Thành ngữ có từ chỉ động vật trong tiếng Nhật

Thanh ngu cua nhiing ngdn ngu cdn chua duac thinh hanh d Viet Nam hien nay nhu tie'ng Han, tie'ng Nhat, thi hiu nhu chua cd mdt luan an tien sy hay mdt cdng trinh nghien cuu Idn nao dt

DAI HOC QUdc GU HA N 6 I TRirdNG DAI HOC NGOAI NGlT

Bi TAI NGHlfiN Ctft KHOA HOC CAP DAI HOC QUdc GU

NAM HOC 2004- 2005

TRONG Tif NG NHAT

CHUYfiN NGANH: TifiNG NHAT

MA s d : QN- 02-08 (TOM TAT)

CHU NHlfiM Di TAI:

THAC SY, GIANG VlfiN CHINH N G 6 MINH THUY

OAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOl TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

PT /4-Z ^

HA iNOI - 2005

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI

TRITCING DAI HOC NGOAI NG0

f)t TAI NGHlfiN CtrU KHOA HOC CAP DAI HOC QUOC GIA

NAM HOC 2004- 2005

TRONG TIENG NHAT

CHUY£N NGANH: TI^NG NHAT

MA SO: QN- 02-08 (TOM TAT)

CHU NHIEM Bi TAI:

THAC SY, GIANG VIEN CHINH NGO MINH THUY

KHOA NGON NGU VA VAN HOA PHUONG DONG

HA NOI - 2005

PHAN MO DAU

1 TINH CAP THIET VA LY DO CHON DE TAI

Thanh ngfi la m6t trong nhung dan vj ngdn ngu ca ban trong he thong cac dem vi ng6n ngu

La m6t loai dan vi ngdn ngu: kd't tinh nhung yeu t6 van hoa ciia m6t d^n toe, the hien m6t each tmng thuc va vd cung phong phu thS^ gioi quan, nhan sinh quan cua nhung nhom ngudi thuoc cac n^n van hoa khac nhau, thanh ngu con duac coi la don vi ngon ngu- van hoa Do vay, khi nghien cuu thanh ngu ngucri ta se tim ra duac nhung net dac trung van hoa cua m6i d^n toe, va neu viec nghidn ciiu do duoc ti^n hanh theo huang so sanh dd'i chie'u thanh ngu cua hai hay nhidu ngdn ngu khac nhau, ngucri ta se d6ng thdi tim ra duac nhung net tuang d6ng va khac biet giua nen van hoa

nay vdi nin van hda khac Boi, theo each ndi cua Montequieu, "mud'n tim hieu mdt nen van hda

nay thi tdt nha't hay dem chiing so sanh vdi n6n van hda khac" (Din theo Nguydn Van Khang, [Xuy6n van hda vdi viae day- hoc ngoai ngu, trang 287- 290])

Trong nhung nam gin day, thanh ngu duac nghidn cuu ra't nhieu va t£r cac gdc dd khac nhau

N6u nhu trudc day, ngoai mdt sd cdng trinh nghien cuu ddi chid'u thanh ngu tieng Viet vdi thanh

ngu tiefng nudc ngoai thi nhung nam gan day lai ndi len xu hudng nghien cuu so sanh dd'i chi6'u thanh ngO cua mdt ngdn ngu nudc ngoai vdi thanh ngu cua tieng Vidt

Mac dii cd nhi^u luan van thac sy va luan an tien sy ve thanh ngu theo hudng dd'i chie'u, nhung

cd ihi tha'y rang ddi tuang nghien ctiu chii yeu la thanh ngu cua cac ngdn ngu nhu tie'ng Nga,

tieng Anh, tid'ng Phap, tie'ng Han vdi thanh ngu tie'ng Viet Thanh ngu cua nhiing ngdn ngu cdn chua duac thinh hanh d Viet Nam hien nay nhu tie'ng Han, tie'ng Nhat, thi hiu nhu chua cd mdt

luan an tien sy hay mdt cdng trinh nghien cuu Idn nao dt cap de'n, ngoai hai luan van thac sy la

"So sanh ddi chieu thanh ngu cd tir chi con vat trong tieng Nhat va tieng Viet" (Ngd Minh Thuy, 2001) va "Tim hieu cau triic va y nghla cua thanh ngu Nhat bdn chu Han trong su so sanh vdi tie'ng Viet" (Nguyen Td Chung, 2003), trong khi dd, cac ngdn ngu nay da, dang va ngay cang ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng d Viet Nam, dac biet la tie'ng Nhat Vdi sd luong cdng ty Nhat Ban tai Viet Nam (tinh de'n nam 2004) la 200 cdng ty, vdi mot luang du khach Nhat Ban rat Idn tdi Viet Nam hang nam, va vdi nhung mdi quan he chinh tri, kinh t^, van hda giua hai nudc dang ngay cang trd nen gdn bd thi sd luang ngudi Viet Nam su dung tieng Nhat dang tang len mdt each manh me Theo thdng ke cua Dai su quan Nhat Ban tai Viet Nam, nam 2004 cd 13.000 hoc sinh, sinh vien dang theo hoc tie'ng Nhat tai Viet Nam, dung thii ba trong cac nudc Ddng Nam A, sau Indonesia va Thai Lan Trong mot bdi canh nhu vay, viec nghien ciiu tieng Nhat ndi chung va nghien ciiu thanh ngu tieng Nhat- mot dan vi ngdn ngu chiia dung rat nhieu dac diem ngdn ngu va van hda cua ngudi Nhat- ndi rieng cd tam quan trong rat Idn

Chfnh vi nhung ly do dd, chiing tdi chon thanh ngu tieng Nhal lam dd'i tuang nghien ciiu cua d^ tai

2 MUC DICH VA NHDEM VU CUA DE TAI

Trong cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve thanh ngu ma chiing tdi de cap den a phan tren, cac lac gia deu di sau phan tfch cau triic hinh thai va y nghia ciia cac thanh ngu thuoc mdt nhdm thanh ngQ trong mdt ngoai ngu tren ca sd so sanh, ddi chieu vdi thanh ngu ciing nhdm trong tieng Viet, hoac ddi chieu vdi thanh ngu trong tieng Viet va mot ngdn ngu thti ba Mot sd tac gia con phan tfch, so sanh dd'i chieu each su dung thanh ngu trong ldi ndi

Tuy nhien, theo nhu tren da ndi, thanh ngu la dan vi ngdn ngu phan anh dam net nha't cac dac die'm van hda ciia mot dan toe Neu ngdn ngu la phuang tien eua tu duy, phan anh tu duy, thi trong cac dan vi ngdn ngu, thanh ngu la nai ma dau a'n ciia tu duy con ngudi dpng lai ro net nhat

Bdi vay theo chung tdi, mdt hudng mdi va can thiet trong nghien ciiu so sanh dd'i chieu thanh ngu

la nghien ciiu gan vdi van hda

Tren thuc i6, mdt sd' cdng trinh nghien ciiu da de cap den van de van hda khi so sanh dd'i

chi^u thanh ngii, vf du nhu Lam Thi Hda Binh [4, Giang Thi Tam [113] Nguyin Xuan Hda [54] Theo chung tdi, vide gdn van hda vdi ngdn ngu trong nghien ciiu thanh ngu the hien d hai mat : 1) dua vao thanh ngU de tim ra nhung dac trung ve ngdn ngu va van hda dan tdc; 2) diing cac dac trung van hda dan tdc de ly giai cac dac diem ve ca'u tnic hinh thai, ngu nghla v.v cua

thanh ngu D6 tai cua chiing tdi nghieng v6 muc dfch thii nha't Cd nghla la, muc dfch ma chiing

tdi hudng d^n la tim hieu nhung dac trung ngdn ngu va van hda cua ngudi Nhat tren ca sd tu lieu

la thanh ngO:

Tuy nhien, nhu d phdn tren da ndi, cho d^n nay sd lugng cdng trinh nghien ciiu v6 thanh ngu tidfng Nhat ndi chung va cdng trinh nghien ciiu thanh ngu tieng Nhat tren ca sd so sanh vdi thanh ngu tiefng Viet ndi rieng cdn qua ft di Tham chf, tai Viet Nam cho den nam 2005 vin chua

cd mdt cudn tir dien dd'i chi^u thanh ngu Nhat- Viet nao Cd le cung vi ly do nay ma cac nha Viet

Ngu hpc d Viet Nam cdn cd phan chua bie't nhieu ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat Trong bdi canh dd, d6

tki cua chiing tdi, cung vdi viec khao sat cac dac diem cua ihanh ngu tieng Nhat, se danh mdt phdn thfch dang cho viec gidi thieu cac quan diem ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat, dua ra mdt biic tranh tuang ddi toan canh ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat Cd nghla la, ve phuang dien ly luan, dua tren viec khao sat cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu di trudc cua cac nha Nhat ngu hpc la ngudi Nhat, chiing tdi se gidi thieu ve tinh hinh nghien ciiu thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat, cac quan diem ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat,

dinh nghla thanh ngu tieng Nhat va each phan loai chiing, lii dd so sanh vdi quan diem ve thanh

ngu cua cac nha nghien ciiu Viet Nam, dua ra quan diem ciia minh ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat nhdm xac dinh dd'i tuang nghien ciiu, ddng thdi tao tien de eho cac nghien ciiu ve thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi chung va nghien ciiu so sanh dd'i chie'u thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat vdi thanh ngu tieng Viet trong tuang lai

Nhu vay, muc dich cua de tai nay la thdng qua viec khao sat dac diem cua thanh ngu tieng Nhat d^ chi ra nhung dac trung cua thanh ngu tieng Nhat gdn vdi nhan td van hda Nhat Ban Tren

ca sd dd, de tai gdp phdn vao viec lam ro khai niem thanh ngu cung nhu dac trung ngdn ngu- van hda ciia thanh ngO: ndi chung

Tii muc dfch tren, cdng trinh nghien ciiu cua chiing tdi de ra nhung nhiem vu cu the nhu sau

1) Gidi thieu mdt each cd phan tfch, danh gia cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu vi thanh ngil tie'ng

Nhat (trong sir lien he vdi cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve thanh ngii tren the gidi ndi chung va thanh ngu tie'ng Viet ndi rieng)

2) Khao sat cac dac diem ve cau triic hinh thai eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat de ehi ra cac md hinh ca'u U-iic hinh thai cua thanh ngii tieng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra cac dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the hien qua cau triic hinh thai cua thanh ngii

3) Khao sat cac dac diem ve ngu nghla eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat de chi ra nhung dac trung ca ban ve ngii nghla cua thanh ngir tieng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra cac dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the hien qua ngir nghia cua thanh ngu

3 PHUDNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU VA HU(3NG D I CUA DE TAI

Vdi muc dfch nghien ciiu va nhiem vu cu the neu tren, de tai sir dung phuang phap thdng

ke, phuang phap khao sat, phuang phap phan tfch (gdm phan tfch iinh va phan tich dinh luang), phuang phap quy nap va phuang phap dien giai de tim ra nhung dac trung eua thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat Ngdai ra, de nhung dac trung cua thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi len rd han, trong cdng trinh nghien ciiu nay chung tdi cQng sir dung mdt sd dac die'm ciia thanh ngii tie'ng Viet de so sanh Ndi

mdt each ro han, trong cdng trinh nghien ciiu nay, chiing tdi cd sir dung phuang phap nghien ciiu

so sanh ddi chi^u Tuy nhien, vdi muc dfch chfnh la tim ra nhung dac trung cua thanh ngu tie^ng Nhat ndi rieng va ciia ngdn ngii- van hda Nhat Ban ndi chung qua viec khao sat thanh ngii, cac dac trung ve cdu tnic hinh thai cOng nhu ngii nghla cua thanh ngii tie'ng Viet duac chung tdi coi la phuang tien nghien ciiu Chiing tdi khdng dat thanh ngii ti€ng Nhat va thanh ngu tie'ng Viet thanh hai ddi tuptig nghien ciiu song song trong cdng trinh nghien curu nay

Thdng thudng, khi nghien ciiu thanh ngii gdn vdi van hda, van de khdng th^ bd qua la nghien cihi thanh ngu v^ phuang dien ngii nghia Tuy nhien, nhu d phdn tren da ndi, theo chiing tdi, khi nghien ciiu thanh ngii gdn vdi van hda de tim ra cac dac trung van hda cua mdt dan tdc qua thanh

ngfl, cdn phai phan tfch, xem xet ca nhutig dac trung v6 ngii nghia, ca nhiing dac trung ve cau triic hinh thai cua thanh ngii Bdi vay, hudng di cua d6 tai la sau khi phan tfch va ehi ra duac nhung

va'n d6 ca ban trong thanh ngu ndi chung va thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat ndi rieng, chiing tdi se khao sat

thanh ngii tiefng Nhat vi hai phuang dien la cdu triic hinh thai va ngu nghia

CJ phuang dien cdu triic hinh thai, thanh ngii tieng Nhat duac xet tir gdc dd chinh the cua cdu triic (cd cdu triic la mdt cum tir hay mdt cau, va trong nhdm thajnh ngii ed cau triic la mdt cum tii thi thude Ipai cd cdu triic la mdt cum ddng tii, mdt cum tfnh tii hay mdt cum danh tir) va gdc dd quan he giua cac ye'u td trong ndi bd cdu triic (theo dang ddi/ diep, so sanh hay dang thudng)

O phuang dien ngii nghia, thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat duac khao sat tii cac dac diem chung v6 ngii

nghla nhu tfnh hinh anh va bdng bdy, tfnh da nghla hay dan nghla, nhung y nghla bieu trimg ciia thanh ngii

Viec khao sat nhdm thanh ngii cd tu ehi ddng vat- mdt nhdm thanh ngu ehiem ti le eao trong eae thanh ngii trong tie'ng Nhat ndi chung va cac ngdn ngu tren the gidi ndi rieng- cd gia tri cung cdp nhiing tu lieu cu the va chi tie't ve hinh thai eau triic, ngu nghla eua thanh ngii tieng Nhat Ngoai ly do cac thanh ngii cd tii chi ddng vat ed sd luang Idn trong thanh ngu, viec chon nhdm thanh ngu nay lam tu lieu khao sat ehi tiet cdn cd mdt ly do khac la ddng vat (gdm ca con vat nudi va con vat hoang da) la nhiing dd'i tuang gdn gQi vdi con ngudi va eon ngudi thudng gui gdm vao dd each danh gia, quan diem cQng nhu hinh dung cua minh ve the' gidi xung quanh Qua nhdm thanh ngii nay, cd the thay rd duac nhieu dac diem ve the gidi quan va nhan smh quan eua mdt dan tdc

TCr ke't qua khao sat ciia cac phdn tren, chiing tdi se chi ra nhung dac trung ciia thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat, ddng thdi chi ra nhiing dac trung ngdn ngu- van hda cua dan tdc Nhat Ban the hien qua thanh ngii

4 DOI TUDNG, PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU VA NGUON TULIEU

D6i tuang nghien ciiu ma chung tdi gpi la "thanh ngu" trong cdng trinh nay la nhung dan vi

duac coi la thanh ngir theo quan diem chung nhat: nhung ciim tii ed dinh cd hinh thiic eau tao la cum tir hoac cum chii vi, tuang duang vdi mdt tii hoac mdt cum tir, cd chiic nang dinh danh va ed dac trimg cd dinh, vf von, bdng bay ve y nghia

De khao sat cac dac trung ve hinh thai eau triic va ngu nghla cua thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi chung, chung tdi sir dung 2001 thanh ngii tieng Nhat thdng dung trong cudn tir dien B ^ M W f f i

^ • ^f§(7)tIffl(^^2001thanhnguNhat-Anh'\[173])

De khao sat dac trung ve hinh thai cdu tnic va ngii nghla cua nhdm thanh ngii tieng Nhat ed tii chi ddng vat, chung tdi sir dung 316 thanh ngu thude nhdm nay de khao sat Day la nhiing thanh ngii tieng Nhat ed sir dung tir ehi ddng vat ma chiing tdi thu thap duac tu mdt so cudn iir

die'n tieng Nhat va tu dien thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat khac nhau, nhu ^E§W Seigo rin [194], i2:i^^

koojien [192] , 2001 B ^ M ' l t f f i ^ • ^ ^ W ^ ^ 2001 Nihongo kanyoo ku - Eigo kanyoo ku

diem ve thanh ngtr trong gidi thanh ngii hpc eua hai nudc, tao tien di cho viec nghien ciiu so sanh

ddi chie'u thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat va tie'ng Viet trong tuang lai

Ngoai ra, viec phan tfch cac dac trung van hda dan tdc dua tren su khao sat, so sanh ddi chie'u thanh ngii mdt each cd he thdng ve ca hinh thai cdu triic va ngQ nghia ed vai trd nhu mdt su chiing minh cho hudng nghien ciiu van hda ke't hap vdi ngdn ngu trong linh vuc thanh ngii

b Ve mat thuc tiin:

De tai giiip nhung ngudi hpc tap, nghien ciiu va su dung ti^ng Nhat ndm viitig nhung dac

diem ve cdu triic hinh thai cung nhu ngu nghla eua thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat, lit dd ed the hieu chfnh

xac cac thanh ngii tieng Nhat, gdp phdn cho viec dich thuat thanh ngii ciia hai ngdn ngii dat hieu qua

Nhung dac trung ve van hda Nhat Ban the hien qua thanh ngii ma cdng trinh nghien ciiu ehi

ra se giiip ngudi Viet Nam hieu sau sdc them ve van hda Nhat Ban, ddng thdi, gdp phdn vao viec tang cudng su hieu bie't Idn nhau giua hai dat nudc

Phdn phu luc vdi cac bang thd'ng ke mdt sd thanh ngu tieng Nhat thdng dung cd tii ehi ddng vat giiip nhiing ngudi dang nghien ciiu va hpc tap tieng Nhat hieu va sir dung chfnh xac nhdm thanh ngii nay trong tie'ng Nhat, nhdt la trong hoan canh d Viet Nam chua cd tir dien thanh ngu Nhat- Viet nhu hien nay

6 CAU TRUC CUA DE TAI

Ngoai phan md ddu, ket luan, tai lieu tham khao va phu luc, de tai duac chia thanh 5 chuang vdi cac ndi dung nhu sau:

1) Chuang 1: Nhiing van de ly thuye't ca ban ve thanh ngii va thanh ngu tie'ng Nhat

2) Chuang 2: Dac diem chung cua thanh ngii tie'ng Nhat

3) Chuang 3: Dac trung ciia thanh ngii tieng Nhat cd tii chi ddng vat

4) Chuang 4: Nhung dac trung van hda Nhat Ban the hien qua thanh ngii va nhiing vdn de gai md eho mdt hudng di trong nghien ciiu so sanh ddi chieu thanh ngii gdn vdi van hda

CHl/ONGI

NHGTNG V A N O E L Y T H U Y E T CO BAN \ t THANH NGtJ

VA THANH NGlT TI^NG NHAT 1.1 Lich su nghien curu thanh nguf va nhumg van de ly thuyet ca ban ve thanh ngur

1.1.1 Quan niem ve thanh ngur

Bdt ddu tiir nhiing nam 20 cua the ky XX, ngudi ta da bdt ddu de cap de'n thanh ngu trong cac

cdng trinh nghien cihi

Tuy nhien, viec nghien ciiu thanh ngu mdt each cd he thd'ng va rdm rd tren the' gidi duac dien

ra bat ddu tii khoang giua the ky XX, dac biet la nhiing nam 5 0 - 60, va keo dai cho tdi nay

Trong ti^ng Anh, ngudi ta thudng dung thuat ngu "idiom" de ehi nhiing dan vi duac gpi la

"thdnh ngff' trong tiefng Viet Tuy nhien, cung cd nhieu each dinh nghia khac nhau v^ dan vi nay

Chang han, cudn tii die'n "Oxford English Dictionary" dua ra tdi 5 dinh nghia ve thanh ngii (idiom) Cud'n tiidi^n "Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary" [235] dua ra 3 dinh nghia

Trong su nghiep nghien ciiu thanh ngii tren the' gidi ed nhiing ddng gdp to Idn eua cac nha

ngdn ngu hpc Nga nhu V V Vinogradov (1946, [240]), X I Ogiegov (1957, [259]), N M

Shanxki (1957 [268], 1969 [269]), H H Amaxova (1963, [237])

V V Vinogradov da di cap de'n khai niem thanh ngii nhu mdt dan vj ngdn ngu trong cdng

trinh nghien ciiu nam 1946 [240] Ong eho rdng thanh ngii {(ppaseonoausM) la nhiing dan vi ngdn

ngii cd dinh, cd sdn trong ldi ndi, mang ngii nghla ed dinh va khdng phan chia duac Ong coi tat

ca nhiing cum tii cd dinh trong ngdn ngii deu la thanh ngu, va cho rdng ve ngii nghia thi cac dan

vi ngdn ngii nay dupe chia thanh hai loai la thanh ngtr cd nghla den {npfiMoe inaHeuue) va thanh ngQ' cd nghia bdng {nepeuocHoe inaHenue)

Mac dii ve ca ban thi cac nha nghien ciiu Nga d6u dua vao tfnh ed dinh ve edu tnic va tinh ed

sdn, khdng phan chia cat dupe ve ngii nghia cua thanh ngu de nghien eiiu, nhung do eae nha

nghien ciiu dua vao cac thupc tfnh khac nhau eua thanh ngu, dac trimg va ban chdt cua thanh ngii

duac neu ra cung tuang ddi khac nhau Chdng han O X Akhmanova coi dac tfnh quan trpng nhdt

cua thanh ngu la tfnh toan ven ciia dinh danh, A A Reformatxkii coi trpng tinh khdng the dich

sang ngdn ngii khac, N M Shanxki nhdn manh den tinh tai hien trong ldi ndi.Theo V P Giucop

[248], [249], cac dac diem rieng cua thanh ngii dupe the hien qua ba phuang dien la y nghia tic

vung {jieKCUHecKoe SHaneHue), cdc yeu to cdu thdnh {KOMnoHenrnHhiu cocmae) va cdc pham trii ngu phdp {epajmdamunecKue Komeeopuu) Theo A.V Kynin, ban chat ciia thanh ngii ndm trong

tfnh cd dinh, va tfnh ed dinh cua thanh ngii dupe the hien qua 5 phuang dien la each diing, ngii

nghia (toan bd nghla hoac mdt bd phan nghla), eau triic ngii nghia, tii vung va cii phap G Gavrin

d^ cap de'n 5 chiic nang tu tii ciia thanh ngii

1.1.2 Phan loai thanh ngu

Yi phuang dien phan loai thanh ngii, ddu tien cQng phai ke d^n nha ngdn ngu hoc ngudi Nga

V.V Vinogradov [240] V V Vinogradov chia thanh ngii ra thanh ba nhdm la thdnh ngil dung

hap hay cdn gpi la thdnh ngu kit dinh {(ppaseojiosunecKue cpau^enuR), thdnh ngu tong hap hay cdn gpi la thdnh ngu thong nhdt {(ppaseo/ioeuuecKue eduncmea) va ihanh ngu to hap hay cdn gpi

la thdnh ngu ket hap {(ppaseo/ioeuHecKue conemanim)

Nhieu nha nghien ciiu sau nay da dua ra eae y kien rieng ciia minh ve viec phan loai thanh ngii

Tuy nhien, rdt nhieu y kien dua ra hoac la phat trien hay bd xung them quan diem ciia V.V

Vinogradov, hoac la nhdm giai quyet nhiing diem cdn mau thudn trong quan die'm ctia dng, cd

nghla la ve ca ban nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu sau nay cung dua vao quan diem eiia Vinogradov

Vl du, N.M Shanxki [268], N.I Amaxova [237], B A Lann [254], K V Regimna G P Churina,

L Shurokova [262]

6

Viec tdn tai nhi^u y kien khac nhau trong quan niem v^ thanh ngu khdng chi the hien qua each phan loai thanh ngu theo ngii nghla, ma cdn tdn tai ngay trong ten gpi ma cac tac gia dat cho cac don vi thanh ngii Phan tfch cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu thanh ngu cua cac nha ngdn ngii hpc Nga,

ngoai nhung ten gpi nhu cum tic cd dinh {ycmonuebie coHemanuH), cum tii khong tu do

{HQCBododuhie couemaHtiH), chiing tdi gap it nhat la bdn thuat ngii bdng tieng Nga lien quan den

d€fn khai niem thanh ngii: (ppaseoAoeuuecKOH edunui^a {dan vi mang tinh thdnh ngii),

(ppaseoJioausM {thdnh ngic), noeoeopKa {thdnh ngit), nocjiOBHua {tuc ngii) Cach sir dung bd'n ten

gpi nay cua cac nha nghien ciiu Nga cd su chdng cheo, tao ra cam giac map md, khdng ro rang giiia cac khai niem

Tdng hop y kiefn ciia cac nha nghien ciiu di trudc, ddng thdi chpn ra nhirng y kie'n cd ca sd Id

gfc va thda dang nhdt, cd the thdy rdng cac dan vi cd tfnh thanh ngii {(ppaseojioeu^ecKue eduHuijbi) trong tig'ng Nga vi ban chdt la nhiing cum tii cd dinh, ndi bat bdi tfnh tai hien va nguyen ven trong ldi ndi nhu la nhung cdng thiic {(popMyna) a dang lam sdn Nhu vay chiing bao gdm ca noeoeopKa va nocnoeui^a He thd'ng cdc dan vi co tinh thdnh ngii {(ppajeo/ioeunecKue eduHuifbi) trong ti^ng Nga cd the chia thanh 2 nhdm:

• Nhdm 1: Gdm nhiing dan vi tuang duang vdi tfir hoac ciim tir, cd chiic nang dinh danh Ve cdu triic ngii phap, hdu he't cac dan vi thude nhdm nay cd cdu tnic la mdt cum tir, mdt sd dan vi cd ca'u tnic la mdt eau Cac dan vi thude nhdm nay ed the gpi la thanh ngii Dan vi ngdn ngii duac gpi la

noeoeopKQ cung thude nhdm nay

• Nhdm 2: Gdm cac dan vi tuang duang vdi cau, ed chiic nang thdng bao, va cd cau tnic la mdt eau Cac dan vi thupc nhdm nay ed the gpi la tuc ngii (nocjioBHua)

De tranh su chdng cheo trong ten gpi, cd the sir dung ba thuat ngu la (ppaaeo/ioeu^ecKue eduHtibi {cdc dan vi mang tinh thdnh ngu), <ppa3eo/ioeu3M {thdnh ngii), nocnoeuiia {tuc ngu), trong dd hai thuat ngu (ppaseo/ioeusjvt va nocnoeuiia tuang duang vdi hai thuat ngtr thdnh ngu va tuc /2gt? trong tie'ng Viet

Trong gidi nghien ciiu thanh ngu tieng Anh, ngudi ta cung thay tdn tai nhieu each phan loai thanh ngii khac nhau

Charles F Hokkett*s [225] quan niem vd thanh ngii rat rpng Theo each phan loai eiia dng, cac dan vi duac gpi la "idioms" (thanh ngii) dupe chia thanh 6 loai nhu sau: 1) cac tir/ ngu mang tfnh

thay the (substitutes, vi du: he, she, it), 2) ten rieng (proper names, gdm ten ngudi, ten ddt nudc, ten may mdc v.v., vf du: Robert, Elizabeth, England), 3) each ndi tdt hoac each ndi tinh lupc (abbreviations, vf du: That is nice shade of blue, isn 7 it?\ to be or not tobe; You take (he red cloth and I'll take the yellow), 4) cum tii cd dinh (English phrasal compounds, vi du: The white house, hot dog)', 5) Cach dien dat theo phong each tu tir (figures of Speech, vi du: He maried a lemon ), 6) tidng ldng (slang, vf du: Here is your drum: blow it)

A Makkai ed each phan loai thanh ngii hoan toan khac Charles F Hockett Can eii vao nghla

ciia thanh ngu, dng chia thanh ngii thanh hai nhdm la encoding idioms ("thanh ngii ghi ma") va decoding idioms ("thanh ngii giai ma")

A V Kynin [253 chia cac dan vi (ma theo chiing tdi la tuang duang vdi khai niem cum tic cd dinh) thanh ba nhdm la thdnh ngu {pharazeological units/ idioms), bdn thdnh ngu {semi- idioms)

va dan vi ngu cu (phraseomatic units) A.V Kynin dinh nghla thdnh ngil {pharazeological units hoac idioms) la nhiing dan vi ngdn ngir ed the phan tach ra ve mat eau tnic va co y nghla bi ehuye'n toan bd hay mdt phdn la nhung ldi ndi dn du ed dinh Ban thanh ngCr {semi- idioms), la

nhirng cum tir ed dinh ddng thdi cd hai nghia la nghla den va nghia bdng, trong dd nghia den thudng gdn vdi thuat ngii hoac mang tinh chuyen mdn, nghla bdng duac chuyen tir nghla den (vi

du: chain reaction; lay down one 's arms) Nhdm ihii ba {dan vi ngil cii- phraseomatic units), theo

dng, la nhiing dan vi ngdn ngu ed dinh mang nghla den hay nghia da bi thu hep

1.1.3 Phan bi^t thanh ngur vdi cac dan vi ngon ngu khac

So sanh thanh ngii va tii cho thdy ca hai dan vi nay deu cd y nghia tir vung rieng Trong cac ngdn ngQ bidn hinh, ca hai dan vi ddu bidn doi theo cac pham trii ngir phap Thanh ngii ed the duac thay thd bdng cac tur cd y nghia tuang duang Quan he giira thanh ngu: vdi cac tur khac trong

cau vi mat ngii phap gidng het nhu quan he giiia cac tii vdi nhau Nhung thanh ngtr khac tur d chd

la w6 phuang dien ca'u tao, cac thanh td true tidp ca'u tao nen thanh ngii la tur, cdn cac thanh td true

tidp ca'u tao nen tii la cac hinh vi

So sanh thanh ngii va cum tiir tu do cho thay ca hai don vi ddu la nhiing td hop tiir, do hai hay nhieu tir hap thanh, nhung thanh ngiicd tinh tai hien trong idi ndi, cdn cum tir tudo khdng cd tfnh tai hidn Ban than thanh ngii la mdt dan vi ngdn ngir cd san, tdn tai ddc lap trong ngdn ngir, nhung cum tii tu do, gid'ng nhu ten gpi the hien, la nhiing dan vi duoc cdu tao mdt each tu do, tiiy theo hdan canh va ngudi sir dung Xet v^ mat y nghla tir vung, ta't ca cac cum tur tu do d^u cd y nghia

la tong hap cac y nghla ciia cac tii- thanh phdn eau tao nen cum tii dd- tao thanh, cdn y nghia eiia thanh ngii thi cd nhi^u trudng hap khdng phai la tdng cac y nghia cua cac tir- thanh phdn cdu tao nen cum tii dd- cdng lai

Viec phan biet thanh ngu vdi tii dan va cum tir tu do v^ ca ban la tuang dd'i ro rang Van d^ khd khan ndm d chd trong vdn tir eiia cac ngdn ngu: deu cd mdt nhdm tir dac biet ma trong tidng

Viet dupe gpi la tiC ghep (hay tiC kep/ tie phiic) hoan ehinh gid'ng nhu thanh ngii, vf du nhu trong

tidng Anh, cac dan vi Ve hinh thai cau tnic, eae tir ghep cung dupe tao thanh tir hai hay nhieu tir dan, cQng ed tfnh ed dinh, tdn tai d dang ed sdn trong ngdn ngii va thudng bieu thi mdt khai mem

nhu newspaper (bao), homeland (que huang), raicoat (ao mUdi), fish- farm {xi nghiep nudi ca), skating ring (san truat bang) Tuy vay, quan niem ve dan vi ngdn ngii nay khdng gidng nhau giiia

cac ngdn ngir, va ngay trong ciing mdt ngdn ngu thi ddi vdi timg trudng hop cu the, y kidn eiia eae

nha ngdn ngu: hpc cung khac nhau, ching han railway (dudng sdt) trong tidng Anh dupe coi la tir ghep, trong khi ^fcenesHaH dopoea ("dudng sdt") trong tidng Nga thi ed ngudi cho la tir ghep, ed

ngudi eho la thanh ngir Su khd khan trong viec phan biet giira tir ghep vdi thanh ngtr cung xay ra trong tidng Viet

Tranh luan cung xay ra khi cac nha nghien ciiu phan biet thanh ngir vdi dan vi ma trong tie'n<>

Viet dupe gpi la "tuc ngii" (trong tidng Nga gpi la nocJl06u^a, tidng Anh gpi \d proverb)

(4) Chiic nang ciia thanh ngu trong ldi ndi la chiic nang dinh danh, ddng thdi kem theo chiic nang

tu tir va nhieu thanh ngir kem theo chiic nang bieu cam

(5) Thanh ngii" khac vdi tue ngir d chd tuc ngu ludn ed hinh thiic cdu tnic la eau, eon thanh ngu chi

cd mdt sd dan vi cd hinh thiic eau tnic la eau, cdn phdn Idn cd hinh thiic cau tnic la cum tir; tuc ngii cd chiic nang thdng bao, trong khi thanh ngu ed tfnh chat dinh danh

1.2 Lich sir nghien cuu thanh ngir tieng Viet va quan niem ciia gidi Viet ngii hpc ve thanh ngu tieng Viet

0 Viet Nam, cdng trinh nghien ciiu dau tien ve thanh ngu la ban bao cao cua Pham Quynh

nhan de "Ve tuc ngu va ca dao" dupe dng dpc vao thang 4 nam 1921 cudn "Tuc ngCr va phong

1.2.1 Ve ten gpi "thanh ngu" va dinh nghla thanh ngur cua cac nha Viet ngur hpc

Trong tidng Viet, vd mat hinh thiic, thuat ngu "thanh ngir" la tuang dd'i thdng nhdt va dupe sir dung rdng rai Mac dii khi nghien ciiu thanh ngir, cac tac gia cOng dd cap ddn cac thuat ngii "quan ngii", "tuc ngQ", nhung dd khdng phai la nhimg ten gpi cung de ehi mdt khai niem vdi "thanh ngii" Viec Idn Idn giiia "thanh ngii', "quan ngu" va "tuc ngir" khdng phai la sir Idn Idn giira nhutig cai ten d^ chi cung mdt khai niem, ma la su Idn Idn xay ra khi cac tac gia khac nhau cd each nhin khac nhau vd viec xac dinh mdt dan vi ngdn ngir cu the thude nhdm nao trong ba nhdm nay, hoac la su Idn Idn khi cung diing mdt cai ten la "thanh ngii" hay "quan ngir" de chi nhirng don vi cd ban chdt khac nhau Dieu nay chiing tdi se trinh bay trong phdn phan biet giira thanh ngu: vdi cac dan vi ngdn ngu khac Nhu vay, ndu ehi xet ve ten gpi, thi thuat ngir "thanh ngir" dupe dung mdt each nhdt quan trong gidi Viet ngir hpc

V^ ban chdt cua thanh ngir, gidi Viet ngir hpc cd mdt sd dinh nghia khac nhau

Tuy mdi tac gia khi dinh nghia thanh ngii deu ed dd cap ddn mdt sd khfa canh khac niia (chang han, Nguyin Nhu Y, Ha Quang Nang, Dd Viet Hiing, Dang Ngpc Le nhan manh ddn dac di^m ciia thanh ngir la mdt chinh the dinh danh, hpat ddng nhu mdt ttr rieng biet [192]; Nguyen Van Tu chii y ddn hai dac diem la cac tir eau tao thanh ngii mdt tfnh ddc lap va nghia cua thanh ngii khac vdi nghla ciia tir nhung ed the giai thfch bdng tir nguyen hpc [177]; Hoang Van Hanh

nhdn manh ddn dac trung bdng bdy vi y nghia va dac trung dupe sir dung rdng rai trong giao tidp

hang ngay ciia thanh ngu [47]; Nguyen Nhu Y, Nguyin Van Khang, Phan Xuan Thanh [193] cho rdng thanh ngii thudng cd vdn cd dieu, Hd Le [93] de cap ddn ehiic nang mieu ta hinh anh, hien tuang, tfnh each hoac quan he; Nguyin Thien Giap dl cap ddn tinh gpi cam ciia thanh ngir [36]), nhung theo chiing tdi, ba dilm thdng nhat trong quan dilm eiia eae tac gia vl thanh ngu ma chiing tdi da trinh bay d tren la nhung dac dilm quan trpng Dd cung la nhiing dac tinh chung eiia thanh ngir ma cac nha ngdn ngii the gidi da chi ra

1.2.2 Phan biet thanh ngflr vdi cac dan vi ngon ngii khac trong tieng Viet

1) Phan biet thanh ngir vdi tir dan

2) Phan biet thanh ngii vdi cum tir tu do

3) Phan biet thanh ngii vdi tir ghep

4) Phan biet thanh ngtr vdi quan ngir

5) Phan biet thanh ngii vdi tuc ngir

3) Thanh ngir thudng ed tfnh bilu cam

4) VI cdu tnic, thanh ngir thudng ed cdu true la cum tir, mdt sd trudng hop ed cdu true la eau (cum ehii vi)

5) VI chiire nang tao eau, thanh ngir tuang duang vdi mdt tir

6) VI y nghla tir vung, thanh ngCr thudng tuang duang vdi mdt tir hoac mdt cum tir

7) Thanh ngir cd chiic nang dinh danh su vat, hien tuang, qua trinh, tinh chat

8) Vi thanh ngu Id cum tir cd dinh (don vi cd sdn eua ngdn ngii) nen ranh gidi giua dan vi nay vai cum tir tu do (don vi duac ca'u tao tu do trong ldi ndi) la ro rang, khdng can phai phan biet Tuy nhien, cdn phan biet thanh ngu vdi tur ghep, quan ngu va tuc ngu la nhimg dan vi ed mdt sd dac dilm gdn vdi thanh ngu vd phuang dien nay hay phuang dien khac

Bang 1.1 Tom tdt dac trung cua thanh ngflr va mot so dan vi ngon ngft

can phan biet vdi thanh ngflr

Chat che, cd dinh,

cd sdn trong ngdn ngii

Tic ghep

Mdt cum ttr hoac mdt

x6 hap ciia ttr va hinh

vi hay mdt td hap cac hinh vi

Cd tfnh bdng bay, khdng phai la tdng cac y nghia eiia cac ydu td, khd suy ra dupe tir y nghia eiia cac thanh td

Dinh danh sir vat, hien tugng, qiia trinh, trang thai

Chat che, cd dinh, cd sdn trong ngdn ngii

Cd trudng hap suy ra dupe, ed trudng hap khdng suy ra dupe tir

y nghia ciia cac thanh td eau tao

Qudn ngii

Mdt cum ttr

Chat che, cd dinh, ed sdn trong ngdn ngu

Dinh danh sir vat, hien tuang, qua trinh, trang thai

Thudng suy

ra dupe tir

y nghia ciia cac thanh td cdu tao

Khdng cd chiic nang dinh danh

Tuc ngit

Mdt td hap ttr

cd cdu tnic la mdt cau, phdn Idn cd vdn dieu

Chat che, cd dinh, cd sdn trong ngdn ngii

Cd tfnh khai quat cao, thudng khdng suy ra dupe tir

y nghla ciia cac thanh td cdu tao Dinh danh su tinh, su kien

Tuang duang vdi ttr,

cd chiic nang tao eau

Tuang duang vdi tir, ed ehiic nang tao cau

Ban than la mdt cau, ed the diing dpc lap

Bieu thi khai niem mdt each thudn tiiy

Dua day, rao ddn, lien ket hoac nha'n manh

y

Bieu thi mdt thdng bao, kdt luan, chan ly, kinh nghiem

Vfdu mot ndng hai

xuang; noi toac mong heo; ro nhu ban ngdy; tdi nhu mice

xe dap; bit nhin;

hgc sinh; chdu chdu;

Idp Idnh;

do choe

cue chdng dd; noi tom Igi; nhin chung; noi cho ciing;

cua ddng toi

Song CO khiic nguai CO liic;

nguu tdm ngicu,

md tdm md

1.3 Lich sir nghien cuu thanh ngur tieng Nhat va quan niem ciia gidi Nhat ngur hpc ve thanh ngflr tieng Nhat

10

1.3.1 Khai quat ve iich su nghien curu thanh ngflr tieng Nhat

Cd thd ndi, so vdi cac nudc khac, Nhat Ban bdt ddu nghien ciiu vl thanh ngir tuang dd'i mudn

Mai ddn cud'i thap ky 60 ngudi ta mdi bdt ddu dl cap ddn thanh ngu: Ddn cudi thap ky 70, ddu

thap ky 80, viec nghien ciiu thanh ngu d Nhat Ban bdt ddu tidn triln han, sd ngudi nghien ciiu vl

thanh ngCr tidng Nhat tang len, trong dd ndi bat la tac gia Miyaji Yutaka ([205], [206], [207]) vdi

mdt sd bai vidt cd tidng vang vl thanh ngir va tac gia Shiraishi Taiji vdi hai cud'n tii diln thanh ngir tidng Nhat [218] , [219] Tuy vay, theo danh gia ciia mdt sd nha nghien ciiu ngdn ngu, thdi

ky nay cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu hoac la d dang cac bai vidt vdi sd luang ft va le te, dd cap ddn

cac vdn de nhu dinh nghla thanh ngii, ranh gidi giCra thanh ngu va cac dan vi ngdn ngii khac, phan

loai thanh ngii vl mat cdu tnic v.v hoac la nhutig phdn dinh nghla tuang ddi dan gian trong cac

cudn sach vl ttr vung tidng Nhat Nhutig cdng trinh nghien ciiu Idn, ed tfnh he thd'ng va toan dien

vl thanh ngu tidng Nhat vdn chua xudt hien

Mac dti ra ddi mudn va cd dilu kien ke thira thanh tuu cua eae cdng trinh nghien ciiu di trudc,

nhung khi nghien ciiu thanh ngu tidng Nhat, cac nha Nhat ngu hpc vdn khdng tranh khdi nhimg

vdn dl da va dang gay tranh cai giu:a cac nha nghien cuu thanh ngii trong cac ngdn ngu khac, nhu

vdn dl dinh nghia thanh ngir, vdn dl phan biet thanh ngu vdi cac dan vi ngdn ngii khac nhu cum

tir tu do, tuc ngu v.v„Va, khdng nhirng thd, ngudi ta cd the ndi rdng, nhimg van dl nay eiia thanh

ngir tidng Nhat dudng nhu lai cdn phu:e tap han cac ngdn ngir khac

1.3.2 Cac quan diem ve thanh ngir tieng Nhat ciia gidi Nhat ngflr hpc

1.3.2.1 Ve ten goi cua thanh ngflr tieng Nhat, cac quan niem va sir phan loai thanh ngii tieng

Nhat trong cac cong trinh nghien ciiu trudc day

1) Kanyoo ku {•\M^'^~''qudn dung cu'')

2) Kanyoo go {'\M^B-''qudn dung ngil") kanyoo ku 'flffl^ -("qudn dung cii ") vd seiku (f^

'&] —"thdnh cU")

3) Seiku (f^^^ -"thdnh cii"), ippan rengo ku f—/JxiSfg^ - "cum tic thong thuang"), kaku gen

(^'S -"cdch ngdn"), kotowaza (M'-"tuc ngu" ), vd kanyoo ku C\M^^ ~"qudn dung cii"

4) Kaishyaku kata kanyoo ku fS^f^S'lSffl'S]-thanh ngii dang giai thfch^ va hyoogen gata

kanyoo ku (^^M'Rffl-S] —thanh ngii dang bilu hien J

5) Kanyoo ku m^'^~"qudn dung cii"), kinou doshi ketsugou (m^MW^^-" chiic ndng dong tii ket hap "= cum ddng tir chiic nang ) va jiyuuna ketsugou ( g S ^iM'^^ - " tu do

ket hap "= cum lir tu doj

6) Seigo (^^- "thdnh ngu"), kotowaza (&-"tuc ngu") va kanyoo ku ('IMM'^-"qudn dung cii")

1.3.2.2 Phan biet thanh ngflr vdi cac don vj khac

1) Phan biet thanh ngu vdi tir

2) Phan biet thanh ngu" va cum tir tu do

3) Phan biet thanh ngii va cum ttr cd dinh

4) Phan biet thanh ngu: vdi tuc ngii"

1.3.3.Nhan xet va dinh vi ten gpi "thanh ngflr tieng Nhat" trong de tai

1.3,3.1 Nhan xet

Cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu eiia cac nha thanh ngu hpc tieng Nhat mac dti cdn tuang ddi ft di

nhung da ddng gdp mdt phdn rat Idn vao su nghiep nghien eiiu thanh ngu tieng Nhat, chi ra dupe

nhimg dac trung ehii ydu ciia thanh ngu ndi chung va thanh ngu tieng Nhat ndi nens, cung cap

mdt he thdng ten gpi ehi tiet danh cho thanh ngii tieng Nhat va nhirng^dan vi ngdn nsQ lien'quan

den nd Tuy nhien, trong cac cdng trinh nghien curu nay vdn cdn mdt sd vuc^g mdc chua aiai