer? Give reasons to support you

answer

There is much disagreement over whether it is better to work with people or with objects or machines Some people claim that it is more comfortable to work with objects

or machines Others, however, argue that working with people is more pleasant If I were forced to agree with one of the two positions, my choice would be the latter Why do some people think that working with objects or machines are more

advantageous than working with people? For one thing, objects or machines are easier to

deal with Since both objects and machines have no wills, they do not argue with us On

the contrary, they are always ready to follow our directions For another, objects or

machines are reliable Unlike people who sometimes hurt our feelings, they never cheat

us In addition, I suppose, these people cannot adapt themselves to the human world of

competition

Although I agree that working with objects or machines certainly has its

advantages, I insist that it is far more beneficial and exciting to work with people In the first place, when I work with people, I can work more efficiently than when I work with

machines or objects The reason, in my opinion, is that working with people gives us power and competition and thus make our work more productive In this sense, rivalry can become a very effective motive in improving one's ability Moreover, two heads are

always better than one In the second place, working with people is more interesting

than working with machines or objects The latter makes one bored, and it takes much more time to complete a certain task Besides, if one spends most of his or her time only handling machines or objects, he or she can become indifferent and inhuman Though machines may be very accurate, they have no hearts In other words, it is hard to feel love for machines or objects

In conclusion, I believe that working with people is far more valuable not only because it increases our efficiency in work, but also because it brings us a sense of

companionship that contributes to the meaning of our life as well as our work

Therefore, I prefer working with people

Topic 2: Violent TV programs have been blamed for causing crime rates to rise in many

cities But many people do not agree that violence is related to TV viewing Discuss the possible reasons for both opinions Give your opinion as to whether or not violent

programs should be taken off the air

There is much debate over whether violent TV programs are relevant to the rise of crime rates or not Some people assert that it is obvious that violent TV programs cause violence Others, however, do not agree that violence is related to TV viewing at all

As far as I am concerned, the disgraceful violent TV programs should be largely

responsible for the rising rates of crime in modern cities

Why do some people disagree that the violence on TV programs should be blamed

for the rise of crime rates? For one thing, they presuppose that everyone has self-control

Except by force, one cannot make a person do anything which he or she is not willing to Since TV programs are something over the air broadcast simply for fun, how can they

control a person without recourse to any physical means? For another, those people

believe that everything can be changed except the essential character of an individual In most cases, just as a law-abiding citizen always abides by the law, criminals cannot

change their own character no matter how much punishment they have suffered in jail It

is their character rather than TV violence that drives them to commit crimes Violent TV programs, they conclude, are innocent

Although I agree that the individual's self-control and character has certain effect on his or her behavior, I insist that the external environment plays a far more important role

in forming people's moral values and behavior, to say nothing of children and the youth

who have not yet fully developed their own "self-control and character." In the first place, violent TV programs tend to obscure the difference between good and evil,

harming the social morals and values As we know, Evil is the next-door neighbor of

Good; even an adult sometimes cannot distinguish them, needless to say a teenager Consider the case of a boy who imitates the violence on TV just out of curiosity without knowing that he is doing something that he would regret in his rest life Can you still claim that it is the fault of the boy, not the violent programs, because he is a born

criminal?! In the second place, violent TV programs can gradually change people's

behavior, misleading them to the belief that violence is the most effective way to resolve conflicts Nowadays, as soon as you turn on your TV, violence is vividly presented

before you, with the success of the criminals encouraging you, the luxurious booty

tempting you, and the stupidity of the police cheering you The implied message is

obvious: if you want to get rich fast, STEAL, ROB AND MURDER! How many people can resist this tempting invitation?

From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that violent

TV programs have in a large sense caused crime rates to rise not only because of their destructive influence on people's morality, but also because of their vicious effect on people's behavior Therefore, I strongly hold that they should be censored strictly

Topic 3: Some people like different friends Others like similar friends Compare the

advantages of these two kinds of friends Which kind of friends do you prefer? Explain why

Which kind of friends is more desirable, different friends or similar friends? Since

people's criterion for friendship differs, they may never agree on the above issue

Personally, I have made friends with people from all walks of life, and these different

friendships are such a precious treasure of mine

In the first place, a mixture of friends can bring us many practical benefits As the

saying goes, a friend in need is a friend indeed Since we all need to move on in life, we

need new friends to lead us to new adventures, new career opportunities and new life In fact, most of us have to make new friends when we leave school and find employment Besides, different friends can help us with the different difficulties that we encounter in

life At the risk of sounding cold, different friends can also help us with financial

problems And the friend in a foreign country might be able to arrange cheap

accommodation for a holiday

In the second place, contact with different friends gives a person a broad outlook to

life As the Chinese sage Confucious put it, "When three persons walk together, one of them can surely be my teacher." Since we all have our weaknesses, the strengths of

different friends can always complement each other For example, from a friend who

majors in computer, I have learned how to design my own web page; by exchanging

e-mails with an American pen-friend, I have greatly improved my English writing In addition, different friends can help me to enjoy a variety of interests, and we can always

attract each other with our different hobbies, different ideas and different experiences I feel that I can always find things to learn from my various friend friends

Admittedly, common sense tells us that the idea of having similar friends is not

without advantages We can feel a sense of strength when we have a group of friends who share our opinions A person with a purpose in life such as an artist or a politician may feel a special need to surround himself or herself with people who stick to the same cause It seems to me that introvert people tend to enjoy similar friends because they fear the potential risks of arguments and conflicts among different friends

All in all, although "birds of a feather flock together," I would like to fly with "birds"

of different feathers, which would certainly add to the color of my life

Topic 4: There are advantages and disadvantages to different seasons of the year such as

rainy or dry Pick any two seasons that you are familiar with and compare the two Describe what it is that makes you prefer one over the other What activities do you engage in? What feelings do you have during this season?

Year in and year out, the four seasons, like our faithful friends, bring to us expected joys and satisfactions The year would be much less colorful with any one of the four

seasons missing However, on balance, I like summer and winter best of all because

they provide me with diversity that I look for in my life

In the hot summer season, the world is full of life Flowers are blooming, birds are singing, and I feel energetic about different kinds of outdoor activities, such as jogging,

bicycling, and swimming Actually, swimming is one of my favorite sports In water,

both body and mind have to work together either to move forward or simply float It is

good stress reduction for the intensive modern life that many of us have Summer also

enables us to have more fresh fruits and vegetables I like to go to the farmers' market where I can enjoy the good prices, the availability of fresh produce, and the farmers' smiles

In winter, on the other hand, the world is quiet and peaceful Inside the house, there

is nice warmth, with friends or relatives chatting over cups of hot tea or coffee Or if you like, you can sit in front of your window enjoying the pleasure of quiet reading Outside

in the open air, the world is beautiful with roads, trees, mountains, lakes, everything, dressed in pure white snow It's fun to watch children play in the snow or to join them in

making a snowman It would be even more exciting, if you live in the countryside, to

follow the trails of foxes or hares on the snowfield

In a word, summer is colorful while winter is tranquil On the one hand, the exciting activities of summer can always fill me with joy; on the other hand, the poetic scenes of winter arouse tender feelings in my heart However, I prefer winter for the simple reason that I was born in a snowy winter 20 years ago and that every winter there is a splendid birthday party waiting for me

So sánh 2 bài viết chưa được sửa và đã được sửa:

Topic:Some people think that parents should plan their children's leisure time carefully

Others believe that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time

Student Essay:

It goes without saying that one's childhood is the most wonderful and unforgettable time in one's life

As far as I'm concerned, I quite agree to it First of all, take me for a good example,

my parents are like good teachers and helpful friends in my life As I remember, they never interfered with my life excessively They always left enough freedom to me so that

I could embark upon what I liked to do in my spare time Because they quite understood that my weekdays were occupied with a heavey workload, only in my spare time could I have a change of pace Mutual understanding is very important in my family I no way, however, does it mean they live me overmuch They were austere teachers, when I made mistakes They were good friends, when I came upon something dificult Now that I grow up to possess characteristics of self-confidence, optimism, and independence which enable me to face the challenges and failures in my life with joy, I am very grateful for

my parents Without them, I would be far from happiness

On the contrarry, some parents expect too much of their children This can give rise

to such a situation Parents would rather pay more attention to their children's study than their interests and hapiness, thus resulting in serious misunderstanding between parents and children Some parents even "help" their children make a schedule in order to make the best use of time Children are deprived of hapiness in that they have to do so many homework both form within the school and without, under their parents' watchful eyes Therefore, children are more likely to be introverts heavily dependent on their parents when they grow up this will definitely bring forth come disadvantages For one thing, they will find it's much difficult to adjust themselves to the competitive society Besides, it's not easy for them to get used to expose themselves to other people As we know, confining oneself in an ivory tower will make it hard for him to communicate with others The interaction between people, however, plays a major role in one's career, is one of the most important elements in achieving success

Revised Essay:

Childhood is a decisive period in the process of one's growth Therefore, many people think that parents should carefully plan not only their children's school education but also their spare time Other people, however, argue that children should have the freedom to plan their own extracurricular life On balance, I would side with those parents who respect children's freedom and independence

If children have the freedom to make decisions on how to spend their spare time and develop their interests, they will gradually form a sense of responsibility and become more capable in the life world Take myself as a good example My parents are like good teachers and helpful friends in my life As I remember, they never excessively interfered with my life and always left enough freedom to me so that I could embark upon what I liked to do in my spare time They quite understood that my weekdays were occupied

with a heavy workload, and that only in my spare time I could have a change of pace Meanwhile, although mutual understanding and tolerance were an important part of my childhood life, in no way does it mean that they spoiled me They were austere teachers when I made mistakes, and helpful friends when I came across difficulties Owing to their understanding, tolerance, guidance, and above all, love, I have grown up to be a person of self-confidence, optimism, and independence, ready to confront any challenges in my life Without the free family environment that my parents carefully designed for me, I wouldn't have lived such a happy life

On the contrary, some parents expect too much of their children, depriving them of all their independence and freedom These parents would rather sacrifice their children's interests and happiness for nothing but good scores, thus resulting in serious

misunderstanding between parents and children Some parents even went so far as to plan their children's schedule, filling every minute with study task In this case, children are deprived of happiness because they are bound hand and foot by endless homework, numerous exams and boring evening or weekend classes Furthermore, having no

freedom to plan their own life, these children are more likely to become introvert, heavily dependent on their parents when they grow up This will definitely affect their growth For one thing, since they have no opportunity to develop their independent thinking and explore their potential, they will find it very difficult to adjust themselves to the

competitive society For another, confining oneself in an ivory tower will make it hard for him or her to communicate with others This will affect their career development in the future because the interaction between people plays a major role in the workplace, and is one of the most important elements in achieving career success Obviously, parents' excessive interference with children's after-school life, if carried to the extreme, can cause serious damage to both their happy childhood and their career in the future

To sum up, I believe that parents should leave enough freedom and privacy to their children with a view to cultivating their character As long as parents allow their children the necessary freedom accompanied by careful guidance, their children will grow up to

be independent, responsible and successful

Case 2

Topic: Some students participate in school activities such as clubs and sports Other

students do not take part in such activities because they spend more time on their studies Tell why you think the two groups of students spend their time differently? Which type of students do you prefer to be? Explain why

Student Essay:

Most people think the duty of students is study so it is natural for them to spend more time on their study On the contrary, some people think out-course activities are also important

Why students are always forced to study diligently? One reason is that for long time scores are the only criteria to judge students' behavior in the school If a student is

studying hard, he or she will be praised as a "good student", if not, he or she will be regarded as "something wrong" The other reason is simple The goal of studying in school is to get better grades and then go to better high-level school and at the end, get a